1
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Clausen KU, Schlimm A, Bedbur K, Näther C, Strunskus T, Fu L, Gruber M, Berndt R, Tuczek F. Molybdenum(0)-Tricarbonyl Complex Supported by an Azacalix-pyridine Ligand: Synthesis, Characterization, Surface Deposition and Conversion to a Molybdenum(VI)-Trioxo Complex with O 2. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303912. [PMID: 38319524 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Adsorption of metal-organic complexes on metallic surfaces to produce well-defined single site catalysts is a novel approach combining the advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. To avoid the "surface trans-effect" a dome-shaped molybdenum(0) tricarbonyl complex supported by an tolylazacalix[3](2,6)pyridine ligand is synthesized. This vacuum-evaporable complex both activates CO and reacts with molecular oxygen (O2) to form a Mo(VI) trioxo complex which in turn is capable of catalytically mediating oxygen transfer. The molybdenum tricarbonyl- and trioxo complexes are investigated in the solid state, in homogeneous solution and on noble metal surfaces (Cu, Au) employing a range of spectroscopic and analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Uwe Clausen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Max-Eyth Straße 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Schlimm
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Max-Eyth Straße 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katja Bedbur
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Max-Eyth Straße 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Näther
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Max-Eyth Straße 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Department of Material Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kaiserstraße 1, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ling Fu
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Leibnizstraße 11-19, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manuel Gruber
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Leibnizstraße 11-19, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Felix Tuczek
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Max-Eyth Straße 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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2
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Meng X, Möller J, Menchón RE, Weismann A, Sánchez-Portal D, Garcia-Lekue A, Herges R, Berndt R. Kondo Effect of Co-Porphyrin: Remarkable Sensitivity to Adsorption Sites and Orientations. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:180-186. [PMID: 38150551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the Kondo effect of cobalt(II)-5-15-bis(4'-bromophenyl)-10,20-bis(4'-iodophenyl)porphyrin (CoTPPBr2I2) molecules on Au(111) with low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. The molecules exhibit four adsorption configurations at the top and bridge sites of the surface with different molecular orientations. The Kondo resonance shows extraordinary sensitivity to the adsorption configuration. By switching the molecule between different configurations, the Kondo temperature is varied over a wide range from ≈8 up to ≈250 K. Density functional theory calculations reveal that changes of the adsorption configuration lead to distinct variations of the hybridization between the molecule and the surface. Furthermore, we show that surface reconstruction plays a significant role for the molecular Kondo effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhi Meng
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jenny Möller
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rodrigo E Menchón
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Ingeniría y Agrimensura (FCEIA), Instituto de Física Rosario (IFIR), 2000 Rosario, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Alexander Weismann
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniel Sánchez-Portal
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Aran Garcia-Lekue
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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3
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Johannsen S, Gruber M, Barreteau C, Seredyuk M, Antonio Real J, Markussen T, Berndt R. Spin-Crossover and Fragmentation of Fe(neoim) 2 on Silver and Gold. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7814-7823. [PMID: 37623823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The neutral spin crossover complex Fe(neoim)2, neoim being the deprotonated form of the ionogenic ligand 2-(1H-imidazol-2-yl)-9-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline (neoimH), is investigated on the (111) surfaces of Au and Ag using scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory calculations. The complex sublimates and adsorbs intact on Ag(111), where it exhibits an electron-induced spin crossover. However, it fragments on Au. According to density functional theory calculations, the adsorbed complex is drastically distorted by the interactions with the substrates, in particular by van der Waals forces. Dispersion interaction is also decisive for the relative stabilities of the low- and high-spin states of the adsorbed complex. The unexpected instability of the complex on the gold substrate is attributed to enhanced covalent bonding of the fragments to the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Johannsen
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Manuel Gruber
- Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Cyrille Barreteau
- Université Paris-Saclay CEA, CNRS SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Maksym Seredyuk
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)/Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13 Volodymyrska Street 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - José Antonio Real
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol)/Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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4
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Lee JD, Miller JB, Shneidman AV, Sun L, Weaver JF, Aizenberg J, Biener J, Boscoboinik JA, Foucher AC, Frenkel AI, van der Hoeven JES, Kozinsky B, Marcella N, Montemore MM, Ngan HT, O'Connor CR, Owen CJ, Stacchiola DJ, Stach EA, Madix RJ, Sautet P, Friend CM. Dilute Alloys Based on Au, Ag, or Cu for Efficient Catalysis: From Synthesis to Active Sites. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8758-8808. [PMID: 35254051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of new catalyst materials for energy-efficient chemical synthesis is critical as over 80% of industrial processes rely on catalysts, with many of the most energy-intensive processes specifically using heterogeneous catalysis. Catalytic performance is a complex interplay of phenomena involving temperature, pressure, gas composition, surface composition, and structure over multiple length and time scales. In response to this complexity, the integrated approach to heterogeneous dilute alloy catalysis reviewed here brings together materials synthesis, mechanistic surface chemistry, reaction kinetics, in situ and operando characterization, and theoretical calculations in a coordinated effort to develop design principles to predict and improve catalytic selectivity. Dilute alloy catalysts─in which isolated atoms or small ensembles of the minority metal on the host metal lead to enhanced reactivity while retaining selectivity─are particularly promising as selective catalysts. Several dilute alloy materials using Au, Ag, and Cu as the majority host element, including more recently introduced support-free nanoporous metals and oxide-supported nanoparticle "raspberry colloid templated (RCT)" materials, are reviewed for selective oxidation and hydrogenation reactions. Progress in understanding how such dilute alloy catalysts can be used to enhance selectivity of key synthetic reactions is reviewed, including quantitative scaling from model studies to catalytic conditions. The dynamic evolution of catalyst structure and composition studied in surface science and catalytic conditions and their relationship to catalytic function are also discussed, followed by advanced characterization and theoretical modeling that have been developed to determine the distribution of minority metal atoms at or near the surface. The integrated approach demonstrates the success of bridging the divide between fundamental knowledge and design of catalytic processes in complex catalytic systems, which can accelerate the development of new and efficient catalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jeffrey B Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Anna V Shneidman
