1
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Kotov AA, Kozhedub YS, Glazov DA, Iliaš M, Pershina V, Shabaev VM. Relativistic Coupled-Cluster Calculations of Spectroscopic Properties of Copernicium and Flerovium Monoxides. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200680. [PMID: 36383485 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Calculations of spectroscopic properties of the CnO and FlO molecules are performed using ab initio all-electron 4c- and 2c-relativistic coupled-cluster approaches with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations. The corresponding calculation for HgO is also accomplished for comparison with the published data. The dependence of the results on the parameters of the basis set and approximations used is investigated in detail. The overall relative uncertainties of the recommended values on the level of 1-2 % are reached. The calculated spectroscopic constants are indicative of the following trend in the reactivity of the oxides HgO>FlO>CnO. This is confirmed by the trend in the adsorption energies, Eads , of these molecules on the surfaces of gold, quartz, and Teflon. The predicted rather low Eads values for the latter case should guarantee their delivery from the recoil chamber to the chemistry set up in gas-phase experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem A Kotov
- Department of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yury S Kozhedub
- Department of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Glazov
- Department of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Miroslav Iliaš
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, 97401, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia.,Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099, Mainz, Germany.,GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Valeria Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Vladimir M Shabaev
- Department of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
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2
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Götz M, Yakushev A, Götz S, Di Nitto A, Düllmann CE, Asai M, Kindler B, Krier J, Lommel B, Nagame Y, Sato TK, Suzuki H, Tomitsuka T, Tokoi K, Toyoshima A, Tsukada K. Application of a novel gas phase synthesis approach to carbonyl complexes of accelerator-produced 5d transition metals. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2021-1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In 2014 the first synthesis of a transactinide carbonyl complex – seaborgium hexacarbonyl – was reported. This was achieved in gas-phase chemical experiments in a beam-free environment behind the recoil separator GARIS. Extending this work to heavier elements requires more efficient techniques to synthesize carbonyl complexes as production rates of transactinide elements drop with increasing atomic number. A novel approach was thus conceived, which retains the benefit of a beam-free environment but avoids the physical preseparation step. The latter reduces the yields for products of asymmetric reactions such as those used for the synthesis of suitable isotopes of Sg, Bh, Hs and Mt. For this a series of experiments with accelerator-produced radioisotopes of the lighter homologues W, Re and Os was carried out at the tandem accelerator of JAEA Tokai, Japan. A newly developed double-chamber system, which allows for a decoupled recoil ion thermalization and chemical complex formation, was used, which avoids the low-efficiency physical preseparation step. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of this newly developed method using accelerator-produced short-lived radioisotopes of the 5d homologues of the early transactinides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Götz
- Department of Chemistry – TRIGA Site , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55128 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | | | - Stefan Götz
- Department of Chemistry – TRIGA Site , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55128 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Antonio Di Nitto
- Physics Department Ettore Pancini , University of Naples Federico II , 80126 Naples , Italy
| | - Christoph E. Düllmann
- Department of Chemistry – TRIGA Site , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55128 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Masato Asai
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Tokai-mura , Ibaraki 319-1111 , Japan
| | - Birgit Kindler
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Jörg Krier
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Bettina Lommel
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Yuichiro Nagame
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Tokai-mura , Ibaraki 319-1111 , Japan
| | - Tetsuya K. Sato
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Tokai-mura , Ibaraki 319-1111 , Japan
| | - Hayato Suzuki
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Tokai-mura , Ibaraki 319-1111 , Japan
- Ibaraki University , Mito , Ibaraki 310-8512 , Japan
| | | | - Katsuyuki Tokoi
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Tokai-mura , Ibaraki 319-1111 , Japan
- Osaka University , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoshima
