1
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Cui C, Zhang H, Gu Y, Geng L, Jia Y, Lin S, Ma J, Luo Z. Tailoring Titanium Carbide Clusters for New Materials: from Met-Cars to Carbon-Doped Superatoms. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9302-9310. [PMID: 38506150 PMCID: PMC10996009 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Tailoring materials with prescribed properties and regular structures is a critical and challenging research topic. Early transition metals were found to form supermagic M8C12 metallocarbohedrenes (Met-Cars); however, stable metal carbides are not limited to this common stoichiometry. Utilizing self-developed deep-ultraviolet laser ionization mass spectrometry, here, we report a strategy to generate new titanium carbides by reacting pure Tin clusters with acetylene. Interestingly, two products corresponding to Ti17C2 and Ti19C10 exhibit superior abundances in addition to the Ti8C12 Met-Cars. Using global-minimum search, the structures of Ti17C2 and Ti19C10 are determined to be an ellipsoidal D4d and a rod-shaped D5h geometry, respectively, both with carbon-capped Ti4C moieties and superatomic features. We illustrate the electronic structures and bonding nature in these carbon-doped superatoms concerning their enhanced stability and local aromaticity, shedding light on a new class of metal-carbide nanomaterials with atomic precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Cui
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory
for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory
for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuming Gu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing
University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lijun Geng
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory
for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuhan Jia
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory
for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School
of Chemical Science, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shiquan Lin
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory
for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School
of Chemical Science, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Ma
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing
University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory
for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School
of Chemical Science, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Geng L, Wang P, Lin S, Shi R, Zhao J, Luo Z. On the nature of Co n±/0 clusters reacting with water and oxygen. Commun Chem 2024; 7:68. [PMID: 38555377 PMCID: PMC10981683 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01159-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Bulk cobalt does not react with water at room temperature, but cobalt nanometals could yield corrosion at ambient conditions. Insights into the cobalt cluster reactions with water and oxygen enable us to better understand the interface reactivity of such nanometals. Here we report a comprehensive study on the gas-phase reactions of Con±/0 clusters with water and oxygen. All these Con±/0 clusters were found to react with oxygen, but only anionic cobalt clusters give rise to water dissociation whereas the cationic and neutral ones are limited to water adsorption. We elucidate the influences of charge states, bonding modes and dehydrogenation mechanism of water on typical cobalt clusters. It is unveiled that the additional electron of anionic Con- clusters is not beneficial to H2O adsorption, but allows for thermodynamics- and kinetics-favourable H atom transfer and dehydrogenation reactions. Apart from the charge effect, size effect and spin effect play a subtle role in the reaction process. The synergy of multiple metal sites in Con- clusters reduces the energy barrier of the rate-limiting step enabling hydrogen release. This finding of water dissociation on cobalt clusters put forward new connotations on the activity series of metals, providing new insights into the corrosion mechanism of cobalt nanometals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Geng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Pengju Wang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Shiquan Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ruili Shi
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China.
