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Montgomery DS. Invited article: X-ray phase contrast imaging in inertial confinement fusion and high energy density research. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:021103. [PMID: 36859012 DOI: 10.1063/5.0127497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
X-ray phase contrast imaging (XPCI) provides enhanced image contrast beyond absorption-based x-ray imaging alone due to refraction and diffraction from gradients in the object material density. It is sensitive to small variations in density, such as internal voids, cracks, grains, defects, and material flow, as well as to stronger density variations such as from a shock wave. Beyond its initial use in biology and materials science, XPCI is now routinely used in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and high energy density (HED) research, first to characterize ICF capsules and targets, and later applied in dynamic experiments, where coherent x-ray sources, ultrafast x-ray pulses, and high temporal and spatial resolution are required. In this Review article, XPCI image formation theory is presented, its diverse use in ICF and HED research is discussed, the unique requirements for ultrafast XPCI imaging are given, as well as current challenges and issues in its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Montgomery
- Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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2
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Valdivia MP, Perez-Callejo G, Bouffetier V, Collins GW, Stoeckl C, Filkins T, Mileham C, Romanofsky M, Begishev IA, Theobald W, Klein SR, Schneider MK, Beg FN, Casner A, Stutman D. Current advances on Talbot-Lau x-ray imaging diagnostics for high energy density experiments (invited). THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:115102. [PMID: 36461483 DOI: 10.1063/5.0101865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Talbot-Lau x-ray interferometry is a refraction-based diagnostic that can map electron density gradients through phase-contrast methods. The Talbot-Lau x-ray deflectometry (TXD) diagnostics have been deployed in several high energy density experiments. To improve diagnostic performance, a monochromatic TXD was implemented on the Multi-Tera Watt (MTW) laser using 8 keV multilayer mirrors (Δθ/θ = 4.5%-5.6%). Copper foil and wire targets were irradiated at 1014-1015 W/cm2. Laser pulse length (∼10 to 80 ps) and backlighter target configurations were explored in the context of Moiré fringe contrast and spatial resolution. Foil and wire targets delivered increased contrast <30%. The best spatial resolution (<6 μm) was measured for foils irradiated 80° from the surface. Further TXD diagnostic capability enhancement was achieved through the development of advanced data postprocessing tools. The Talbot Interferometry Analysis (TIA) code enabled x-ray refraction measurements from the MTW monochromatic TXD. Additionally, phase, attenuation, and dark-field maps of an ablating x-pinch load were retrieved through TXD. The images show a dense wire core of ∼60 μm diameter surrounded by low-density material of ∼40 μm thickness with an outer diameter ratio of ∼2.3. Attenuation at 8 keV was measured at ∼20% for the dense core and ∼10% for the low-density material. Instrumental and experimental limitations for monochromatic TXD diagnostics are presented. Enhanced postprocessing capabilities enabled by TIA are demonstrated in the context of high-intensity laser and pulsed power experimental data analysis. Significant advances in TXD diagnostic capabilities are presented. These results inform future diagnostic technique upgrades that will improve the accuracy of plasma characterization through TXD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Valdivia
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - G Perez-Callejo
- Departamento de Física Teórica, Atómica y Óptica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - V Bouffetier
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - G W Collins
- General Atomics, Inertial Fusion Technology, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T Filkins
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Mileham
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Romanofsky
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - I A Begishev
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - W Theobald
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S R Klein
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - M K Schneider
- Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland 20723, USA
| | - F N Beg
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - A Casner
- CEA-CESTA, 15 Avenue des Sablières, CS 60001, 33116 Le Barp CEDEX, France
| | - D Stutman
- ELI-NP, Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele 077125, Romania
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3
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Schreiner S, Akstaller B, Dietrich L, Meyer P, Neumayer P, Schuster M, Wolf A, Zielbauer B, Ludwig V, Michel T, Anton G, Funk S. Noise Reduction for Single-Shot Grating-Based Phase-Contrast Imaging at an X-ray Backlighter. J Imaging 2021; 7:178. [PMID: 34564104 PMCID: PMC8468938 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging7090178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray backlighters allow the capture of sharp images of fast dynamic processes due to extremely short exposure times. Moiré imaging enables simultaneously measuring the absorption and differential phase-contrast (DPC) of these processes. Acquiring images with one single shot limits the X-ray photon flux, which can result in noisy images. Increasing the photon statistics by repeating the experiment to gain the same image is not possible if the investigated processes are dynamic and chaotic. Furthermore, to reconstruct the DPC and transmission image, an additional measurement captured in absence of the object is required. For these reference measurements, shot-to-shot fluctuations in X-ray spectra and a source position complicate the averaging of several reference images for noise reduction. Here, two approaches of processing multiple reference images in combination with one single object image are evaluated regarding the image quality. We found that with only five reference images, the contrast-to-noise ratio can be improved by approximately 13% in the DPC image. This promises improvements for short-exposure single-shot acquisitions of rapid processes, such as laser-produced plasma shock-waves in high-energy density experiments at backlighter X-ray sources such as the PHELIX high-power laser facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schreiner
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.A.); (L.D.); (M.S.); (A.W.); (V.L.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (S.F.)