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Lixin Sun
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jason F Weaver
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Juergen Biener
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - J Anibal Boscoboinik
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Alexandre C Foucher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Anatoly I Frenkel
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States.,Division of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Jessi E S van der Hoeven
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Boris Kozinsky
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Nicholas Marcella
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Matthew M Montemore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Hio Tong Ngan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Christopher R O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Cameron J Owen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Dario J Stacchiola
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Eric A Stach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Robert J Madix
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Philippe Sautet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Cynthia M Friend
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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5
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Li C, Meng X, Weismann A, von Glasenapp JS, Hamer S, Xiang F, Pignedoli CA, Herges R, Berndt R. Effect of an axial ligand on the self-assembly of molecular platforms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:28864-28869. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04760h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sub-monolayer amounts of trioxatriangulenium (TOTA) molecules functionalized with biphenyl on Ag(111) were investigated with scanning tunnelling microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Weismann
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Simon von Glasenapp
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hamer
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Feifei Xiang
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Carlo A. Pignedoli
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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6
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Elnagar MM, Jacob T, Kibler LA. Cathodic corrosion of Au in aqueous methanolic alkali metal hydroxide electrolytes: Notable role of water. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry Ulm University Ulm Germany
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7
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Abstract
The transfer of the inherent bistability of spin crossover compounds to surfaces has attracted considerable interest in recent years. The deposition of the complexes on surfaces allows investigating them individually and to further understand the microscopic mechanisms at play. Moreover, it offers the prospect of engineering switchable functional surfaces. We review recent progress in the field with a particular focus on the challenges and limits associated with the dominant experimental techniques used, namely near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). One of the main difficulties in NEXAFS-based experiments is to ascertain that the complexes are in direct contact with the surfaces. We show that molecular coverage determination based on the amplitude of the edge-jump of interest is challenging because the latter quantity depends on the substrate. Furthermore, NEXAFS averages the signals of a large number of molecules, which may be in different states. In particular, we highlight that the signal of fragmented molecules is difficult to distinguish from that of intact and functional ones. In contrast, STM allows investigating individual complexes, but the identification of the spin states is at best done indirectly. As quite some of the limits of the techniques are becoming apparent as the field is gaining maturity, their detailed descriptions will be useful for future investigations and for taking a fresh look at earlier reports.
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8
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Jasper-Toennies T, Gruber M, Johannsen S, Frederiksen T, Garcia-Lekue A, Jäkel T, Roehricht F, Herges R, Berndt R. Rotation of Ethoxy and Ethyl Moieties on a Molecular Platform on Au(111). ACS NANO 2020; 14:3907-3916. [PMID: 32073820 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Molecular rotors have attracted considerable interest for their prospects in nanotechnology. However, their adsorption on supporting substrates, where they may be addressed individually, usually modifies their properties. Here, we investigate the switching of two closely related three-state rotors mounted on platforms on Au(111) using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory calculations. Being physisorbed, the platforms retain important gas-phase properties of the rotor. This simplifies a detailed analysis and permits, for instance, the identification of the vibrational modes involved in the rotation process. The symmetry provided by the platform enables active control of the rotation direction through electrostatic interactions with the tip and charged neighboring adsorbates. The present investigation of two model systems may turn out useful for designing platforms that provide directional rotation and for transferring more sophisticated molecular machines from the gas phase to surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Jasper-Toennies
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Manuel Gruber
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sven Johannsen
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Frederiksen
- Donostia International Physics Center, DIPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Aran Garcia-Lekue
- Donostia International Physics Center, DIPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Torben Jäkel
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Fynn Roehricht
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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Jasper-Tönnies T, Gruber M, Ulrich S, Herges R, Berndt R. Coverage-Controlled Superstructures of C 3 -Symmetric Molecules: Honeycomb versus Hexagonal Tiling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7008-7017. [PMID: 32106353 PMCID: PMC7216838 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The competition between honeycomb and hexagonal tiling of molecular units can lead to large honeycomb superstructures on surfaces. Such superstructures exhibit pores that may be used as 2D templates for functional guest molecules. Honeycomb superstructures of molecules that comprise a C3 symmetric platform on Au(111) and Ag(111) surfaces are presented. The superstructures cover nearly mesoscopic areas with unit cells containing up to 3000 molecules, more than an order of magnitude larger than previously reported. The unit cell size may be controlled by the coverage. A fairly general model was developed to describe the energetics of honeycomb superstructures built from C3 symmetric units. Based on three parameters that characterize two competing bonding arrangements, the model is consistent with the present experimental data and also reproduces various published results. The model identifies the relevant driving force, mostly related to geometric aspects, of the pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Jasper-Tönnies
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manuel Gruber
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sandra Ulrich
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098, Kiel, Germany
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10
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Jasper‐Tönnies T, Gruber M, Ulrich S, Herges R, Berndt R. Coverage‐Controlled Superstructures of
C
3
‐Symmetric Molecules: Honeycomb versus Hexagonal Tiling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torben Jasper‐Tönnies
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik Christian-Albrechts-Universität 24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Manuel Gruber
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik Christian-Albrechts-Universität 24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Sandra Ulrich
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie Christian-Albrechts-Universität 24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie Christian-Albrechts-Universität 24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik Christian-Albrechts-Universität 24098 Kiel Germany
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