1
|
Bergmeister S, Ganner L, Ončák M, Gruber E. Gas-Phase Electronic Structure of Phthalocyanine Ions: A Study of Symmetry and Solvation Effects. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307816. [PMID: 38225692 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Research into and applications of phthalocyanines (Pc) are mostly connected to their intriguing electronic properties. Here, messenger-type UV-vis spectroscopy of two metal-free ions from the phthalocyanine family, cationic H2Pc+ and H2PcD+, along with their hydrates is performed. They show that the electronic properties of both ions can be traced to those in the conjugate base, Pc2-, however, they are affected by state splitting due to the reduced symmetry; in the H2Pc+ radical cation, a new band appears due to excitations into the singly-occupied molecular orbital. Quantum chemical spectra modeling reproduces all important features of the measured spectra and provides insight into the nature of electronic transitions. Hydration of the ions has only a mild effect on the electronic spectra, showing the stability of the electronic structure with respect to solvation effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bergmeister
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Lisa Ganner
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Gruber
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lottner EM, Slenczka A. Anthracene-Argon Clusters Generated in Superfluid Helium Nanodroplets: New Aspects on Cluster Formation and Microsolvation. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:311-321. [PMID: 31257886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b04138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
About two decades after extensive studies on anthracene-Arn clusters in the gas phase, we report corresponding studies in superfluid helium droplets. With AN as a small fluorophore and spectroscopic data from the gas phase and helium droplets, both the formation of clusters and the microsolvation in superfluid helium droplets can be studied. As expected for helium droplets, a significantly higher number of isomeric variants of the respective cluster sizes are obtained, because metastable variants are stabilized by the low temperature and the surrounding helium. Moreover, spectroscopic data recorded in helium droplets reveal cluster configurations with Ar atoms shielded by a helium solvation layer. Surprisingly, AN-Arn clusters with more than four Ar atoms do not appear to form rigid configurations. The helium droplet data in combination with the gas phase spectra may serve as a suitable reference for further theoretical investigations on solvation and cluster formation in superfluid helium droplets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E-M Lottner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , 93053 Regensburg , Germany
| | - A Slenczka
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , 93053 Regensburg , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fischer J, Schlaghaufer F, Lottner EM, Slenczka A, Christiansen L, Stapelfeldt H, Karra M, Friedrich B, Mullan T, Schütz M, Usvyat D. Heterogeneous Clusters of Phthalocyanine and Water Prepared and Probed in Superfluid Helium Nanodroplets. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:10057-10064. [PMID: 31670512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b07302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Superfluid helium nanodroplets comprised of thousands to millions of helium atoms can serve as a reactor for the synthesis of heterogeneous molecular clusters at cryogenic conditions. The cluster synthesis occurs via consecutive pick-up of the cluster building blocks by the helium droplet and their subsequent coalescence within the droplet. The effective collision cross section of the building blocks is determined by the helium droplet size and thus exceeds by orders of magnitude that of a reactive collision in the gas phase. Moreover, the cryogenic helium environment (at 0.38 K) as a host promotes the formation of metastable cluster configurations. The question arises as to the extent of the actual involvement of the helium environment in the cluster formation. The present study deals with clusters of single phthalocyanine (Pc) molecules with single water molecules. A large fluorophore such as Pc offers several sites where the water molecule can attach. The resulting isomeric variants of the Pc-H2O complex can be selectively identified by electronic spectroscopy. We compare the experimental electronic spectra of the Pc-H2O complex generated in superfluid helium nanodroplets with the results of quantum-chemical calculations on the same cluster but under gas-phase conditions. The number of isomeric variants observed in the helium droplet experiment comes out the same as that obtained from our gas-phase calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Fischer
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , 93053 Regensburg , Germany
| | - F Schlaghaufer
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , 93053 Regensburg , Germany
| | - E-M Lottner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , 93053 Regensburg , Germany
| | - A Slenczka
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , 93053 Regensburg , Germany
| | - L Christiansen
- Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - H Stapelfeldt
- Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - M Karra
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft , Faradayweg 4-6 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - B Friedrich
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft , Faradayweg 4-6 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Th Mullan
- Institut für Chemie , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Unter den Linden 6 , 10099 Berlin , Germany
| | - M Schütz
- Institut für Chemie , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Unter den Linden 6 , 10099 Berlin , Germany
| | - D Usvyat
- Institut für Chemie , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Unter den Linden 6 , 10099 Berlin , Germany
| |
Collapse
|