- Guangdong Basic Research Centre of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
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3
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Wu H, Jia Y, Zhao X, Geng L, Lin S, Li SD, Luo Z. To What Extent Do Iodomethane and Bromomethane Undergo Analogous Reactions? J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:1274-1279. [PMID: 38334079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c08337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Iodomethane and bromomethane (CH3I/CH3Br) are common chemicals, but their chemistry on nanometals is not fully understood. Here, we analyze the reactivity of Rhn+ (n = 3-30) clusters with halomethanes and unveil the spin effect and concentration dependence in the C-H and C-X bond activation. It is found that the reactions under halomethane-rich conditions differ from those under metal-rich conditions. Both CH3I and CH3Br undergo similar dehydrogenation on the Rhn+ clusters in the presence of small quantity reactants; however, different reactions are observed in the presence of sufficient CH3I/CH3Br, showing dominant Rh(CH3Br)x+ (x = 1-4) products but a series of RhnCxHyIz+ species (x = 1-4, y = 1-12, and z = 1-5) pertaining to H2, HI, or CH4 removal. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the dehydrogenation and demethanation of CH3Br are relatively less exothermic and will be deactivated by sufficient gas collisions if helium cooling takes away energy immediately; instead, the successive adsorption of CH3Br gives rise to a series of Rh(CH3Br)x+ species with accidental C-Br bond dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuhan Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng 044000, China
| | - Lijun Geng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shiquan Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Si-Dian Li
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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4
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Geng L, Sengupta T, Li X, Cui C, Lin S, Xu XL, Reber AC, Khanna SN, Zheng WJ, Luo Z. Unusually High-Spin Fe 12C 12- Metallo-Carbohedrene Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 38041728 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Ferromagnets constructed from nanometals of atomic precision are important for innovative advances in information storage, energy conversion, and spintronic microdevices. Considerable success has been achieved in designing molecular magnets, which, however, are challenging in preparation and may suffer from drawbacks on the incompatibility of high stability and strong ferromagnetism. Utilizing a state-of-the-art self-developed mass spectrometer and a homemade laser vaporization source, we have achieved a highly efficient preparation of pure iron clusters, and here, we report the finding of a strongly ferromagnetic metal-carbon cluster, Fe12C12-, simply by reacting the Fen- clusters with acetylene in proper conditions. The unique stability of this ferromagnetic Fe12C12- cluster is rooted in a plumb-bob structure pertaining to Jahn-Teller distortion. We classify Fe12C12- as a new member of metallo-carbohedrenes and elucidate its structural stability mechanism as well as its soft-landing deposition and magnetization measurements, providing promise for the exploration of potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Geng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Turbasu Sengupta
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000, United States
| | - Xilong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chaonan Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shiquan Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xi-Ling Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Arthur C Reber
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000, United States
| | - Shiv N Khanna
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000, United States
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Geng L, Du Q, Li M, Yin B, Luo Z, Zhao J. The s-p Nonhybrid Nature Causes Adaptive Superatomic States of Bismuth Clusters. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300167. [PMID: 37358027 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
We report a joint experimental and theoretical study on the stability and reactivity of Bin + (n=5-33) clusters. The alternating odd-even effect on the reaction rates of Bin + clusters with NO is observed, and Bi7 + finds the most inertness. First-principles calculation results reveal that the lowest energy structures of Bi6-9 + exhibit quasi-spherical geometry pertaining to the jellium shell model; however, the Bin + (n≥10) clusters adopt assembly structures. The prominent stability of Bi7 + is associated with its highly symmetric structure and superatomic states with a magic number of 34e closed shell. For the first time, we demonstrate that the unique s-p nonhybrid feature in bismuth rationalizes the stability of Bi6-9 + clusters within the jellium model, by filling the 6s electrons into the superatomic orbitals (forming "s-band"). Interestingly, the stability of 18e "s-band" coincides with the compact structure for Bin + at n≤9 but assembly structures for n≥10, showing an accommodation of the s electrons to the geometric structure. The atomic p-orbitals also allow to form superatomic orbitals at higher energy levels, contributing to the preferable structures of tridentate binding units. We illustrate the s-p nonhybrid nature accommodates the structure and superatomic states of bismuth clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Geng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qiuying Du
