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Yang F, Schmidt H, Hüger E. Analysis of the Diffusion in a Multilayer Structure under a Constant Heating Rate: The Calculation of Activation Energy from the In Situ Neutron Reflectometry Measurement. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:27776-27783. [PMID: 37546662 PMCID: PMC10398852 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding mass transport in micro- and nanostructures is of paramount importance in improving the performance and reliability of the micro- and nanostructures. In this work, we solve the diffusion problem in a multilayer structure with periodic conditions under a constant heating rate via a Fourier series. Analytical relation is established between the coefficients of eigenfunctions and the intensity of X-ray or neutron Bragg peak. The logarithm of temporal variation of the intensity of X-ray or neutron Bragg peak is a linear function of the nominal diffusion time, with the nominal diffusion time being dependent on the heating rate. This linear relation is validated by experimental data. The Taylor series expansion of the linear relation to the first order of the diffusion time yields an approximately linear relation between the logarithm of temporal variation of the intensity of X-ray or neutron peak and the diffusion time for small diffusion times, which can be likely used to calculate the activation energy for the diffusion in a multilayer structure. The validation of such an approach is subjected to the fact that the characteristic time for heat conduction is much less than the characteristic time for the ramp heating as well as the characteristic time for diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqian Yang
- Materials
Program, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Harald Schmidt
- Clausthal
Centre of Material Technology, Clausthal
University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld DE-38678, Germany
- Solid
State Kinetics Group, Institute of Metallurgy,, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld DE-38678, Germany
| | - Erwin Hüger
- Clausthal
Centre of Material Technology, Clausthal
University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld DE-38678, Germany
- Solid
State Kinetics Group, Institute of Metallurgy,, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld DE-38678, Germany
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2
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Dai J, Jiang Y, Lai W. Study of diffusion and conduction in lithium garnet oxides Li xLa 3Zr x-5Ta 7-xO 12 by machine learning interatomic potentials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:15025-15033. [PMID: 35695411 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00591c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lithium garnet oxides are an attractive family of solid-state electrolytes due to their high Li-ion conductivity and good chemical stability against Li metal. Experimental study of these materials is often troubled by chemical contamination (e.g. Al) or lithium loss, while computational study, theoretically with controlled composition, is often limited either by accuracy (e.g. conventional interatomic potential) or efficiency (e.g. density-function theory or DFT). In this work, we report the study of diffusion and conduction of lithium garnets by a machine learning interatomic potential (MLIP) that is approaching DFT accuracy but orders of magnitude faster. We found that this MLIP is more accurate than other commonly applied models to study lithium garnets and is able to predict diffusion and conduction properties that are consistent with experiments. Computational studies enabled by this MLIP, combined with experimental data, suggest that ionic conduction is non-Arrhenius and maximum conductivity occurs around x = 6.6 to 6.8 in LixLa3Zrx-5Ta7-xO12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Dai
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Yue Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. .,College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Wei Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Pang MC, Marinescu M, Wang H, Offer G. Mechanical behaviour of inorganic solid-state batteries: can we model the ionic mobility in the electrolyte with Nernst-Einstein's relation? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:27159-27170. [PMID: 34852365 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00909e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic solid-state lithium-metal batteries could be the next-generation batteries owing to their non-flammability and higher specific energy density. Many research efforts have been devoted to improving the ionic conductivity of inorganic solid electrolytes. For a wide range of electrolytes including liquid and solid polymer electrolytes, an independent measurement or calculation of both electrolyte conductivity and diffusion coefficient is often time-consuming and challenging. As a result, Nernst-Einstein's relation has been used to relate the ionic conductivity to ionic diffusivity after the determination of either parameter. Although Nernst-Einstein's relation has been used for different electrolytes, we demonstrate in this perspective that this relation is not directly transferable to describe the ionic mobility for many inorganic solid electrolytes. The fundamental physics of Nernst-Einstein's relation shows that the relationship between the diffusion coefficient and electrolyte conductivity is derived for ionic mobility in a viscous or a gaseous medium. This postulation contradicts state-of-the-art experimental studies measuring the mechanical behaviour of inorganic solid electrolytes, which show that inorganic solid electrolytes are usually brittle rather than viscoelastic at ambient room temperature. The measurement of loss tangent is required to justify the use of Nernst-Einstein's relation. The outcome of such measurement has two implications. First, if the loss tangent of inorganic solid electrolytes is less than unity in the range of batteries operating temperatures, the impacts of using Nernst-Einstein's relation in modelling the ionic mobility should be quantified. Secondly, if the measured loss tangent is comparable to that of solid polymers and lithium metal, inorganic solid electrolytes may behave in a viscoelastic manner as opposed to the brittle behaviour usually suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chin Pang
- Electrochemical Science & Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2BP London, UK.
| | - Monica Marinescu
- Electrochemical Science & Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2BP London, UK.
| | - Huizhi Wang
- Electrochemical Science & Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2BP London, UK.
| | - Gregory Offer
- Electrochemical Science & Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2BP London, UK.