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Tokai-mura , Ibaraki 319-1111 , Japan
- Osaka University , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Kazuaki Tsukada
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Tokai-mura , Ibaraki 319-1111 , Japan
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3
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Wittwer Y, Eichler R, Zingg R, Herrmann D, Türler A. The influence of gas purification and addition of macro amounts of metal-carbonyl complexes on the formation of single-atom metal-carbonyl-complexes. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2020-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Using the Fast On-line Reaction Apparatus (FORA), the influence of various gas-purification columns onto the formation of metal carbonyl complexes (MCCs) under single-atom chemistry conditions was investigated. MCCs were synthesized from single atoms of Mo, Tc, Ru and Rh being produced by the spontaneous fission of 252Cf and recoiling into a CO-gas containing carrier gas atmosphere. The in-situ synthesized MCCs were volatile enough to be transported by the carrier gas to a charcoal trap where they were adsorbed and their subsequent decay was registered by γ-spectrometry. It was found that the type and combination of purification columns used to clean the applied CO-gas strongly influences the obtained formation and transport yields for all MCCs. With the exception of Rh-carbonyl, intense gas-purification strategies resulted in reduced formation and transport yields for MCCs in comparison with less efficient or even completely missing purification setups. It was postulated that the observed reduction in yield might depend on the content of Fe(CO)5 and Ni(CO)4, as well as potentially other MCCs, in the CO-gas, being formed by the interaction between CO and the steel-surfaces of FORA as well as from impurities in the used charcoal traps. Subsequently, it was shown that macro amounts of Fe(CO)5, Ni(CO)4, Mo(CO)6 and Re2(CO)10 added to the used process gas indeed increase significantly the overall yields for MCCs produced by 252Cf fission products. Ni(CO)4 appeared the most potent to increase the yield. Therefore, it was used in more detailed investigations. Using isothermal chromatography, it was shown that Ni(CO)4 does not affect the speciation of carbonyl species produced by the 252Cf fission product 104Mo. For 107Tc, 110Ru and 111Rh a speciation change cannot be excluded. For 111Rh a speciation change cannot be excluded. An inter-carbonyl transfer mechanism is suggested boosting the formation of MCCs. The current discovery might allow for new opportunities in various research fields, which are currently restricted by the low overall yields for MCCs produced under single-atom chemistry conditions. Examples are the chemical investigation of transactinides or the generation of radioactive ion beams from refractory metals at accelerators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Wittwer
- Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen , Switzerland
- University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
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4
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Braband H, Benz M, Spingler B, Conradie J, Alberto R, Ghosh A. Relativity as a Synthesis Design Principle: A Comparative Study of [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Technetium(VII) and Rhenium(VII) Trioxo Complexes with Olefins. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:11090-11097. [PMID: 34255507 PMCID: PMC8388117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
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The difference in [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactivity between fac-[MO3(tacn)]+ (M = Re, 99Tc; tacn = 1,4,7-triazacyclononane) complexes has been reexamined
with a selection of unsaturated substrates including sodium 4-vinylbenzenesulfonate,
norbornene, 2-butyne, and 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol (2MByOH). None of
the substrates was found to react with the Re cation in water at room
temperature, whereas the 99Tc reagent cleanly yielded the [3 + 2] cycloadducts. Interestingly,
a bis-adduct was obtained as the sole product for 2MByOH, reflecting
the high reactivity of a 99TcO-enediolato monoadduct. On
the basis of scalar relativistic and nonrelativistic density functional
theory calculations of the reaction pathways, the dramatic difference
in reactivity between the two metals has now been substantially attributed to differences in relativistic effects, which are much
larger for the 5d metal. Furthermore, scalar-relativistic ΔG values were found to decrease along the series propene
> norbornene > 2-butyne > dimethylketene, indicating major variations
in the thermodynamic driving force as a function of the unsaturated
substrate. The suggestion is made that scalar-relativistic effects,
consisting of greater destabilization of the valence electrons of
the 5d elements compared with those of the 4d elements, be viewed
as a new design principle for novel 99mTc/Re radiopharmaceuticals,
as well as more generally in heavy-element coordination chemistry. Room temperature cycloaddition reactivity of fac-[99TcO3(tacn)]+ (tacn = 1,4,7-triazacyclononane)