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 11602, P. R. China
| | - Mengxu Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 11602, P. R. China
| | - Baoqi Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 11602, P. R. China
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6
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Jia Y, Xu CQ, Cui C, Geng L, Zhang H, Zhang YY, Lin S, Yao J, Luo Z, Li J. Rh 19-: A high-spin super-octahedron cluster. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi0214. [PMID: 37585530 PMCID: PMC10431703 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Probing atomic clusters with magic numbers is of supreme importance but challenging in cluster science. Pronounced stability of a metal cluster often arises from coincident geometric and electronic shell closures. However, transition metal clusters do not simply abide by this constraint. Here, we report the finding of a magic-number cluster Rh19- with prominent inertness in the sufficient gas-collision reactions. Photoelectron spectroscopy experiments and global-minimum structure search have determined the geometry of Rh19- to be a regular Oh‑[Rh@Rh12@Rh6]- with unusual high-spin electronic configuration. The distinct stability of such a strongly magnetic cluster Rh19- consisting of a nonmagnetic element is fully unveiled on the basis of its unique bonding nature and superatomic states. The 1-nanometer-sized Oh-Rh19- cluster corresponds to a fragment of the face-centered cubic lattice of bulk rhodium but with altered magnetism and electronic property. This cluster features exceptional electron-spin state isomers confirmed in photoelectron spectra and suggests potential applications in atomically precise manufacturing involving spintronics and quantum computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cong-Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chaonan Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lijun Geng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yang-Yang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare-Earth Materials of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shiquan Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare-Earth Materials of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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7
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Dramatic Size‐dependence of Rh
n
+
Clusters in Reacting with Small Hydrocarbons: Rh
3
+
Cluster Catalysis for Dehydrogenation. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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8
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Huang B, Wu H, Yang M, Luo Z. An integrated instrument of a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer for cluster reaction and soft-landing deposition. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:113307. [PMID: 36461460 DOI: 10.1063/5.0112401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an integrated instrument system of a multiple-ion laminar flow tube (MIFT) reactor combined with a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer (TQMS) and soft-landing deposition (SD) apparatus. A customized water-cooling magnetron sputtering (MagS) source is designed, by which we are able to attain a highly efficient preparation of metal clusters of 1-30 atoms with tunable size distributions. Following the MagS source, a laminar flow tube reactor is designed, allowing for sufficient gas-collision reactions of the as-prepared metal clusters, which is advantageous for probing magic clusters and minimizing wall effects when probing the reaction dynamics of such clusters. The customized TQMS analyzer involves a conical octupole, two linear octupoles, a quadruple ion deflector, and a 19 mm quadruple mass analyzer, allowing to decrease the pressure stepwise (from ∼5 to ∼10-9 Torr), thus ensuring high sensitivity and high resolution of the mass spectrometry analysis. In addition, we have designed a dual SD apparatus for the mass-selected deposition of clusters and their reaction products. For the whole system, abbreviated as MagS-MIFT-TQMS-SD, we have performed a detailed ions-fly simulation and quantitatively estimated the ions transfer efficiency under vacuum conditions determined by real experiments. Taking these advantages, well-resolved Pbn +, Agn +, and Nbn + clusters have been produced, allowing for meticulous studies of cluster reactions under sufficient gas-phase collisions free of electric field trapping. Also, we have tested the efficiency of the dual SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benben Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Haiming Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mengzhou Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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9
