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Nakamura T, Dangi BB, Wu L, Zhang Y, Schoendorff G, Gordon MS, Yang DS. Spin-orbit coupling of electrons on separate lanthanide atoms of Pr2O2 and its singly charged cation. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:244303. [PMID: 38131482 DOI: 10.1063/5.0185579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it plays a critical role in the photophysics and catalysis of lanthanides, spin-orbit coupling of electrons on individual lanthanide atoms in small clusters is not well understood. The major objective of this work is to probe such coupling of the praseodymium (Pr) 4f and 6s electrons in Pr2O2 and Pr2O2+. The approach combines mass-analyzed threshold ionization spectroscopy and spin-orbit multiconfiguration second-order quasi-degenerate perturbation theory. The energies of six ionization transitions are precisely measured; the adiabatic ionization energy of the neutral cluster is 38 045 (5) cm-1. Most of the electronic states involved in these transitions are identified as spin-orbit coupled states consisting of two or more electron spins. The electron configurations of these states are 4f46s2 for the neutral cluster and 4f46s for the singly charged cation, both in planar rhombus-type structures. The spin-orbit splitting due to the coupling of the electrons on the separate Pr atoms is on the order of hundreds of wavenumbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, USA
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Beni B Dangi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Lu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - George Schoendorff
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, USA
- Propellants Branch, Rocket Propulsion Division, Aerospace Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL/RQRP, Edwards Air Force Base, California 93524, USA
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, USA
| | - Dong-Sheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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Harb H, Hratchian HP. A Density Functional Theory Investigation of the Reaction of Water with Ce2O-. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Mason JL, Harb H, Abou Taka A, Huizenga CD, Corzo HH, Hratchian HP, Jarrold CC. New Photoelectron-Valence Electron Interactions Evident in the Photoelectron Spectrum of Gd 2O . J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:9892-9903. [PMID: 34730978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c07818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Evidence of strong photoelectron-valence electron (PEVE) interactions has been observed in the anion photoelectron (PE) spectra of several lanthanide suboxide clusters, which are exceptionally complex from an electronic structure standpoint and are strongly correlated systems. The PE spectrum of Gd2O-, which should have relatively simple electronic structure because of its half-filled 4f subshell, exhibits numerous electronic transitions. The electron affinity determined from the spectrum is 0.26 eV. The intensities of transitions to excited states increase relative to the lower-energy states with lower photon energy, which is consistent with shakeup transitions driven by time-dependent electron-neutral interactions. A group of intense spectral features that lie between electron binding energies of 0.7 and 2.3 eV are assigned to transitions involving detachment of an electron from outer-valence σu and σg orbitals that have large Gd 6s contributions. The spectra show parallel transition manifolds in general, which is consistent with detachment from these orbitals. However, several distinct perpendicular transitions are observed adjacent to several of the vertical transitions. A possible explanation invoking interaction between the ejected electron and the high-spin neutral is proposed. Specifically, the angular momentum of electrons ejected from σu or σg orbitals, which is l = 1, can switch to l = 0, 2 with an associated change in the Ms of the remnant neutral, which is spin-orbit coupling between a free electron and the spin of a neutral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett L Mason
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Hassan Harb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Ali Abou Taka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Caleb D Huizenga
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Hector H Corzo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Hrant P Hratchian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Huizenga C, Hratchian HP, Jarrold CC. Lanthanide Oxides: From Diatomics to High-Spin, Strongly Correlated Homo- and Heterometallic Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6315-6331. [PMID: 34265204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Small lanthanide (Ln) oxide clusters present both experimental and theoretical challenges because of their partially filled, core-like 4f n orbitals, a feature that results in a plethora of close-lying and fundamentally similar electronic states. These clusters provide a bottom-up approach toward understanding the electronic structure of defective or doped bulk material but also can offer a challenge to the theorists to find a method robust enough to capture electronic structure patterns that emerge from within the 4f n (0 < n < 14) series. In this Feature Article, we explore the electronic structures of small lanthanide oxide clusters that deviate from bulk stoichiometry using anion photoelectron spectroscopy and supporting density functional theory calculations. We will describe the evolution of electronic structure with oxidation and how LnxOy- cluster reactivities can be correlated with specific Ln-local orbital occupancies. These strongly correlated systems offer additional insights into how interactions between electrons and electronically complex neutrals can lead to detachment transitions that lie outside of the sudden one-electron detachment approximation generally assumed in anion photoelectron spectroscopy. With a better understanding of how we can control nominally forbidden transitions to sample an array of spin states, we suggest that more in-depth studies on the magnetic states of these systems can be explored. Extending these studies to other Ln-based materials with hidden magnetic phases, along with sequentially ligated single molecule magnets, could advance current understanding of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Huizenga
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Hrant P Hratchian
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Mason JL, Folluo CN, Jarrold CC. More than little fragments of matter: Electronic and molecular structures of clusters. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:200901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0054222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett L. Mason
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Carley N. Folluo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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Harb H, Hratchian HP. ΔSCF Dyson orbitals and pole strengths from natural ionization orbitals. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:084104. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0040454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Harb
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Chemical Computation and Theory, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | - Hrant P. Hratchian
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Chemical Computation and Theory, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
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Mason JL, Harb H, Taka AA, McMahon AJ, Huizenga CD, Corzo H, Hratchian HP, Jarrold CC. Photoelectron Spectra of Gd2O2– and Nonmonotonic Photon-Energy-Dependent Variations in Populations of Close-Lying Neutral States. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:857-866. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c11002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett L. Mason
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Hassan Harb
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Ali Abou Taka
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Abbey J. McMahon
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Caleb D. Huizenga
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Hector Corzo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Hrant P. Hratchian
