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Shah K, Delgado-Aparicio L, Kraus BF, Ono M, Gao L, Umbach B, Perkins L, Pablant N, Hill KW, Bitter M, Teall S, Drake R, Schmidt G. X-ray sources for in situ wavelength calibration of x-ray imaging crystal spectrometers. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:093541. [PMID: 39345168 DOI: 10.1063/5.0219583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
X-ray sources for a range of wavelengths are being considered for in situ calibration of X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectrometers (XICSs) and for monitoring line shifts due to changes in the crystal temperature, which can vary during experimental operation over a day [A. Ince-Cushman et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 10E302 (2008), L. Delgado-Aparicio et al., Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 55, 125011 (2013)]. Such crystal temperature dependent shifts, if not accounted for, could be erroneously interpreted as Doppler shifts leading to errors in plasma flow-velocity measurements. The x-ray sources encompass characteristic x-ray lines falling within the wavelength range of 0.9-4.0 Å, relevant for the XICSs on present and future fusion devices. Several technological challenges associated with the development of x-ray sources for in situ calibration are identified and are being addressed in the design of multiple x-ray tubes, which will be installed inside the spectrometer housing of the XICS for the JT-60SA tokamak. These x-ray sources will be especially useful for in situ calibration between plasma discharges. In this paper, laboratory experiments are described that were conducted with a Cu x-ray source, a heated quartz (102) crystal, and a pixelated Pilatus detector to measure the temperature dependent shifts of the Cu Kα1 and Kα2 lines at 1.5405 and 1.5443 Å, respectively, and to evaluate the 2d-lattice constant for the Bragg reflecting crystal planes as a function of temperature, which, in the case of in situ wavelength calibration, would have to be used for numerical analysis of the x-ray spectra from the plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shah
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | | | - B F Kraus
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - M Ono
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - L Gao
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - B Umbach
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - L Perkins
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - N Pablant
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - K W Hill
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - M Bitter
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - S Teall
- Proto Manufacturing Inc., Taylor, Michigan 48180, USA
| | - R Drake
- Proto Manufacturing Inc., Taylor, Michigan 48180, USA
| | - G Schmidt
- Proto Manufacturing Inc., Taylor, Michigan 48180, USA
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Pablant NA, Cheng Z, O'Mullane M, Gao L, Barnsley R, Bartlett MN, Bitter M, Bourcart E, Brown GV, De Bock M, Delgado-Aparicio LF, Dunn C, Fairchild AJ, Hell N, Hill KW, Klabacha J, Kraus F, Lu D, Magesh PB, Mishra S, Sánchez Del Río M, Tieulent R, Yakusevich Y. Results from a synthetic model of the ITER XRCS-Core diagnostic based on high-fidelity x-ray ray tracing. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:083517. [PMID: 39105597 DOI: 10.1063/5.0219328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
A high-fidelity synthetic diagnostic has been developed for the ITER core x-ray crystal spectrometer diagnostic based on x-ray ray tracing. This synthetic diagnostic has been used to model expected performance of the diagnostic, to aid in diagnostic design, and to develop engineering tolerances. The synthetic model is based on x-ray ray tracing using the recently developed xicsrt ray tracing code and includes a fully three-dimensional representation of the diagnostic based on the computer aided design. The modeled components are: plasma geometry and emission profiles, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite pre-reflectors, spherically bent crystals, and pixelated x-ray detectors. Plasma emission profiles have been calculated for Xe44+, Xe47+, and Xe51+, based on an ITER operational scenario available through the Integrated Modelling & Analysis Suite database, and modeled within the ray tracing code as a volumetric x-ray source; the shape of the plasma source is determined by equilibrium geometry and an appropriate wavelength distribution to match the expected ion temperature profile. All individual components of the x-ray optical system have been modeled with high-fidelity producing a synthetic detector image that is expected to closely match what will be seen in the final as-built system. Particular care is taken to maintain preservation of photon statistics throughout the ray tracing allowing for quantitative estimates of diagnostic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Pablant
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 100 Stellarator Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - Z Cheng
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St. Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
| | - M O'Mullane
- University of Strathclyde, 107 Rottenrow, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - L Gao
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 100 Stellarator Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - R Barnsley
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St. Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
| | - M N Bartlett
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 S. Wright Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - M Bitter
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 100 Stellarator Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - E Bourcart
- Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - G V Brown
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M De Bock