with a variety of unsaturated substrates and the lack of such reactivity
for fac-[ReO3(tacn)]+ appears
largely attributable to much stronger relativistic effects for Re
relative to Tc, based on relativistic density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Braband
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Michael Benz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø N-9037, Norway.,Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Roger Alberto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø N-9037, Norway
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5
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The influence of chemical parameters on the in-situ metal carbonyl complex formation studied with the fast on-line reaction apparatus (FORA). RADIOCHIM ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2020-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A new setup named Fast On-line Reaction Apparatus (FORA) is presented which allows for the efficient investigation and optimization of metal carbonyl complex (MCC) formation reactions under various reaction conditions. The setup contains a 252Cf-source producing short-lived Mo, Tc, Ru and Rh isotopes at a rate of a few atoms per second by its 3% spontaneous fission decay branch. Those atoms are transformed within FORA in-situ into volatile metal carbonyl complexes (MCCs) by using CO-containing carrier gases. Here, the design, operation and performance of FORA is discussed, revealing it as a suitable setup for performing single-atom chemistry studies. The influence of various gas-additives, such as CO2, CH4, H2, Ar, O2, H2O and ambient air, on the formation and transport of MCCs was investigated. O2, H2O and air were found to harm the formation and transport of MCCs in FORA, with H2O being the most severe. An exception is Tc, for which about 130 ppmv of H2O caused an increased production and transport of volatile compounds. The other gas-additives were not influencing the formation and transport efficiency of MCCs. Using an older setup called Miss Piggy based on a similar working principle as FORA, it was additionally investigated if gas-additives are mostly affecting the formation or only the transport stability of MCCs. It was found that mostly formation is impacted, as MCCs appear to be much less sensitive to reacting with gas-additives in comparison to the bare Mo, Tc, Ru and Rh atoms.
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Götz M, Götz S, Kratz JV, Ballof J, Düllmann CE, Eberhardt K, Mokry C, Renisch D, Runke J, Sato TK, Thörle-Pospiech P, Trautmann N, Yakushev A. Gas phase synthesis of 4d transition metal carbonyl complexes with thermalized fission fragments in single-atom reactions. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2020-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The formation of carbonyl complexes using atom-at-a-time quantities of short-lived transition metals from fusion and fission reactions was reported in 2012. Numerous studies focussing on this chemical system, which is also applicable for the superheavy elements followed. We report on a novel two-chamber approach for the synthesis of such complexes that allows spatial decoupling of thermalization and gas-phase carbonyl complex synthesis. Neutron induced fission on 235U and spontaneous fission of 248Cm were employed for the production of the fission products. These were stopped inside a gas volume behind the target and flushed with an inert-gas flow into a second chamber. This was flushed with carbon monoxide to allow the gas-phase synthesis of carbonyl complexes. Parameter studies of the transfer from the first into the second chamber as well as on the carbonyl complex formation and transport processes have been performed. High overall efficiencies of more than 50% were reached rendering this approach interesting for studies of superheavy elements. Our results show that carbonyl complex formation of thermalized fission products is a single-atom reaction, and not a hot-atom reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Götz
- Department of Chemistry – TRIGA Site , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research , 64291 Darmstadt , DE , Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
| | - Stefan Götz
- Department of Chemistry – TRIGA Site , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research , 64291 Darmstadt , DE , Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
| | - Jens-Volker Kratz
- Department of Chemistry – TRIGA Site , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
| | - Jochen Ballof
- Department of Chemistry – TRIGA Site , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
- CERN , 1217 Meyrin , CH , Switzerland
| | - Christoph E. Düllmann
- Department of Chemistry – TRIGA Site , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research , 64291 Darmstadt , DE , Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
| | - Klaus Eberhardt
- Research Reactor TRIGA Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
| | - Christoph Mokry
- Department of Chemistry – TRIGA Site , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
| | - Dennis Renisch
- Department of Chemistry – TRIGA Site , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
| | - Jörg Runke
