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Combes A, Rieb C, Haye L, Klymchenko AS, Serra CA, Reisch A. Mixing versus Polymer Chemistry in the Synthesis of Loaded Polymer Nanoparticles through Nanoprecipitation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:16532-16542. [PMID: 37955543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Polymer nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with drugs and contrast agents have become key tools in the advancement of nanomedicine, requiring robust technologies for their synthesis. Nanoprecipitation is a particularly interesting technique for the assembly of loaded polymer NPs, which is well-known to proceed under kinetic control, with a strong influence of the assembly conditions. On the other hand, the nature of the used polymer also influences the outcome of nanoprecipitation. Here, we investigated systematically the relative effects of mixing of the organic and aqueous phases and polymer chemistry on the formation of polymer nanocarriers. For this, two mixing schemes, manual mixing and microfluidic mixing using an impact-jet micromixer, were first evaluated, showing mixing times of several tens of milliseconds and a few milliseconds, respectively. Copolymers of ethyl methacrylate with charged and hydrophilic groups and different polyesters (poly(d-l-lactide-co-glycolide) and poly(lactic acid)) were combined with a fluorescent dye salt and tested for particle assembly using these "slow" and "fast" mixing methods. Our results showed that in the case of the most hydrophobic polymers, the speed of mixing had no significant influence on the size and loading of the formed NPs. In contrast, in the case of less hydrophobic polymers, faster mixing led to smaller NPs with better encapsulation. The switch between mixing and polymer-controlled assembly was directly correlated to the solubility limit of the polymers in acetonitrile-water mixtures, with a critical point for solubility limits between 15 and 20 vol % of water. Our results provide simple guidelines on how to evaluate the possible influence of polymer chemistry and mixing on the formation of loaded NPs, opening the way to fine-tune their properties and optimize their large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Combes
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Corentin Rieb
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Lucie Haye
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Christophe A Serra
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Andreas Reisch
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021, Strasbourg F-67000, France
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, Biomatériaux et Bioingénierie, UMR_S 1121, Strasbourg F-67000, France
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Javan Nikkhah S, Sammalkorpi M. Single core and multicore aggregates from a polymer mixture: A dissipative particle dynamics study. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 635:231-241. [PMID: 36587575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.12.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Multicore block copolymer aggregates correspond to self-assembly such that the polymer system spontaneously phase separates to multiple, droplet-like cores differing in the composition from the polymer surroundings. Such multiple core aggregates are highly useful capsules for different applications, e.g., drug transport, catalysis, controlled solvation, and chemical reactions platforms. We postulate that polymer system composition provides a direct means for designing polymer systems that self-assemble to such morphologies and controlling the assembly response. SIMULATIONS Using dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations, we examine the self-assembly of a mixture of highly and weakly solvophobic homopolymers and an amphiphilic block copolymer in the presence of solvent. We map the multicore vs single core (core-shell particles) assembly response and aggregate structure in terms of block copolymer concentration, polymer component ratios, and chain length of the weakly solvophobic homopolymer. FINDINGS For fixed components and polymer chemistries, the amount of block copolymer is the key to controlling single core vs multicore aggregation. We find a polymer system dependent critical copolymer concentration for the multicore aggregation and that a minimum level of incompatibility between the solvent and the weakly solvophobic component is required for multicore assembly. We discuss the implications for polymer system design for multicore assemblies. In summary, the study presents guidelines to produce multicore aggregates and to tune the assembly from multicore aggregation to single core core-shell particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sousa Javan Nikkhah
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Maria Sammalkorpi
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
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Scott DM, Nikoubashman A, Register RA, Priestley RD, Prud'homme RK. Rapid Precipitation of Ionomers for Stabilization of Polymeric Colloids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:570-578. [PMID: 36577027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric colloids have shown potential as "building blocks" in applications ranging from formulations of Pickering emulsions and drug delivery systems to advanced materials, including colloidal crystals and composites. However, for applications requiring tunable properties of charged colloids, obstacles in fabrication can arise through limitations in process scalability and chemical versatility. In this work, the capabilities of flash nanoprecipitation (FNP), a scalable nanoparticle (NP) fabrication technology, are expanded to produce charged polystyrene colloids using sulfonated polystyrene ionomers as a new class of NP stabilizers. Through experimental exploration of formulation parameters, increases in the ionomer content are shown to reduce the particle size, mitigating a significant trade-off between the final particle size and inlet concentration; thus, expanding the processable material throughput of FNP. Further, the degree of sulfonation is found to impact stabilization with optimal performance achieved by selecting ionomers with intermediate (2.45-5.2 mol %) sulfonation. Simulations of single ionomer chains and their arrangement in multicomponent NPs provide molecular insights into the assembly and structure of NPs wherein the partitioning of ionomers to the particle surface depends on the polymer molecular weight and degree of sulfonation. By combining the insights from simulations with diffusion-limited growth kinetics and parametric fits to experimental data, a simple design formulation relation is proposed and validated. This work highlights the potential of ionomer-based stabilizers for controllably producing charged NP dispersions in a scalable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Scott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey08544, United States
| | - Arash Nikoubashman
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, Mainz55128, Germany
| | - Richard A Register
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey08544, United States
- Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey08544, United States
| | - Rodney D Priestley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey08544, United States
- Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey08544, United States
| | - Robert K Prud'homme
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey08544, United States
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Bovone G, Cousin L, Steiner F, Tibbitt MW. Solvent Controls Nanoparticle Size during Nanoprecipitation by Limiting Block Copolymer Assembly. Macromolecules 2022; 55:8040-8048. [PMID: 36186573 PMCID: PMC9520972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bovone
- Macromolecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucien Cousin
- Macromolecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Steiner
- Macromolecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark W. Tibbitt
- Macromolecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Kobayashi Y, Nikoubashman A. Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Cubes in Suspension. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:10642-10648. [PMID: 35972298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We study the self-assembly of amphiphilic cubic colloids using molecular dynamics as well as rejection-free kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. We vary both the number and location of the solvophobic faces (patches) on the cubes at several colloid volume fractions and determine the resulting size and shape distributions of the self-assembled aggregates. When the binding energy is comparable to the thermal energy of the system, aggregates typically consist of only few spontaneously associating/dissociating colloids. Increasing the binding energy (or lowering the temperature) leads to the emergence of highly stable aggregates, e.g., small dimers in pure suspensions of one-patch cubes or large (system-spanning) aggregates in suspensions of multipatch colloids. In mixtures of one- and multipatch cubes, the average aggregation number increases with increasing number of solvophobic faces on the multipatch cubes as well with increasing fraction of multipatch cubes. The resulting aggregate shapes range from elongated rods over fractal objects to compact spheres, depending on the number and arrangement of solvophobic patches on the cubic colloids. Our findings establish the complex self-assembly pathways for a class of building blocks that combine both interaction and shape anisotropy, with the potential of forming hierarchically ordered superstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusei Kobayashi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 223-8522 Yokohama, Japan
| | - Arash Nikoubashman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 223-8522 Yokohama, Japan
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Marlow P, Manger F, Fischer K, Sprau C, Colsmann A. Eco-friendly fabrication of organic solar cells: electrostatic stabilization of surfactant-free organic nanoparticle dispersions by illumination. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:5569-5578. [PMID: 35343987 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00095d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Earlier reports have discussed the manifold opportunities that arise from the use of eco-friendly organic semiconductor dispersions as inks for printed electronics and, in particular, organic photovoltaics. To date, poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) plays an outstanding role since it has been the only organic semiconductor that formed nanoparticle dispersions with sufficient stability and concentration without the use of surfactants. This work elucidates the underlying mechanisms that lead to the formation of intrinsically stable P3HT dispersions and reveals prevailing electrostatic effects to rule the nanoparticle growth. The electrostatic dispersion stability can be enhanced by photo-generation of additional charges, depending on the light intensity and its wavelength. This facile, additive-free process provides a universal handle to also stabilize surfactant-free dispersions of other semiconducting polymers, which are frequently used to fabricate organic solar cells or other optoelectronic thin-film devices. The more generalized process understanding paves the way towards a universal synthesis route for organic nanoparticle dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Marlow
- Material Research Center for Energy Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Strasse am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Felix Manger
- Material Research Center for Energy Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Strasse am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Karen Fischer
- Material Research Center for Energy Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Strasse am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christian Sprau
- Material Research Center for Energy Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Strasse am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Alexander Colsmann
- Material Research Center for Energy Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Strasse am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Li N, Nikoubashman A, Panagiotopoulos AZ. Self-Assembly of Polymer Blends and Nanoparticles through Rapid Solvent Exchange. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:3780-3789. [PMID: 30759987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the fabrication of polymeric colloids containing inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) via the flash nanoprecipitation (FNP) technique. During this process, a binary polymer blend, initially in a good solvent for the polymers, is rapidly mixed with NPs and a poor solvent for the polymers that is miscible with the good solvent. The simulations reveal that the polymers formed Janus particles with NPs distributed either on the surface of the aggregates, throughout their interior, or aligned at the interface between the two polymer domains, depending on the NP-polymer and NP-solvent interactions. The loading and surface density of NPs can be controlled by the polymer feed concentration, the NP feed concentration, and their ratio in the feed streams. Selective localization of NPs by incorporating electrostatic interactions between polymers and NPs has also been investigated, and was shown to be an effective way to enhance NP loading and surface density as compared to the case with only van der Waals attractions. This work demonstrates that the FNP process is promising for the production of structured and hybrid nanocolloids in a continuous and scalable way, with independent control over particle properties such as size, NP location, loading, and surface density. Our results provide useful guidelines for experimental fabrication of such hybrid nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| | - Arash Nikoubashman
- Institute of Physics , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Staudingerweg 7 , Mainz 55128 , Germany
| | - Athanassios Z Panagiotopoulos
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
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