1
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Nagayama T, Schaeuble MA, Fein JR, Loisel GP, Wu M, Mayes DC, Hansen SB, Knapp PF, Webb TJ, Schwarz J, Vesey RA. A generalized approach to x-ray data modeling for high-energy-density plasma experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:2887772. [PMID: 37129462 DOI: 10.1063/5.0128811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Accurate understanding of x-ray diagnostics is crucial for both interpreting high-energy-density experiments and testing simulations through quantitative comparisons. X-ray diagnostic models are complex. Past treatments of individual x-ray diagnostics on a case-by-case basis have hindered universal diagnostic understanding. Here, we derive a general formula for modeling the absolute response of non-focusing x-ray diagnostics, such as x-ray imagers, one-dimensional space-resolved spectrometers, and x-ray power diagnostics. The present model is useful for both data modeling and data processing. It naturally accounts for the x-ray crystal broadening. The new model verifies that standard approaches for a crystal response can be good approximations, but they can underestimate the total reflectivity and overestimate spectral resolving power by more than a factor of 2 in some cases near reflectivity edge features. We also find that a frequently used, simplified-crystal-response approximation for processing spectral data can introduce an absolute error of more than an order of magnitude and the relative spectral radiance error of a factor of 3. The present model is derived with straightforward geometric arguments. It is more general and is recommended for developing a unified picture and providing consistent treatment over multiple x-ray diagnostics. Such consistency is crucial for reliable multi-objective data analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagayama
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - M A Schaeuble
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J R Fein
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - G P Loisel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - M Wu
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - D C Mayes
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - P F Knapp
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - T J Webb
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J Schwarz
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - R A Vesey
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
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2
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Webb TJ, Bliss DE, Chandler GA, Dolan DH, Dunham G, Edens A, Harding E, Johnston MD, Jones MC, Langendorf S, Mangan M, Maurer AJ, McCoy CA, Moore NW, Presura R, Steiner AM, Wu M, Yager-Elorriaga DA, Yates KC. Radiation, optical, power flow, and electrical diagnostics at the Z facility: Layout and techniques utilized to operate in the harsh environment. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:031102. [PMID: 37012753 DOI: 10.1063/5.0123448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The Z machine is a current driver producing up to 30 MA in 100 ns that utilizes a wide range of diagnostics to assess accelerator performance and target behavior conduct experiments that use the Z target as a source of radiation or high pressures. We review the existing suite of diagnostic systems, including their locations and primary configurations. The diagnostics are grouped in the following categories: pulsed power diagnostics, x-ray power and energy, x-ray spectroscopy, x-ray imaging (including backlighting, power flow, and velocimetry), and nuclear detectors (including neutron activation). We will also briefly summarize the primary imaging detectors we use at Z: image plates, x-ray and visible film, microchannel plates, and the ultrafast x-ray imager. The Z shot produces a harsh environment that interferes with diagnostic operation and data retrieval. We term these detrimental processes "threats" of which only partial quantifications and precise sources are known. We summarize the threats and describe techniques utilized in many of the systems to reduce noise and backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Webb
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D E Bliss
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Chandler
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D H Dolan
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G Dunham
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A Edens
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - E Harding
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M D Johnston
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M C Jones
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S Langendorf
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Mangan
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A J Maurer
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C A McCoy
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - N W Moore
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - R Presura
- Nevada National Security Site, Albuquerque Operations, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A M Steiner
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M Wu
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D A Yager-Elorriaga
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - K C Yates
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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3
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Champey PR, Kolodziejczak J, Kozioziemski B, Davis J, Griffith C, Kester T, Kilaru K, Meekham A, Menapace J, Ramsey B, Roberts OJ, Sanchez J, Singam P, Smith WS, Speegle C, Stahl M, Suratwala T, Thomas N, Young M, Vogel JK. Toward the fabrication of a 5-μm-resolution Wolter microscope for the National Ignition Facility (invited). THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:113504. [PMID: 36461486 DOI: 10.1063/5.0101304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in computer-controlled polishing, metrology, and replication have led to an x-ray mirror fabrication process that is capable of producing high-resolution Wolter microscopes. We present the fabrication and test of a nickel-cobalt replicated full-shell x-ray mirror that was electroformed from a finely figured and polished mandrel. This mandrel was designed for an 8-m source-to-detector-distance microscope, with 10× magnification, and was optimized to reduce shell distortions that occur within 20 mm of the shell ends. This, in combination with an improved replication tooling design and refined bath parameters informed by a detailed COMSOL Multiphysics® model, has led to reductions in replication errors in the mirrors. Mandrel surface fabrication was improved by implementing a computer-controlled polishing process that corrected the low-frequency mandrel figure error and achieved <2.0 nm RMS convergence error. X-ray tests performed on a pair of mirror shells replicated from the mandrel have demonstrated <10 μm full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) spatial resolution. Here, we discuss the development process, highlight results from metrology and x-ray testing, and define a path for achieving a program goal of 5 μm FWHM resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernard Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - Jacqueline Davis
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, USA
| | - Charles Griffith
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, USA
| | - Tom Kester
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, USA
| | - Kiranmayee Kilaru
- Science and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama 35805, USA
| | - Amy Meekham
- Jacobs Space Exploration Group, 620 Discovery Dr NW Suite: 130, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - Joe Menapace
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - Brian Ramsey
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, USA
| | - Oliver J Roberts
- Science and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama 35805, USA
| | - Javier Sanchez
- Jacobs Space Exploration Group, 620 Discovery Dr NW Suite: 130, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - Panini Singam
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, P.O. Box 117, Mississippi-32, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-0117, USA
| | - W Scott Smith
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, USA
| | - Chet Speegle
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, USA
| | - Mark Stahl
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, USA
| | - Tayyab Suratwala
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - Nick Thomas
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, USA
| | - Mark Young
- Jacobs Space Exploration Group, 620 Discovery Dr NW Suite: 130, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - Julia K Vogel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