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Huang B, Gan W, Hansen K, Luo Z. What Determines the Drastic Reactivity of Nb n+ Clusters with Nitric Oxide under Thermalized Conditions? J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4801-4809. [PMID: 35830281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report an in-depth study of the adsorption and reaction of NO with cationic Nbn+ (n = 1-20) clusters under thermalized conditions in a laminar flow tube reactor in tandem with a customized triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (FT-TQMS). It is found that the small-sized Nbn+ clusters (2 ≤ n ≤ 7) readily react with NO giving rise to dominant fragmentation products pertaining to the loss of a stable diatomic molecule NbO or NbN. In contrast, the reaction products of larger-sized clusters (n ≥ 10) proceed through diverse channels, including NO adsorption, N2/N2O release, and even NO2 formation. These experimental observations provided the incentive for us to dig deep into the reaction mechanism with the help of DFT calculations. In contrast to the NO-donation coordination in transition metal complexes, here the cationic Nbn+ clusters exhibit dominant electronic donation in initiating the reactions with NO molecules. We fully demonstrated the reaction rate constants, compared the reaction energy diagram of typical Nbn+ clusters, and unveiled the distinct interaction mechanism of niobium clusters available for NO activation and conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benben Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wen Gan
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Klavs Hansen
- Center for Joint Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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10
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Geng L, Jia Y, Zhang H, Cui C, Luo Z. Plasma-Assisted Dinitrogen Activation on Small Cobalt Clusters: Co 4 N 9 + with Enhanced Stability. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200288. [PMID: 35689533 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have performed a study on the accommodation of nitrogen doping toward superatomic states of transition metal clusters. By reacting cobalt clusters with N2 in the presence of plasma radiation, a large number of odd-nitrogen clusters were observed, typically Co3 N2m-1 + (m=1-5) and Co4 N2m-1 + (m=1-6) series, showing N≡N bond cleavage in the mild plasma atmosphere. Interestingly, the Co3 N7 + , Co4 N9 + , and Co5 N9 + clusters exhibit prominent mass abundances. First-principles calculation results elucidate the stability of the diverse cobalt nitride clusters and find unique stability of Co4 N9 + with a swallow-kite structure of which four coordinated N2 molecules causes a significantly enlarged HOMO-LUMO gap, while the single N atom doping gives rise to superatomic states of 1S2 1P3 ||1D0 . We reveal an efficient dinitrogen activation strategy by reacting multiple N2 molecules with cobalt clusters under a plasma atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Geng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yuhan Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chaonan Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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11
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Gan W, Geng L, Yin B, Zhang H, Luo Z, Hansen K. Cyclotrimerization of Acetylene on Clusters Co n+/Fe n+/Ni n+( n = 1-16). J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:10392-10400. [PMID: 34846886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c09015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclotrimerization of acetylene to benzene has attracted significant interest, but the role of geometric and electronic effects on catalytic chemistry remains unclear. To fully elucidate the mechanism of catalytic acetylene-to-benzene conversion, we have performed a gas-phase reaction study of the Fen+, Con+, and Nin+ (n = 1-16) clusters with acetylene utilizing a customized mass spectrometer. It is found that their reactions with acetylene are initiated by C2H2 molecular adsorption and allow for dominant dehydrogenation with the relatively low partial pressure of the acetylene gas. However, at high acetylene concentrations, the cyclotrimerization in Mn+ + 3C2H2 (M = Fe, Co, Ni) becomes the dominant reaction channel. We demonstrate theoretically the favorable thermodynamics and reaction dynamics leading to the formation of the M+(C6H6) products. The results are discussed in terms of a cluster-catalyzed multimolecule synergistic effect and the cation-π interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Gan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lijun Geng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Baoqi Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Klavs Hansen
- Center for Joint Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
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12
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Yin B, Geng L, Zhang H, Jia Y, Luo Z. Probing Cluster-π Interactions between Cu n- and C 2H 2/C 2H 4 for Gas Separation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2391-2398. [PMID: 34327992 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Copper-related materials are used for separation of ethylene and acetylene gases in chemistry; however, the precise mechanism regarding selectivity is elusive to be fully understood. Here, we have conducted a joint experimental and theoretical study of the Cun- (n = 7-30) clusters in reacting with C2H4 and C2H2. It is found that all of the Cun- clusters readily react with C2H2, giving rise to C2H2-addition products; however, Cu18- and Cu19- do not react with C2H4. We illustrate the superatomic stability of Cu18- and advocate its availability to separate C2H4 from C2H2. Further, we demonstrate the atomically precise mechanism regarding selectivity by fully unveiling the size-dependent cluster-π interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqi Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Geng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Yuhan Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
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13