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St. Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
| | - L F Delgado-Aparicio
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 100 Stellarator Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - C Dunn
- Plasma Science Fusion Center, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A J Fairchild
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Hell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K W Hill
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 100 Stellarator Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - J Klabacha
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 100 Stellarator Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - F Kraus
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 100 Stellarator Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - D Lu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, No. 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - P B Magesh
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, Koteshwar, Gandhinagar 382424, Gujarat, India
| | - S Mishra
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, Koteshwar, Gandhinagar 382424, Gujarat, India
| | - M Sánchez Del Río
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, B.P. 220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - R Tieulent
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St. Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
| | - Y Yakusevich
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Lee SG, Kim MK, Kim YS. The first experimental results from W divertor utilizing x-ray imaging crystal spectrometer on KSTAR. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:073515. [PMID: 39012178 DOI: 10.1063/5.0210736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The x-ray imaging crystal spectrometer (XICS) for Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research is applied to measure multiple atomic states, such as Ar16+, Ar17+, W43+, and W44+, with keeping the same spectrometer configuration because all spectra are well separated within the detector boundary. The first experimental results from the recently installed full W tiles in the lower divertor utilizing the XICS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Lee
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yueseong-gu, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
- Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeongno, Yueseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - M K Kim
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yueseong-gu, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Y S Kim
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, 169-148 Gwahangno, Yueseong-gu, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
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Da Ros A, Vezinet D, Colledani G, Fenzi-Bonizec C, Moureau G, Bertschinger G. Electron and ion temperature measurement with a new x-ray imaging crystal spectrometer on WEST. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:043505. [PMID: 38587445 DOI: 10.1063/5.0179905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
A new x-ray imaging crystal spectrometer (XICS) has been installed, aligned, and used during experimental campaigns on the WEST tokamak. It has three interchangeable crystals for measuring the Ar XVII, Ar XVIII, and Fe XXV spectra, respectively. A patented rotating table holding the crystals is used to monitor the crystal facing the plasma remotely and without changing the position of the camera. Here, the focus is made on the Ar XVII spectrum, between 3.93 and 4.00 Å. The design of the diagnostic is presented, and a synthetic diagnostic, implemented with the Python library ToFu, is used to show the instrument's operational performance and limits. The instrument function exhibits the following two main features: a distortion for the Ar XVII spectrum, presumably due to the crystal manufacturing in two parts, and the measurement of three W spectral lines on the Ar XVI spectrum. Line of sight-integrated profiles of the electron and ion temperatures are thus extracted from the Ar XVII spectrum from two distinct spectral line ratios and from the Doppler broadening, respectively. The bremsstrahlung emission and the W line measurements are the two main limitations to compute the electron temperature. Tomographic inversions are also implemented with the library ToFu and used in order to obtain the local electron and ion temperature profiles, which are compared to other measurements from the WEST ECE (electron cyclotron emission) diagnostic. It is shown that both the XICS line-integrated and ECE Te measurements are in better agreement. Systematic differences are shown between the electron temperature profiles calculated from the two available line ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Da Ros
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - D Vezinet
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - G Colledani
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | | | - G Moureau
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
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Pablant NA, Langenberg A, Alonso JA, Bitter M, Bozhenkov SA, Ford OP, Hill KW, Kring J, Marchuck O, Svensson J, Traverso P, Windisch T, Yakusevitch Y. Correction and verification of x-ray imaging crystal spectrometer analysis on Wendelstein 7-X through x-ray ray tracing. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:043530. [PMID: 34243399 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
