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Seliya P, Bonn M, Grechko M. On selection rules in two-dimensional terahertz-infrared-visible spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:034201. [PMID: 38230809 DOI: 10.1063/5.0179041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional terahertz-infrared-visible (2D TIRV) spectroscopy directly measures the coupling between quantum high-frequency vibrations and classical low-frequency modes of molecular motion. In addition to coupling strength, the signal intensity in 2D TIRV spectroscopy can also depend on the selection rules of the excited transitions. Here, we explore the selection rules in 2D TIRV spectroscopy by studying the coupling between the high-frequency CH3 stretching and low-frequency vibrations of liquid dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Different excitation pathways are addressed using variations in laser pulse timing and different polarizations of exciting pulses and detected signals. The DMSO signals generated via different excitation pathways can be readily distinguished in the spectrum. The intensities of different excitation pathways vary unequally with changes in polarization. We explain how this difference stems from the intensities of polarized and depolarized Raman and hyper-Raman spectra of high-frequency modes. These results apply to various systems and will help design and interpret new 2D TIRV spectroscopy experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Seliya
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maksim Grechko
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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Lin HW, Mead G, Blake GA. Mapping LiNbO_{3} Phonon-Polariton Nonlinearities with 2D THz-THz-Raman Spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:207401. [PMID: 36461997 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.207401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional terahertz-terahertz-Raman spectroscopy can provide insight into the anharmonicities of low-energy phonon modes-knowledge of which can help develop strategies for coherent control of material properties. Measurements on LiNbO_{3} reveal THz and Raman nonlinear transitions between the E(TO_{1}) and E(TO_{3}) phonon polaritons. Distinct coherence pathways are observed with different THz polarizations. The observed pathways suggest that the origin of the third-order nonlinear responses is due to mechanical anharmonicities, as opposed to electronic anharmonicities. Further, we confirm that the E(TO_{1}) and E(TO_{3}) phonon polaritons are excited through resonant one-photon THz excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haw-Wei Lin
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Griffin Mead
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Geoffrey A Blake
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Division of Geology and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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3
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Begušić T, Tao X, Blake GA, Miller TF. Equilibrium-nonequilibrium ring-polymer molecular dynamics for nonlinear spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:131102. [PMID: 35395895 DOI: 10.1063/5.0087156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional Raman and hybrid terahertz-Raman spectroscopic techniques provide invaluable insight into molecular structures and dynamics of condensed-phase systems. However, corroborating experimental results with theory is difficult due to the high computational cost of incorporating quantum-mechanical effects in the simulations. Here, we present the equilibrium-nonequilibrium ring-polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD), a practical computational method that can account for nuclear quantum effects on the two-time response function of nonlinear optical spectroscopy. Unlike a recently developed approach based on the double Kubo transformed (DKT) correlation function, our method is exact in the classical limit, where it reduces to the established equilibrium-nonequilibrium classical molecular dynamics method. Using benchmark model calculations, we demonstrate the advantages of the equilibrium-nonequilibrium RPMD over classical and DKT-based approaches. Importantly, its derivation, which is based on the nonequilibrium RPMD, obviates the need for identifying an appropriate Kubo transformed correlation function and paves the way for applying real-time path-integral techniques to multidimensional spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Begušić
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Xuecheng Tao
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Geoffrey A Blake
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Thomas F Miller
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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Reimann K, Woerner M, Elsaesser T. Two-dimensional terahertz spectroscopy of condensed-phase molecular systems. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:120901. [PMID: 33810677 DOI: 10.1063/5.0046664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear terahertz (THz) spectroscopy relies on the interaction of matter with few-cycle THz pulses of electric field amplitudes up to megavolts/centimeter (MV/cm). In condensed-phase molecular systems, both resonant interactions with elementary excitations at low frequencies such as intra- and intermolecular vibrations and nonresonant field-driven processes are relevant. Two-dimensional THz (2D-THz) spectroscopy is a key method for following nonequilibrium processes and dynamics of excitations to decipher the underlying interactions and molecular couplings. This article addresses the state of the art in 2D-THz spectroscopy by discussing the main concepts and illustrating them with recent results. The latter include the response of vibrational excitations in molecular crystals up to the nonperturbative regime of light-matter interaction and field-driven ionization processes and electron transport in liquid water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Reimann
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Woerner
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Elsaesser
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Mead G, Lin HW, Magdău IB, Miller TF, Blake GA. Sum-Frequency Signals in 2D-Terahertz-Terahertz-Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:8904-8908. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c07935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Griffin Mead
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Haw-Wei Lin
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ioan-Bogdan Magdău
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Thomas F. Miller
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Geoffrey A. Blake
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Division of Geological & Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Abstract
The solvation properties of liquid water originate from the transient network of hydrogen-bonded molecules. In order to probe the coupling between the different modes of this network, nonlinear terahertz (THz) spectroscopy techniques are required. Ideally, these techniques should use a minimal volume and capitalize on sensitive field-resolved detection. Here we performed open aperture z-scan transmission experiments on static liquid cells, and detect the THz fields with electro-optical techniques. We show that it is possible to quantify the nonlinear response of liquid water at ~1 THz even when large signals originate from the sample holder windows.