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Jia Y, Yu X, Zhang H, Cheng L, Luo Z. Tetrahedral Pt 10- Cluster with Unique Beta Aromaticity and Superatomic Feature in Mimicking Methane. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:5115-5122. [PMID: 34029091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing a customized metal cluster source in tandem with a flow tube reactor and a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer, we have obtained well-resolved pure metal clusters Ptn- and observed their gas-phase reactions with a few small gas molecules. Interestingly, the remarkable inertness of Pt10- was repeatedly observed in different reactions. Meanwhile, we have determined the structure of Pt10- within a regular tetrahedron. Considering that Pt possesses 5d96s1 electron configuration, the tetrahedral Pt10- exhibits unexpected stability at neither a magic number of valence electrons nor a shell closure of geometric structure. Comprehensive theoretical calculations unveil the stability of Pt10- is significantly associated with the all-metal aromaticity. In addition to the classical total aromaticity, which is mainly due to 6s electrons, there is unique beta-aromaticity ascribed to spin-polarized beta 5d electrons pertaining to singly occupied multicenter bonds. Further, we demonstrate the superatomic feature of such a transition metal cluster Pt10-, as Pt6@Pt4-, in mimicking methane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinlei Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Longjiu Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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14
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Geng L, Cui C, Jia Y, Yin B, Zhang H, Sun ZD, Luo Z. Reactivity of Cobalt Clusters Co n±/0 with Dinitrogen: Superatom Co 6+ and Superatomic Complex Co 5N 6. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2130-2138. [PMID: 33689326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a joint experimental and theoretical study on the reactions of cobalt clusters (Con±/0) with nitrogen using the customized reflection time-of-flight mass spectrometer combined with a 177.3 nm deep-ultraviolet laser. Comparing to the behaviors of neutral Con (n = 2-30) and anionic Con- clusters (n = 7-53) which are relatively inert in reacting with nitrogen in the fast-flow tube, Con+ clusters readily react with nitrogen resulting in adducts of one or multiple N2 except Co6+ which stands firm in the reaction with nitrogen. Detailed quantum chemistry calculations, including the energetics, electron occupancy, and orbital analysis, well-explained the reasonable reactivity of Con+ clusters with nitrogen and unveiled the open-shell superatomic stability of Co6+ within a highly symmetric (D3d) structure. The D3d Co6+ bears an electron configuration of a half-filled superatomic 1P orbital (i.e., 1S21P3||1D0), a large α-highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) gap, symmetric multicenter bonds, and reasonable electron delocalization pertaining to metallic aromaticity. Topology analysis by atom-in-molecule illustrates the interactions between Con+ and N2 corresponding to covalent bonds, but the Co-N interactions in cationic Co2+N2 and Co6+N2 clusters are apparently weaker than those in the other systems. In addition, we identify a superatomic complex Co5N6+ which exhibits similar frontier orbitals as the naked Co5+ cluster, but the alpha HOMO-LUMO gap is nearly double-magnified, which is consistent with the high-abundance peak of Co5N6+ in the experimental observation. The enhanced stability of such a ligand-coordinated superatomic complex Co5N6+, along with the superatom Co6+ with aromaticity, sheds light on special and general superatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Geng
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chaonan Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yuhan Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Baoqi Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Dong Sun
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China.,School of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Kashi University, Kashgar 844006, P. R. China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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15
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Zhang H, Zhang M, Jia Y, Geng L, Yin B, Li S, Luo Z, Pan F. Vanadium Cluster Neutrals Reacting with Water: Superatomic Features and Hydrogen Evolution in a Fishing Mode. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:1593-1600. [PMID: 33545005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is known as the heart of various energy storage and conversation systems of renewable energy sources. Here we observe the cluster reactions of a light transition metal, vanadium, with water in a gas-phase flow tube reactor. While HER products of V1 and V2 were not observed, the effective HER of water on neutral Vn (n ≥ 3) clusters reveals reasonable and size-dependent reactivity of the vanadium clusters. Superatomic features and reaction dynamics of V10, V13, and V16 are highlighted. Among the three typical superatoms, V10 and V16 exhibit an abnormal superatomic orbital energy level order, 1S|2S|1P|1D..., where the energy-reduced 2S orbital helps to accommodate the geometric structure and hence reinforce the cluster stability. In comparison, V13 bears a less symmetrical structure and reacts readily with water, allowing for recombination of a hydroxyl atom with an adsorbed hydrogen atom, akin to a fishing-mode HER process. The joint experimental and theoretical study on neutral Vn clusters clarifies the availability of superatom chemistry for transition metals and appeals further development of cluster theory based on electronic cloud/orbital analysis instead of simply counting the valence electrons. Also, we provide insights into the HER mechanism of metal clusters and propose a strategy to design new materials for portable fuel cells of hydrogen energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Mingzheng Zhang
