1
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Kuroi K, Tsukamoto T, Honda N, Sudo Y, Furutani Y. Concerted primary proton transfer reactions in a thermophilic rhodopsin studied by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy at high temperature. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2023; 1864:148980. [PMID: 37080329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2023.148980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The primary proton transfer reactions of thermophilic rhodopsin, which was first discovered in an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus JL-18, were investigated using time-resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy at various temperatures ranging from 298 to 343 K (25 to 70 °C) and proton transport activity analysis. The analyses were performed using counterion (D95E, D95N, D229E, and D229N) and proton donor mutants (E106D and E106Q) as well. First, the initial proton transfer from the protonated retinal Schiff base (PRSB) to D95 was identified. The temperature dependency showed that the proton transfer reaction in the intermediate states dramatically changed above 318 K (45 °C). In addition, the proton transfer reaction correlated well with the structural change from turn to β-strand in the protein moiety, suggesting that this step may be regulated by the rigidity of the loop region. We also elucidated that the proton transfer reaction from proton donor E106 to the retinal Schiff base occurred synchronously with the primary proton transfer from the PRSB to D95. Surprisingly, we discovered that the direction of proton transfer was regulated by the secondary counterion, D229. Comparative analysis of Gloeobacter rhodopsin from the mesophile, Gloeobacter violaceus, highlighted that the primary proton transfer reactions in thermophilic rhodopsin were optimized at high temperatures partly due to the specific turn to β-strand structural change. This was not observed in Gloeobacter rhodopsin and other related proteins such as bacteriorhodopsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunisato Kuroi
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 38 Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Naoya Honda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuki Sudo
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Yuji Furutani
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 38 Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
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2
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Yamamoto T, Yasuda S, Kasai RS, Nakano R, Hikiri S, Sugaya K, Hayashi T, Ogasawara S, Shiroishi M, Fujiwara TK, Kinoshita M, Murata T. A methodology for creating mutants of G-protein coupled receptors stabilized in active state by combining statistical thermodynamics and evolutionary molecular engineering. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4425. [PMID: 36173170 PMCID: PMC9490800 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
We challenged the stabilization of a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) in the active state solely by multiple amino-acid mutations without the agonist binding. For many GPCRs, the free energy of the active state is higher than that of the inactive state. When the inactive state is stabilized through the lowering of its free energy, the apparent midpoint temperature of thermal denaturation Tm exhibits a significant increase. However, this is not always the case for the stabilization of the active state. We constructed a modified version of our methodology combining statistical thermodynamics and evolutionary molecular engineering, which was recently developed for the inactive state. First, several residues to be mutated are determined using our statistical-thermodynamics theory. Second, a gene (mutant) library is constructed using Escherichia coli cells to efficiently explore most of the mutational space. Third, for the mutant screening, the mutants prepared in accordance with the library are expressed in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae YB14 cells which can grow only when a GPCR mutant stabilized in the active state has signaling function. For the adenosine A2A receptor tested, the methodology enabled us to sort out two triple mutants and a double mutant. It was experimentally corroborated that all the mutants exhibit much higher binding affinity for G protein than the wild type. Analyses indicated that the mutations make the structural characteristics shift toward those of the active state. However, only slight increases in Tm resulted from the mutations, suggesting the unsuitability of Tm to the stability measure for the active state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisei Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of ScienceChiba UniversityChibaJapan
| | - Satoshi Yasuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of ScienceChiba UniversityChibaJapan
- Membrane Protein Research CenterChiba UniversityChibaJapan
- Molecular Chirality Research CenterChiba UniversityChibaJapan
| | - Rinshi S. Kasai
- Institute for Glyco‐core Research (iGCORE)Gifu UniversityGifuJapan
- Institute for Life and Medical SciencesKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Ryosuke Nakano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of ScienceChiba UniversityChibaJapan
| | - Simon Hikiri
- Graduate School of Engineering ScienceOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Kanna Sugaya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of ScienceChiba UniversityChibaJapan
| | - Tomohiko Hayashi
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomedical Engineering, Assistive Technology, and Art and Sports Sciences, Faculty of EngineeringNiigata UniversityNiigataJapan
- Institute of Advanced EnergyKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Satoshi Ogasawara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of ScienceChiba UniversityChibaJapan
- Membrane Protein Research CenterChiba UniversityChibaJapan
- Molecular Chirality Research CenterChiba UniversityChibaJapan
- Institute for Advanced Academic ResearchChiba UniversityChibaJapan
| | - Mitsunori Shiroishi
- Department of Biological Science and TechnologyTokyo University of ScienceTokyoJapan
| | - Takahiro K. Fujiwara
- Institute for Integrated Cell‐Material Sciences (WPI‐iCeMS)Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Masahiro Kinoshita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of ScienceChiba UniversityChibaJapan