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Sidler D, Hamm P. A Feynman diagram description of the 2D-Raman-THz response of amorphous ice. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:044502. [PMID: 32752676 DOI: 10.1063/5.0018485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2D-Raman-THz response in all possible time-orderings (Raman-THz-THz, THz-Raman-THz, and THz-THz-Raman) of amorphous water ice is calculated in two ways: from atomistic molecular dynamics simulations and with the help of a Feynman diagram model, the latter of which power-expands the potential energy surface and the dipole and polarizability surfaces up to leading order. Comparing both results allows one to dissect the 2D-Raman-THz response into contributions from mechanical anharmonicity, as well as electrical dipole and polarizability anharmonicities. Mechanical anharmonicity dominates the 2D-Raman-THz response of the hydrogen-bond stretching and hydrogen-bond bending bands of water, and dipole anharmonicity dominates that of the librational band, while the contribution of polarizability anharmonicity is comparably weak. A distinct echo of the hydrogen-bond stretching band is observed for the THz-Raman-THz pulse sequence, again dominated by mechanical anharmonicity. A peculiar mechanism is discussed, which is based on the coupling between the many normal modes within the hydrogen-bond stretching band and which will inevitably generate such an echo for an amorphous structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sidler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Hamm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Tong Z, Videla PE, Jung KA, Batista VS, Sun X. Two-dimensional Raman spectroscopy of Lennard-Jones liquids via ring-polymer molecular dynamics. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:034117. [PMID: 32716164 DOI: 10.1063/5.0015436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The simulation of multidimensional vibrational spectroscopy of condensed-phase systems including nuclear quantum effects is challenging since full quantum-mechanical calculations are still intractable for large systems comprising many degrees of freedom. Here, we apply the recently developed double Kubo transform (DKT) methodology in combination with ring-polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD) for evaluating multi-time correlation functions [K. A. Jung et al., J. Chem. Phys. 148, 244105 (2018)], providing a practical method for incorporating nuclear quantum effects in nonlinear spectroscopy of condensed-phase systems. We showcase the DKT approach in the simulation of the fifth-order two-dimensional (2D) Raman spectroscopy of Lennard-Jones liquids as a prototypical example, which involves nontrivial nonlinear spectroscopic observables of systems described by anharmonic potentials. Our results show that the DKT can faithfully reproduce the 2D Raman response of liquid xenon at high temperatures, where the system behaves classically. In contrast, liquid neon at low temperatures exhibits moderate but discernible nuclear quantum effects in the 2D Raman response compared to the responses obtained with classical molecular dynamics approaches. Thus, the DKT formalism in combination with RPMD simulations enables simulations of multidimensional optical spectroscopy of condensed-phase systems that partially account for nuclear quantum effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqing Tong
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China
| | - Pablo E Videla
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, USA
| | - Victor S Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, USA
| | - Xiang Sun
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China
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Novelli F, Guchhait B, Havenith M. Towards Intense THz Spectroscopy on Water: Characterization of Optical Rectification by GaP, OH1, and DSTMS at OPA Wavelengths. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E1311. [PMID: 32183131 PMCID: PMC7143731 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Water is the most prominent solvent. The unique properties of water are rooted in the dynamical hydrogen-bonded network. While TeraHertz (THz) radiation can probe directly the collective molecular network, several open issues remain about the interpretation of these highly anharmonic, coupled bands. In order to address this problem, we need intense THz radiation able to drive the liquid into the nonlinear response regime. Firstly, in this study, we summarize the available brilliant THz sources and compare their emission properties. Secondly, we characterize the THz emission by Gallium Phosphide (GaP), 2-{3-(4-hydroxystyryl)-5,5-dimethylcyclohex-2-enylidene}malononitrile (OH1), and 4-N,N-dimethylamino-4'-N'-methyl-stilbazolium 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonate (DSTMS) crystals pumped by an amplified near-infrared (NIR) laser with tunable wavelength. We found that both OH1 as well as DSTMS could convert NIR laser radiation between 1200 and 2500 nm into THz radiation with high efficiency (> 2 × 10-4), resulting in THz peak fields exceeding 0.1 MV/cm for modest pump excitation (~ mJ/cm2). DSTMS emits the broadest spectrum, covering the entire bandwidth of our detector from ca. 0.5 to ~7 THz, also at a laser wavelength of 2100 nm. Future improvements will require handling the photothermal damage of these delicate organic crystals, and increasing the THz frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Novelli