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Hardy RA, Karayilan AM, Metha GF. Using Photoionization Efficiency Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory to Investigate Charge Transfer Interactions in AuCe3On Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5812-5823. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c02310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Hardy
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Aidan M. Karayilan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Gregory F. Metha
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Mason JL, Harb H, Topolski JE, Hratchian HP, Jarrold CC. Exceptionally Complex Electronic Structures of Lanthanide Oxides and Small Molecules. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:3265-3273. [PMID: 31702894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lanthanide (Ln) oxide clusters and molecular systems provide a bottom-up look at the electronic structures of the bulk materials because of close parallels in the patterns of Ln 4fN subshell occupancy between the molecular and bulk Ln2O3 size limits. At the same time, these clusters and molecules offer a challenge to the theory community to find appropriate and robust treatments for the 4fN patterns across the Ln series. Anion photoelectron (PE) spectroscopy provides a powerful experimental tool for studying these systems, mapping the energies of the ground and low-lying excited states of the neutral relative to the initial anion state, providing spectroscopic patterns that reflect the Ln 4fN occupancy. In this Account, we review our anion PE spectroscopic and computational studies on a range of small lanthanide molecules and cluster species. The PE spectra of LnO- (Ln = Ce, Pr, Sm, Eu) diatomic molecules show spectroscopic signatures associated with detachment of an electron from what can be described as a diffuse Ln 6s-like orbital. While the spectra of all four diatomics share this common transition, the fine structure in the transition becomes more complex with increasing 4f occupancy. This effect reflects increased coupling between the electrons occupying the corelike 4f and diffuse 6s orbitals with increasing N. Understanding the PE spectra of these diatomics sets the stage for interpreting the spectra of polyatomic molecular and cluster species. In general, the results confirm that the partial 4fN subshell occupancy is largely preserved between molecular and bulk oxides and borides. However, they also suggest that surfaces and edges of bulk materials may support a low-energy, diffuse Ln 6s band, in contrast to bulk interiors, in which the 6s band is destabilized relative to the 5d band. We also identify cases in which the molecular Ln centers have 4fN+1 occupancy rather than bulklike 4fN, which results in weaker Ln-O bonding. Specifically, Sm centers in mixed Ce-Sm oxides or in SmxOy- (y ≤ x) clusters have this higher 4fN+1 occupancy. The PE spectra of these particular species exhibit a striking increase in the relative intensities of excited-state transitions with decreasing photon energy (resulting in lower photoelectron kinetic energy). This is opposite of what is expected on the basis of the threshold laws that govern photodetachment. We relate this phenomenon to strong electron-neutral interactions unique to these complex electronic structures. The time scale of the interaction, which shakes up the electronic configuration of the neutral, increases with decreasing electron momentum. From a computational standpoint, we point out that special care must be taken when considering Ln cluster and molecular systems toward the center of the Ln series (e.g., Sm, Eu), where treatment of electrons explicitly or using an effective core potential can yield conflicting results on competing subshell occupancies. However, despite the complex electronic structures associated with partially filled 4fN subshells, we demonstrate that inexpensive and tractable calculations yield useful qualitative insight into the general electronic structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett L. Mason
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Hassan Harb
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Chemical Computation and Theory, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Josey E. Topolski
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Hrant P. Hratchian
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for Chemical Computation and Theory, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Hardy RA, Karayilan AM, Metha GF. Investigating Charge Transfer Interactions in AuCe2On Clusters Using Photoionization Efficiency Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:10158-10168. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b09199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Hardy
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Aidan M. Karayilan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Gregory F. Metha
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Mason JL, Harb H, Huizenga CD, Ewigleben JC, Topolski JE, Hratchian HP, Jarrold CC. Electronic and Molecular Structures of the CeB6 Monomer. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2040-2048. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett L. Mason
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Hassan Harb
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Caleb D. Huizenga
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Joshua C. Ewigleben
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Josey E. Topolski
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Hrant P. Hratchian
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Mason JL, Topolski JE, Ewigleben J, Iyengar SS, Jarrold CC. Photoelectrons Are Not Always Quite Free. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:144-149. [PMID: 30569715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The photoelectron spectra of Sm2O- obtained over a range of photon energies exhibit anomalous changes in relative excited-state band intensities. Specifically, the excited-state transition intensities increase relative to the transition to the neutral ground state with decreasing photon energy, the opposite of what is expected from threshold effects. This phenomenon was previously observed in studies on several Sm-rich homo- and heterolanthanide oxides collected with two different harmonic outputs of a Nd:YAG (2.330 and 3.495 eV) [ J. Chem. Phys. 2017, 146, 194310]. We relate these anomalous intensities to populations of ground and excited anionic and neutrals states through the inspection of time-dependent perturbation theory within the adiabatic and sudden limits and for the first time show that transition intensities in photoelectron spectroscopy have a deep significance in gauging participation from excited states. We believe our results will have significance in the study of other electron-rich systems that have especially high density of accessible spin states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett L Mason
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Josey E Topolski
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Joshua Ewigleben
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Srinivasan S Iyengar
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
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Harb H, Thompson LM, Hratchian HP. On the linear geometry of lanthanide hydroxide (Ln-OH, Ln = La–Lu). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:21890-21897. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01560d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory predicts that lanthanide hydroxides are linear, with the lanthanide-hydroxide bond being characterized as a covalent triple bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Harb
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology and the Center for Chemical Computation and Theory
- University of California
- California 95343
- USA
| | - Lee M. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology and the Center for Chemical Computation and Theory
- University of California
- California 95343
- USA
| | - Hrant P. Hratchian
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology and the Center for Chemical Computation and Theory
- University of California
- California 95343
- USA
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