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4
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Li Y, Li W, Chen L, Ma H, Xu X, Xu J, Wang X, Mu B. Basic principles and optical system design of 17.48 keV high-throughput modified Wolter x-ray microscope. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:093526. [PMID: 36182515 DOI: 10.1063/5.0105015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High-precision x-ray imaging diagnostics of hotspot at the stagnation stage are essential for regulating implosion asymmetry and retrieving physical implosion parameters. With regard to 10-20 keV energy band imaging, existing diagnostic instruments such as Kirkpatrick-Baez microscopes and pinhole cameras are insufficient in terms of spatial resolution and collection efficiency. The situation is even worse when high-speed, time-resolved imaging diagnostics are performed by coupling framing cameras or line-of-sight imagers. This article presents the basic principles and optical system design of a 17.48 keV modified Wolter x-ray microscope, to resolve the problems encountered in high-energy imaging diagnostics. The proposed optical configuration offers a better spatial resolution, greater depth of field, and preliminary compliance with the requirements of high precision optical processing techniques. The spatial resolution is better than 1 µm in a field range ±150 µm, and is better than 3 µm in a total field of view ∼408 µm in diameter. The geometric solid angle is calculated as 3.0 × 10-5 sr and is estimated to be 1.2 × 10-6 sr, considering the reflectivity of the double mirrors. The proposed microscope is expected to effectively improve spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio for high-energy imaging diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaran Li
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Huanzhen Ma
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Xinye Xu
- School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jie Xu
- School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Baozhong Mu
- School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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5
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Burcklen C, von der Linden J, Do A, Kozioziemski B, Descalle MA, Chen H. Design of multilayer-based diagnostics for measurement of high energy x rays and gamma rays. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:035105. [PMID: 33820082 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigate several possible multilayer-based optic designs for future hard x-ray and gamma ray diagnostics, including the detection and measurement of the positron annihilation radiation at 511 keV. The focus is set on increasing the photon efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio, compared to a previous multilayer-based system that was successfully employed to measure spectra in the 55 keV-100 keV range. Several possible designs using multilayer coatings are discussed, including mirror-based optics and multilayer Laue lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Burcklen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J von der Linden
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Do
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M-A Descalle
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H Chen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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6
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Wu M, Kozioziemski B, Vogel JK, Lake P, Fein JR, Ampleford DJ, Bourdon CJ, Ayers J, Bell P, Bradley D, Walton CC, Pickworth LA, Pivovaroff M, Ames A, Bruni R, Romaine S, Kilaru K, Ramsey B. Characterization and calibration of a multilayer coated Wolter optic for an imager on the Z-machine at Sandia National Laboratories. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10G114. [PMID: 30399807 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The need for a time-resolved monochromatic x-ray imaging diagnostic at photon energies >15 keV has motivated the development of a Wolter optic to study x-ray sources on the Z-machine at Sandia National Laboratories. The work is performed in both the LLNL's x-ray calibration facility and SNL's micro-focus x-ray lab. Characterizations and calibrations include alignment, measurement of throughput within the field of view (FOV), the point-spread function within the FOV both in and out of focus, and bandpass in the FOV. These results are compared with ray tracing models, showing reasonable agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wu
- Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - B Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J K Vogel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Lake
- Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J R Fein
- Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - D J Ampleford
- Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C J Bourdon
- Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J Ayers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Bell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C C Walton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L A Pickworth
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Pivovaroff
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Ames
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - R Bruni
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - S Romaine
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - K Kilaru
- Universities Space Research Association, Huntsville, Alabama 35805, USA
| | - B Ramsey
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, USA
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7
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Fein JR, Ampleford DJ, Vogel JK, Kozioziemski B, Walton CC, Wu M, Ball CR, Ames A, Ayers J, Bell P, Bourdon CJ, Bradley D, Bruni R, Dunham GS, Gard PD, Johnson D, Kilaru K, Kirtley C, Lake PW, Maurer A, Nielsen-Weber L, Pickworth LA, Pivovaroff MJ, Ramsey B, Roberts OJ, Rochau GA, Romaine S, Sullivan M. A Wolter imager on the Z machine to diagnose warm x-ray sources. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10G115. [PMID: 30399891 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new Wolter x-ray imager has been developed for the Z machine to study the emission of warm (>15 keV) x-ray sources. A Wolter optic has been adapted from observational astronomy and medical imaging, which uses curved x-ray mirrors to form a 2D image of a source with 5 × 5 × 5 mm3 field-of-view and measured 60-300-μm resolution on-axis. The mirrors consist of a multilayer that create a narrow bandpass around the Mo Kα lines at 17.5 keV. We provide an overview of the instrument design and measured imaging performance. In addition, we present the first data from the instrument of a Mo wire array z-pinch on the Z machine, demonstrating improvements in spatial resolution and a 350-4100× increase in the signal over previous pinhole imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Fein
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - D J Ampleford
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J K Vogel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - B Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - C C Walton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M Wu
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C R Ball
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - A Ames
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - J Ayers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - P Bell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - C J Bourdon
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - D Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - R Bruni
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - G S Dunham
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - P D Gard
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - D Johnson
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - K Kilaru
- Universities Space Research Association, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama 35805, USA
| | - C Kirtley
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - P W Lake
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - A Maurer
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - L Nielsen-Weber
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - L A Pickworth
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M J Pivovaroff
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - B Ramsey
- NASA-Marshall Spaceflight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35811, USA
| | - O J Roberts
- Universities Space Research Association, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama 35805, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - S Romaine
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - M Sullivan
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
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