- Department of Physical Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Biswajit Guchhait
- Department of Physical Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Martina Havenith
- Department of Physical Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hamm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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11
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Ciardi G, Berger A, Hamm P, Shalit A. Signatures of Intra- and Intermolecular Vibrational Coupling in Halogenated Liquids Revealed by Two-Dimensional Raman-Terahertz Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:4463-4468. [PMID: 31318212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid two-dimensional (2D) Raman-terahertz spectroscopy with the Raman-terahertz-terahertz (RTT) pulse sequence is used to explore the ultrafast intra- and intermolecular degrees of freedom of liquid bromoform (CHBr3) in the frequency range of 1-8 THz. Cross peaks observed in these 2D spectra are assigned to the coupling between the narrow intramolecular modes of the molecules and the much broader intermolecular degrees of freedom of the liquid. This assignment is based on the frequency position of the cross peaks; however, it is shown that these frequency positions can be deduced accurately only when properly taking into account the convolution of the molecular response with the instrument response function of the experimental setup, the latter of which distorts the 2D spectra considerably. The assignment is supported by additional experiments on diiodomethane (CH2I2), which has only one intramolecular mode in the frequency range of the experiment, and hence excludes the possibility of intramolecular couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ciardi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Arian Berger
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Peter Hamm
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Andrey Shalit
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
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Magdău IB, Mead GJ, Blake GA, Miller TF. Interpretation of the THz-THz-Raman Spectrum of Bromoform. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7278-7287. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioan B. Magdău
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Griffin J. Mead
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Geoffrey A. Blake
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Division of Geological & Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Thomas F. Miller
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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13
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Berger A, Ciardi G, Sidler D, Hamm P, Shalit A. Impact of nuclear quantum effects on the structural inhomogeneity of liquid water. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2458-2463. [PMID: 30692247 PMCID: PMC6377483 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818182116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2D Raman-terahertz (THz) response of liquid water is studied in dependence of temperature and isotope substitution ([Formula: see text]O, [Formula: see text]O, and [Formula: see text]O). In either case, a very short-lived (i.e., between 75 and 95 fs) echo is observed that reports on the inhomogeneity of the low-frequency intermolecular modes and hence, on the heterogeneity of the hydrogen bond networks of water. The echo lifetime slows down by about 20% when cooling the liquid from room temperature to the freezing point. Furthermore, the echo lifetime of [Formula: see text]O is [Formula: see text] slower than that of [Formula: see text]O, and both can be mapped on each other by introducing an effective temperature shift of [Formula: see text] K. In contrast, the temperature-dependent echo lifetimes of [Formula: see text]O and [Formula: see text]O are the same within error. [Formula: see text]O and [Formula: see text]O have identical masses, yet [Formula: see text]O is much closer to [Formula: see text]O in terms of nuclear quantum effects. It is, therefore, concluded that the echo is a measure of the structural inhomogeneity of liquid water induced by nuclear quantum effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arian Berger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gustavo Ciardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Sidler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Hamm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrey Shalit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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