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yuhan Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Geng
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Baoqi Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shunning Li
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Feng Pan
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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16
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Zhang H, Cui C, Yan M, Geng L, Wu H, Jia Y, Luo Z, Li SD. An oxygen-passivated vanadium cluster [V@V10O15]− with metal–metal coordination produced by reacting Vn− with O2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:921-927. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05385f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An oxygen-passivated vanadium cluster [V@V10O15]− is reported by reacting Vn− with O2, giving rise to superatom features of metal–metal coordination and 3D aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Chaonan Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Miao Yan
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Lijun Geng
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Haiming Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Yuhan Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Si-Dian Li
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
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17
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Lei X, Zhang H, Jia Y, Luo Z. Gas-phase preparation and the stability of superatomic Nb 11O 15. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15766-15773. [PMID: 34286767 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02128a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a study of the reactions of pure metal clusters Nbn- with dioxygen in the gas phase. It is found that the presence of low-concentration dioxygen reactants results in oxygen-addition products, whereas sufficient high-concentration dioxygen enables oxygen-etching reactions giving rise to molecular niobium oxides. Interestingly, in the presence of a suitable gas flow rate of an intermediate dioxygen concentration, a highly selective product Nb11O15- shows up in the mass spectra. Utilizing density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we have discussed the reactivities of Nbn- (3 ≤ n ≤ 14) clusters with oxygen, and unveiled the reasonable stability of Nb11O15- pertaining to its unique geometric structure with a D5h Nb@Nb10 core fully protected by 15 bridge-oxygen atoms. The oxygen-passivated Nb@Nb10O15- cluster exhibits a large HOMO-LUMO gap (1.46 eV) and effective multicenter bonds with remarkable superatom orbitals for all the 26 valence electrons of the Nb@Nb10 core corresponding to well-staggered energy levels. We illustrate the superatomic features in the Nb@Nb10 metallic core for which the adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP) analysis unveils thirteen 11c-2e bonds. Among them, one of the 11c-2e bonds accounts for the superatomic S orbital, three bonds correspond to superatomic P orbitals, another five display vivid D orbital characteristics, and the remaining four 11c-2e bonds are assigned to F orbital features. In addition, the net atomic charge of the center Nb atom is as high as -0.804 |e| rendering core-shell electrostatic interactions and the shielding effect of the Nb10O15 shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Yuhan Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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18
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Zhang H, Wu H, Jia Y, Yin B, Geng L, Luo Z, Hansen K. Hydrogen release from a single water molecule on V n+ (3 ≤ n ≤ 30). Commun Chem 2020; 3:148. [PMID: 36703429 PMCID: PMC9814650 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00396-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Water and its interactions with metals are closely bound up with human life, and the reactivity of metal clusters with water is of fundamental importance for the understanding of hydrogen generation. Here a prominent hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of single water molecule on vanadium clusters Vn+ (3 ≤ n ≤ 30) is observed in the reaction of cationic vanadium clusters with water at room temperature. The combined experimental and theoretical studies reveal that the wagging vibrations of a V-OH group give rise to readily formed V-O-V intermediate states on Vn+ (n ≥ 3) clusters and allow the terminal hydrogen to interact with an adsorbed hydrogen atom, enabling hydrogen release. The presence of three metal atoms reduces the energy barrier of the rate-determining step, giving rise to an effective production of hydrogen from single water molecules. This mechanism differs from dissociative chemisorption of multiple water molecules on aluminium cluster anions, which usually proceeds by dissociative chemisorption of at least two water molecules at multiple surface sites followed by a recombination of the adsorbed hydrogen atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Zhang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P.R. China
| | - Haiming Wu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P.R. China
| | - Yuhan Jia
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P.R. China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P.R. China