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Hashi K, Ohki S, Mogami Y, Goto A, Shimizu T. High-Temperature Pulsed-Field-Gradient 7Li-NMR Measurements of Li 2CO 3 over 700 K. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:1477-1479. [PMID: 33716260 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21a001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the transport property of Li ions is crucial for improving the performance of Li-ion batteries. To investigate the ion diffusion at high temperatures, we constructed a high-temperature pulsed-field-gradient (PFG) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probe capable of measurements at temperatures >700 K. The accuracy of the sample temperature was confirmed via 79Br NMR measurements of KBr. 7Li PFG-NMR measurements of Li2CO3 were performed at temperatures up to 724 K using the probe. The apparent diffusion coefficient of Li ions in Li2CO3 was obtained experimentally.
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Morales DJ, Greenbaum S. NMR Investigations of Crystalline and Glassy Solid Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: A Brief Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3402. [PMID: 32403435 PMCID: PMC7246995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of energy storage for commercial products and services have led to great advancements in the field of lithium-based battery research. In particular, solid state lithium batteries show great promise for future commercial use, as solid electrolytes safely allow for the use of lithium-metal anodes, which can significantly increase the total energy density. Of the solid electrolytes, inorganic glass-ceramics and Li-based garnet electrolytes have received much attention in the past few years due to the high ionic conductivity achieved compared to polymer-based electrolytes. This review covers recent work on novel glassy and crystalline electrolyte materials, with a particular focus on the use of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for structural characterization and transport measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Morales
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Ph.D. Program in Physics, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY 10036, USA
| | - Steven Greenbaum
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA;
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Wang C, Fu K, Kammampata SP, McOwen DW, Samson AJ, Zhang L, Hitz GT, Nolan AM, Wachsman ED, Mo Y, Thangadurai V, Hu L. Garnet-Type Solid-State Electrolytes: Materials, Interfaces, and Batteries. Chem Rev 2020; 120:4257-4300. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengwei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Kun Fu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | | | - Dennis W. McOwen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Alfred Junio Samson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Gregory T. Hitz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Adelaide M. Nolan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Eric D. Wachsman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yifei Mo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Venkataraman Thangadurai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Hayamizu K, Terada Y, Kataoka K, Akimoto J, Haishi T. Relationship between Li + diffusion and ion conduction for single-crystal and powder garnet-type electrolytes studied by 7Li PGSE NMR spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:23589-23597. [PMID: 31621713 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04714j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ion-conducting garnets are important candidates for use in all-solid Li batteries and numerous materials have been synthesized with high ionic conductivities. For understanding ion conduction mechanisms, knowledge on Li+ diffusion behaviour is essential. The proposed nano-scale lithium pathways are composed of tortuous and narrow Li+ channels. The pulsed gradient spin-echo (PGSE) NMR method provides time-dependent 7Li diffusion on the micrometre space. For powder samples, collision-diffraction echo-attenuation plots were observed in a short observation time, which had not been fully explained. The diffraction patterns were reduced or disappeared for single-crystal garnet samples of Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 (LLZO-Ta) and Li6.5La3Zr1.5Nb0.5O12 (LLZO-Nb). The inner morphology and grain boundaries affect importantly the collision-diffraction behaviours which is inherent to powder samples. The 7Li diffusion observed by PGSE-NMR depends on the observation time (Δ) and the pulsed field gradient (PFG) strength (g) in both powder and single-crystal samples, and the anomalous effects were reduced in the single-crystal samples. The scattered Li diffusion constants converged to a unique value (DLi) with a long Δ and a large g, which is eventually the smallest value. The DLi activation energy was close to that of the ionic conductivity (σ). The DLi values are plotted versus the σ values measured for four powder and two single-crystal garnet samples. Assuming the Nernst-Einstein (NE) relation which was derived for isolated ions in solution, the carrier numbers (NNE) were estimated from the experimental values of DLi and σ. The NNE values of metal-containing garnets were large (<1023 cm-3) and insensitive to temperature. They were larger than Li atomic numbers in cm3 calculated from the density, molecular formula and Avogadro number for LLZOs except for cubic LLZO (Li7La3Zr2O12, NNE∼ 1020 cm-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikuko Hayamizu
- Institute of Applied Physics, Tsukuba University, Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan.
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