| | - Bernhard Akstaller
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.A.); (L.D.); (M.S.); (A.W.); (V.L.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (S.F.)
| | - Lisa Dietrich
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.A.); (L.D.); (M.S.); (A.W.); (V.L.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (S.F.)
| | - Pascal Meyer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstructure Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany;
| | - Paul Neumayer
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (P.N.); (B.Z.)
| | - Max Schuster
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.A.); (L.D.); (M.S.); (A.W.); (V.L.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (S.F.)
| | - Andreas Wolf
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.A.); (L.D.); (M.S.); (A.W.); (V.L.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (S.F.)
| | - Bernhard Zielbauer
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; (P.N.); (B.Z.)
| | - Veronika Ludwig
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.A.); (L.D.); (M.S.); (A.W.); (V.L.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (S.F.)
| | - Thilo Michel
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.A.); (L.D.); (M.S.); (A.W.); (V.L.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (S.F.)
| | - Gisela Anton
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.A.); (L.D.); (M.S.); (A.W.); (V.L.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (S.F.)
| | - Stefan Funk
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.A.); (L.D.); (M.S.); (A.W.); (V.L.); (T.M.); (G.A.); (S.F.)
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Valdivia MP, Stutman D, Stoeckl C, Theobald W, Collins GW, Bouffetier V, Vescovi M, Mileham C, Begishev IA, Klein SR, Melean R, Muller S, Zou J, Veloso F, Casner A, Beg FN, Regan SP. Talbot-Lau x-ray deflectometer: Refraction-based HEDP imaging diagnostic. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:065110. [PMID: 34243593 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Talbot-Lau x-ray interferometry has been implemented to map electron density gradients in High Energy Density Physics (HEDP) experiments. X-ray backlighter targets have been evaluated for Talbot-Lau X-ray Deflectometry (TXD). Cu foils, wires, and sphere targets have been irradiated by 10-150 J, 8-30 ps laser pulses, while two pulsed-power generators (∼350 kA, 350 ns and ∼200 kA, 150 ns) have driven Cu wire, hybrid, and laser-cut x-pinches. A plasma ablation front generated by the Omega EP laser was imaged for the first time through TXD for densities >1023 cm-3. Backlighter optimization in combination with x-ray CCD, image plates, and x-ray film has been assessed in terms of spatial resolution and interferometer contrast for accurate plasma characterization through TXD in pulsed-power and high-intensity laser environments. The results obtained thus far demonstrate the potential of TXD as a powerful diagnostic for HEDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Valdivia
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - D Stutman
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - W Theobald
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - G W Collins
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - V Bouffetier
- Université de Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA, Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications, UMR5107, F-33405 Talence, France
| | - M Vescovi
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Mileham
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - I A Begishev
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S R Klein
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - R Melean
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - S Muller
- General Atomics, Inertial Fusion Technology, San Diego, California 92921, USA
| | - J Zou
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - F Veloso
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Casner
- CEA-CESTA, 15 avenue des Sablières, CS 60001, 33116 Le Barp CEDEX, France
| | - F N Beg
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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5
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Bouffetier V, Ceurvorst L, Valdivia MP, Dorchies F, Hulin S, Goudal T, Stutman D, Casner A. Proof-of-concept Talbot-Lau x-ray interferometry with a high-intensity, high-repetition-rate, laser-driven K-alpha source. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:8380-8387. [PMID: 32976425 DOI: 10.1364/ao.398839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Talbot-Lau x-ray interferometry is a grating-based phase-contrast technique, which enables measurement of refractive index changes in matter with micrometric spatial resolution. The technique has been established using a variety of hard x-ray sources, including synchrotron, free-electron lasers, and x-ray tubes, and could be used in the optical range for low-density plasmas. The tremendous development of table-top high-power lasers makes the use of high-intensity, laser-driven K-alpha sources appealing for Talbot-Lau interferometer applications in both high-energy-density plasma experiments and biological imaging. To this end, we present the first, to the best of our knowledge, feasibility study of Talbot-Lau phase-contrast imaging using a high-repetition-rate laser of moderate energy (100 mJ at a repetition rate of 10 Hz) to irradiate a copper backlighter foil. The results from up to 900 laser pulses were integrated to form interferometric images. A constant fringe contrast of 20% is demonstrated over 100 accumulations, while the signal-to-noise ratio continued to increase with the number of shots. Phase retrieval is demonstrated without prior ex-situ phase stepping. Instead, correlation matrices are used to compensate for the displacement between reference acquisition and the probing of a PMMA target rod. The steps for improved measurements with more energetic laser systems are discussed. The final results are in good agreement with the theoretically predicted outcomes, demonstrating the applicability of this diagnostic to a range of laser facilities for use across several disciplines.
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