- Membrane Protein Research CenterChiba UniversityChibaJapan
- Institute of Advanced EnergyKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and ResearchKyoto UniversityKyoto‐shiJapan
| | - Takeshi Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of ScienceChiba UniversityChibaJapan
- Membrane Protein Research CenterChiba UniversityChibaJapan
- Molecular Chirality Research CenterChiba UniversityChibaJapan
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3
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Sugaya K, Yasuda S, Sato S, Sisi C, Yamamoto T, Umeno D, Matsuura T, Hayashi T, Ogasawara S, Kinoshita M, Murata T. A methodology for creating thermostabilized mutants of G‐protein coupled receptors by combining statistical thermodynamics and evolutionary molecular engineering. Protein Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pro.4404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanna Sugaya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Satoshi Yasuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Chiba University Chiba Japan
- Membrane Protein Research Center Chiba University Chiba Japan
- Molecular Chirality Research Center Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Shingo Sato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Chen Sisi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Chiba University Chiba Japan
- Membrane Protein Research Center Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Taisei Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Daisuke Umeno
- Department of Applied Chemistry Waseda University Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomoaki Matsuura
- Earth‐Life Science Institute Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomohiko Hayashi
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomedical Engineering, Assistive Technology, and Art and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Engineering Niigata University Niigata Japan
- Institute of Advanced Energy Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogasawara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Chiba University Chiba Japan
- Membrane Protein Research Center Chiba University Chiba Japan
- Molecular Chirality Research Center Chiba University Chiba Japan
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Masahiro Kinoshita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Chiba University Chiba Japan
- Membrane Protein Research Center Chiba University Chiba Japan
- Institute of Advanced Energy Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
- Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research Kyoto University Kyoto‐shi Japan
| | - Takeshi Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Chiba University Chiba Japan
- Membrane Protein Research Center Chiba University Chiba Japan
- Molecular Chirality Research Center Chiba University Chiba Japan
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4
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Yasuda S, Akiyama T, Kojima K, Ueta T, Hayashi T, Ogasawara S, Nagatoishi S, Tsumoto K, Kunishima N, Sudo Y, Kinoshita M, Murata T. Development of an Outward Proton Pumping Rhodopsin with a New Record in Thermostability by Means of Amino Acid Mutations. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:1004-1015. [PMID: 35089040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c08684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a methodology for identifying further thermostabilizing mutations for an intrinsically thermostable membrane protein. The methodology comprises the following steps: (1) identifying thermostabilizing single mutations (TSSMs) for residues in the transmembrane region using our physics-based method; (2) identifying TSSMs for residues in the extracellular and intracellular regions, which are in aqueous environment, using an empirical force field FoldX; and (3) combining the TSSMs identified in steps (1) and (2) to construct multiple mutations. The methodology is illustrated for thermophilic rhodopsin whose apparent midpoint temperature of thermal denaturation Tm is ∼91.8 °C. The TSSMs previously identified in step (1) were F90K, F90R, and Y91I with ΔTm ∼5.6, ∼5.5, and ∼2.9 °C, respectively, and those in step (2) were V79K, T114D, A115P, and A116E with ΔTm ∼2.7, ∼4.2, ∼2.6, and ∼2.3 °C, respectively (ΔTm denotes the increase in Tm). In this study, we construct triple and quadruple mutants, F90K+Y91I+T114D and F90K+Y91I+V79K+T114D. The values of ΔTm for these multiple mutants are ∼11.4 and ∼13.5 °C, respectively. Tm of the quadruple mutant (∼105.3 °C) establishes a new record in a class of outward proton pumping rhodopsins. It is higher than Tm of Rubrobacter xylanophilus rhodopsin (∼100.8 °C) that was the most thermostable in the class before this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yasuda
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.,Membrane Protein Research and Molecular Chirality Research Centers, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Tomoki Akiyama
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Keiichi Kojima
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ueta
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Hayashi
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomedical Engineering, Assistive Technology, and Art and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.,Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogasawara
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.,Membrane Protein Research and Molecular Chirality Research Centers, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Naoki Kunishima
- RIKEN RSC-Rigaku Collaboration Center, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5165, Japan
| | - Yuki Sudo
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.,Membrane Protein Research and Molecular Chirality Research Centers, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.,Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takeshi Murata
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.,Membrane Protein Research and Molecular Chirality Research Centers, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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5