- Department of Chemistry – TRIGA Site , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research , 64291 Darmstadt , DE , Germany
| | | | - Petra Thörle-Pospiech
- Department of Chemistry – TRIGA Site , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
| | - Norbert Trautmann
- Research Reactor TRIGA Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55099 Mainz , DE , Germany
| | - Alexander Yakushev
- GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research , 64291 Darmstadt , DE , Germany
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7
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Iliaš M, Pershina V. Carbonyl compounds of Rh, Ir, and Mt: electronic structure, bonding and volatility. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02118k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
First bond dissociation energies and other properties have been predicted for carbonyl compounds of group-9 elements including those of element 109, Mt, from relativistic DFT and CC calculations. A remarkable Λ-shape of the trends is observed, caused by strong relativistic effects on the valence AOs of Mt.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Iliaš
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität
- 55099 Mainz
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry
| | - V. Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH
- 64291 Darmstadt
- Germany
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8
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Pershina V, Iliaš M. Properties and Reactivity of Hydroxides of Group 13 Elements In, Tl, and Nh from Molecular and Periodic DFT Calculations. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:9866-9873. [PMID: 31287670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adsorption energies, Eads, of gaseous hydroxides of In, Tl, and the superheavy element Nh on surfaces of Teflon and gold are predicted using molecular and periodic relativistic DFT calculations. The ambition of the work is to assist related "one atom at a time" gas-phase chromatography experiments on the volatility of NhOH. The obtained low values of Eads(MOH), where M = In, Tl, Nh, on Teflon should guarantee easy transportation of the molecules through the Teflon capillaries from the accelerator to the chemistry setup. Straightforward band-structure DFT calculations using the revPBE-D3(BJ) functional have given an Eads(MOH) value of 161.4 kJ/mol on the Au(111) surface, being indicative of significant molecule-surface interaction. The MOH-gold surface binding is shown to take place via the oxygen atom of the hydroxide, with the oxygen-gold charge density transfer increasing from InOH to NhOH. The trend in Eads(MOH) is shown to be InOH < TlOH < NhOH, caused by increasing molecular dipole moments and decreasing stability of the hydroxides in this row. A trend in Eads of the atoms of these elements on gold is, however, opposite, In > Tl > Nh, caused by the increasing relativistic contraction and stabilization of the np1/2 AO with Z. These opposite trends in Eads(MOH) and Eads(M) in group 13 lead to almost equal Eads(Nh) and Eads(NhOH) values, making identification of Nh, as a type of species, difficult by measuring its adsorption enthalpy on gold.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miroslav Iliaš
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55099 Mainz , Germany.,GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , Planckstraße 1 , D-64291 Darmstadt , Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences , Matej Bel University , Tajovského 40 , 97401 Banská Bystrica , Slovakia
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9
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Pershina V. Relativity in the electronic structure of the heaviest elements and its influence on periodicities in properties. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2018-3098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Theoretical chemical studies demonstrated crucial importance of relativistic effects in the physics and chemistry of superheavy elements (SHEs). Performed, with many of them, in a close link to the experimental research, those investigations have shown that relativistic effects determine periodicities in physical and chemical properties of the elements in the chemical groups and rows of the Periodic Table beyond the 6th one. They could, however, also lead to some deviations from the established trends, so that the predictive power of the Periodic Table in this area may be lost. Results of those studies are overviewed here, with comparison to the recent experimental investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1 , D-64291 Darmstadt , Germany
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10
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Abstract
Abstract
Some highlight examples on the study of production and chemical properties of heaviest elements carried out mostly at GSI Darmstadt are presented. They focus on the production of some of the heaviest known elements (114Fl, 115Mc, and 117Mc), studies of non-fusion reactions, and on chemical studies of 114Fl. This is the heaviest element, for which chemical studies have been performed to date.
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