| | - Baoqi Yin
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P.R. China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P.R. China
| | - Lijun Geng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P.R. China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P.R. China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P.R. China
| | - Klavs Hansen
- grid.33763.320000 0004 1761 2484Joint Centre for Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
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19
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Cui C, Jia Y, Zhang H, Geng L, Luo Z. Plasma-Assisted Chain Reactions of Rh 3+ Clusters with Dinitrogen: N≡N Bond Dissociation. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8222-8230. [PMID: 32902294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dinitrogen activation is known as one of the most challenging subjects in chemistry. A number of well-defined metal complexes, nitrides, and clusters have been studied that show catalysis for dinitrogen activation. However, direct evidence of a complete cleavage of the N≡N triple bond at mild conditions is rather limited to date. Herein, we report a study on the dissociation of N2 on small rhodium clusters assisted by surface plasma radiation. From mass spectrometry observation, a few rhodium nitride clusters with an odd number of nitrogen atoms are produced, such as the Rh3N2m-1+ (m = 1-5) series, indicative of N≡N bond dissociation in the mild plasma atmosphere. Interestingly, Rh3N7+ is identified with outstanding mass abundance among the RhnN2m-1+ products, and its ground-state structure is in the form of Rh3N(N2)3+ by capping a nitrogen atom on the top of Rh3+ plane and hanging three N2 molecules beneath the three Rh atoms respectively, giving rise to a C3v symmetry and excellent stability. We demonstrate the catalysis of such a three-atom rhodium cluster and reveal a dinitrogen activation strategy by thermodynamics- and dynamics- favorable chain reactions of multiple N2 molecules with two rhodium clusters under plasma atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Yuhan Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Geng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
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20
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Geng L, Weng M, Xu CQ, Zhang H, Cui C, Wu H, Chen X, Hu M, Lin H, Sun ZD, Wang X, Hu HS, Li J, Zheng J, Luo Z, Pan F, Yao J. Co13O8—metalloxocubes: a new class of perovskite-like neutral clusters with cubic aromaticity. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 8:nwaa201. [PMID: 34691557 PMCID: PMC8528261 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploring stable clusters to understand structural evolution from atoms to macroscopic matter and to construct new materials is interesting yet challenging in chemistry. Utilizing our newly developed deep-ultraviolet laser ionization mass spectrometry technique, here we observe the reactions of neutral cobalt clusters with oxygen and find a very stable cluster species of Co13O8 that dominates the mass distribution in the presence of a large flow rate of oxygen gas. The results of global-minimum structural search reveal a unique cubic structure and distinctive stability of the neutral Co13O8 cluster that forms a new class of metal oxides that we named as ‘metalloxocubes’. Thermodynamics and kinetics calculations illustrate the structural evolution from icosahedral Co13 to the metalloxocube Co13O8 with decreased energy, enhanced stability and aromaticity. This class of neutral oxygen-passivated metal clusters may be an ideal candidate for genetic materials because of the cubic nature of the building blocks and the stability due to cubic aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Geng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Mouyi Weng
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Cong-Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaonan Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Haiming Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mingyu Hu
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hai Lin
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhen-Dong Sun
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- School of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Kashi University, Kashgar 844006, China
| | - Xi Wang
- College of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Han-Shi Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiaxin Zheng
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feng Pan
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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21
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Geng L, Cui C, Jia Y, Wu H, Zhang H, Yin B, Sun ZD, Luo Z. Reactivity of Cobalt Clusters Co n±/0 with Ammonia: Co 3+ Cluster Catalysis for NH 3 Dehydrogenation. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5879-5886. [PMID: 32573228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A customized reflection time-of-flight (Re-TOF) mass spectrometer combined with a 177 nm deep-ultraviolet laser has enabled us to observe well-resolved cobalt clusters Con±/0 and perform a comprehensive study of their reactivity with ammonia (NH3). The anions Con- are found to be inert, the neutrals allow the adsorption of multiple NH3 molecules, while the cationic Con+ clusters readily react with NH3 giving rise to dehydrogenation. However, incidental dehydrogenation of NH3 on Con+ is only observed for n ≥ 3. The dramatic charge- and size-dependent reactivities of Con±/0 clusters with NH3 are studied by the density functional theory (DFT)-calculation results of energetics, density of states, orbital interactions, and reaction dynamics. We illustrate the dehydrogenation from two NH3 molecules, where a significantly reduced transition-state energy barrier is found pertaining to the dimolecular co-catalysis effect. The reactivity of Co3+ with NH3 is illustrated showing effective catalysis for N-H dissociation to produce hydrogen applicable for designing ammonia fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Geng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Chaonan Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yuhan Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Haiming Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Baoqi Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Dong Sun