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Murata T, Yasuda S, Hayashi T, Kinoshita M. Theoretical identification of thermostabilizing amino acid mutations for G-protein-coupled receptors. Biophys Rev 2020; 12:323-332. [PMID: 32270446 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00678-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermostabilization of a membrane proteins, especially G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), is often necessary for biochemical applications and pharmaceutical studies involving structure-based drug design. Here we review our theoretical, physics-based method for identifying thermostabilizing amino acid mutations. Its novel aspects are the following: The entropic effect originating from the translational displacement of hydrocarbon groups within the lipid bilayer is treated as a pivotal factor; a reliable measure of thermostability is introduced and a mutation which enlarges the measure to a significant extent is chosen; and all the possible mutations can be examined with moderate computational effort. It was shown that mutating the residue at a position of NBW = 3.39 (NBW is the Ballesteros-Weinstein number) to Arg or Lys leads to the stabilization of significantly many different GPCRs of class A in the inactive state. Up to now, we have been successful in stabilizing several GPCRs and newly solving three-dimensional structures for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 2 (M2R), prostaglandin E receptor 4 (EP4), and serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) using X-ray crystallography. The subjects to be pursued in future studies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Murata
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.,Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yasuda
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.,Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.,Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Hayashi
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.,Present address: Interdisciplinary Program of Biomedical Engineering, Assistive Technology, and Art and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kinoshita
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
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6
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Yasuda S, Akiyama T, Nemoto S, Hayashi T, Ueta T, Kojima K, Tsukamoto T, Nagatoishi S, Tsumoto K, Sudo Y, Kinoshita M, Murata T. Methodology for Further Thermostabilization of an Intrinsically Thermostable Membrane Protein Using Amino Acid Mutations with Its Original Function Being Retained. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:1709-1716. [PMID: 32155058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We develop a new methodology best suited to the identification of thermostabilizing mutations for an intrinsically stable membrane protein. The recently discovered thermophilic rhodopsin, whose apparent midpoint temperature of thermal denaturation Tm is measured to be ∼91.8 °C, is chosen as a paradigmatic target. In the methodology, we first regard the residues whose side chains are missing in the crystal structure of the wild type (WT) as the "residues with disordered side chains," which make no significant contributions to the stability, unlike the other essential residues. We then undertake mutating each of the residues with disordered side chains to another residue except Ala and Pro, and the resultant mutant structure is constructed by modifying only the local structure around the mutated residue. This construction is based on the postulation that the structure formed by the other essential residues, which is nearly optimized in such a highly stable protein, should not be modified. The stability changes arising from the mutations are then evaluated using our physics-based free-energy function (FEF). We choose the mutations for which the FEF is much lower than for the WT and test them by experiments. We successfully find three mutants that are significantly more stable than the WT. A double mutant whose Tm reaches ∼100 °C is also discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yasuda
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.,Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.,Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tomoki Akiyama
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nemoto
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Hayashi
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ueta
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Keiichi Kojima
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yuki Sudo
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kinoshita
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takeshi Murata
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.,Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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7
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Yasuda S, Kazama K, Akiyama T, Kinoshita M, Murata T. Elucidation of cosolvent effects thermostabilizing water-soluble and membrane proteins. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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8
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Hayashi T, Yasuda S, Suzuki K, Akiyama T, Kanehara K, Kojima K, Tanabe M, Kato R, Senda T, Sudo Y, Murata T, Kinoshita M. How Does a Microbial Rhodopsin RxR Realize Its Exceptionally High Thermostability with the Proton-Pumping Function Being Retained? J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:990-1000. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b10700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Hayashi
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yasuda
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kano Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Tomoki Akiyama
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kanae Kanehara
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Keiichi Kojima
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Mikio Tanabe
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Kato
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Toshiya Senda
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Yuki Sudo
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takeshi Murata
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kinoshita
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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