X-ray ray tracing is used to develop ion-temperature corrections for the analysis of the X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectrometer (XICS) used at Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) and perform verification on the analysis methods. The XICS is a powerful diagnostic able to measure ion-temperature, electron-temperature, plasma flow, and impurity charge state densities. While these systems are relatively simple in design, accurate characterization of the instrumental response and validation of analysis techniques are difficult to perform experimentally due to the requirement of extended x-ray sources. For this reason, a ray tracing model has been developed that allows characterization of the spectrometer and verification of the analysis methods while fully considering the real geometry of the XICS system and W7-X plasma. Through the use of ray tracing, several important corrections have been found that must be accounted for in order to accurately reconstruct the ion-temperature profiles. The sources of these corrections are described along with their effect on the analyzed profiles. The implemented corrections stem from three effects: (1) effect of sub-pixel intensity distribution during de-curving and spatial binning, (2) effect of sub-pixel intensity distribution during forward model evaluation and generation of residuals, and (3) effect of defocus and spherical aberrations on the instrumental response. Possible improvements to the forward model and analysis procedures are explored, along with a discussion of trade-offs in terms of computational complexity. Finally, the accuracy of the tomographic inversion technique in stellarator geometry is investigated, providing for the first time a verification exercise for inversion accuracy in stellarator geometry and a complete XICS analysis tool-chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Pablant
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - A Langenberg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald 17491, Germany
| | - J A Alonso
- Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, CIEMAT, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - M Bitter
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - S A Bozhenkov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald 17491, Germany
| | - O P Ford
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald 17491, Germany
| | - K W Hill
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - J Kring
- Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - O Marchuck
- Institut für Energie und Klimaforschung, Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - J Svensson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald 17491, Germany
| | - P Traverso
- Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - T Windisch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald 17491, Germany
| | - Y Yakusevitch
- University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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Lee SG, Yoo JW, Kim YS. Calibration methods of X-ray imaging crystal spectrometer on KSTAR. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10F108. [PMID: 30399801 DOI: 10.1063/1.5034023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The detailed calibration methods and procedure for the X-ray imaging crystal spectrometer (XICS) in the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research device are investigated. A cross comparison from two different diagnostics including the XICS and charge exchange spectrometer is the best option, in particular, when both systems can be operated simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Lee
- National Fusion Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - J W Yoo
- National Fusion Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Y S Kim
- National Fusion Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
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7
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Lyu B, Chen J, Hu RJ, Delgado-Aparicio LF, Wang FD, Bitter M, Hill KW, Pablant N, Lee SG, Ye MY, Shi YJ, Wan BN. Development of wavelength calibration techniques for high-resolution x-ray imaging crystal spectrometers on the EAST tokamak. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10F112. [PMID: 30399885 DOI: 10.1063/1.5039314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Newly developed large-area pixelated two-dimensional detector and two-crystal assemblies were deployed for the first time on tokamaks to enable time-resolved Bragg-diffracted x-ray imaging with good framing rate and water-cooling capabilities for in-vacuum long-pulse operations. High-quality helium-like (He-like) and hydrogen-like (H-like) argon spectra have been observed simultaneously for the first time on a single detector for a wide range of plasma parameters to infer both ion temperature and rotation profiles and support studies on spontaneous rotation, impurity transport, and RF physics. Since tokamak plasmas rotate in both the poloidal (θ) and toroidal (ϕ) directions, a reliable wavelength calibration is needed to account for the correct Doppler shift as well as to compute the spectrometer's instrumental function. Lyα lines emitted from Cd x-ray tubes are proposed to be used as "markers" to provide an in situ calibration of the EAST's X-ray imaging crystal spectrometer systems measuring He- and H-like argon spectra. The first lab test indicated that the X-ray tube can excite strong Lyα lines at 15 kV voltage and 1 mA current when the crystal is shined for 10 min. Other indirect calibration methods using locked-mode discharge scenarios were also studied as complementary methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lyu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - J Chen
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - R J Hu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | | | - F D Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - M Bitter
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-0451, USA
| | - K W Hill
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-0451, USA
| | - N Pablant
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-0451, USA
| | - S G Lee
- National Fusion Research Institute, Daejeon 305-333, South Korea
| | - M Y Ye
- Department of Engineering and Applied Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Y J Shi
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - B N Wan
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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