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China.,School of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Kashi University, Kashgar 844006, P. R. China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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22
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Yin B, Du Q, Geng L, Zhang H, Luo Z, Zhou S, Zhao J. Anionic Copper Clusters Reacting with NO: An Open-Shell Superatom Cu 18. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5807-5814. [PMID: 32597656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase metal clusters have been a subject of research interest for allowing reliable strategies to explore the stability and reactivity of materials at reduced sizes with atomic precision. Here we have prepared well-resolved copper cluster anions Cun- (n = 7-37) and systematically studied their reactivity with O2, NO, and CO. We found remarkable stability of an open-shell cluster Cu18-, which is comparable with the closed-shell clusters Cu17- and Cu19- within the picture of an electronic shell model. Even without having a magic number of valence electrons, intriguingly, the unpaired electron on the singly occupied molecular orbital of Cu18- is mainly contributed by the central copper atom, while the other 18 delocalized valence electrons occupy the lower-energy superatomic orbitals of the cluster. The finding of such an open-shell superatom Cu18-, with an electron configuration of 1S21P61D102S1||1F0, is interesting in the sense that an elementary cluster of coinage metal atoms could still behave as a superatom mimicking coinage metals like silver or gold atoms with an empty f orbital. The superatomic stability of this Cu18- cluster is reinforced by the unique electrostatic interaction between the Cu- core and Cu17 shell, which provides new insights into the chemistry of metal clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqi Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiuying Du
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lijun Geng
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Si Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
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23
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Yang M, Zhang H, Jia Y, Yin B, Luo Z. Charge-Sensitive Cluster−π Interactions Cause Altered Reactivity of Aln±,0 Clusters with Benzene: Enhanced Stability of Al13+Bz. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4087-4094. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c02350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhou Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuhan Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baoqi Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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24
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Li G, Wang C, Li Q, Zheng H, Wang T, Yu Y, Su M, Yang D, Shi L, Yang J, He Z, Xie H, Fan H, Zhang W, Dai D, Wu G, Yang X, Jiang L. Infrared + vacuum ultraviolet two-color ionization spectroscopy of neutral metal complexes based on a tunable vacuum ultraviolet free-electron laser. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:034103. [PMID: 32259935 DOI: 10.1063/1.5141897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes an experimental technique for studying neutral metal complexes using infrared + vacuum ultraviolet (IR+VUV) two-color ionization spectroscopy based on a tunable VUV free-electron laser (VUV-FEL). The preliminary IR spectroscopy results of mass-selected nickel tetracarbonyl are reported in this work. The results demonstrate that the tunable VUV-FEL light allows the selective ionization of a given neutral cluster free of confinement along with the recording of well-resolved IR spectra. As the ionization energies of many neutral clusters are accessible by a broadly tunable VUV-FEL (50-150 nm) and near-threshold ionization can be readily achieved, the proposed experimental method offers unique possibilities for the size-specific study of a wide variety of confinement-free neutral clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Huijun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Tiantong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Mingzhi Su
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Dong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiayue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhigang He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hongjun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Weiqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Dongxu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guorong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xueming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
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