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Koshevoy E, Gribov E, Polskikh D, Lyulyukin M, Solovyeva M, Cherepanova S, Kozlov D, Selishchev D. Photoelectrochemical Methods for the Determination of the Flat-Band Potential in Semiconducting Photocatalysts: A Comparison Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:13466-13480. [PMID: 37696112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the band gap of a semiconducting photocatalyst, its band edges are important because they play a crucial role in the analysis of charge transfer and possible pathways of the photocatalytic reaction. The Mott-Schottky method using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is the most common experimental technique for the determination of the electron potential in photocatalysts. This method is well suited for large crystals, but in the case of nanocatalysts, when the thickness of the charged layer is comparable with the size of the nanocrystals, the capacitance of the Helmholtz layer can substantially affect the measured potential. A contact between the electrolyte and the substrate, used for deposition of the photocatalyst, also affects the impedance. Application of other photoelectrochemical methods may help to avoid concerns in the interpretation of impedance data and improve the reliability of measurements. In this study, we have successfully prepared five visible-light active photocatalysts (i.e., N-doped TiO2, WO3, Bi2WO6, CoO, and g-C3N4) and measured their flat-band potentials using four (photo)electrochemical methods. The potentials are compared for all methods and discussed regarding the type of semiconducting material and its properties. The effect of methanol as a sacrificial agent for the enhanced transfer of charge carriers is studied and discussed for each method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Koshevoy
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Evgeny Gribov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Danil Polskikh
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Mikhail Lyulyukin
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Maria Solovyeva
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | | | - Denis Kozlov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitry Selishchev
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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Xiao Y, Xu W. Single-molecule fluorescence imaging for probing nanocatalytic process. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Alpuche‐Aviles MA. Particle Impact Electrochemistry. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2021:1-30. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527610426.bard030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Experiments involving collisions between a single entity and the electrode surface have become an active area of research. The electrochemical contribution of individual nanoparticles (NPs), enzymes, and other entities, such as aggregates or agglomerates, can be determined using particle impact experiments. Destructive nanoimpact experiments of materials, such as Ag, and the electrocatalytic amplification (ECA) are used to detect the NP/electrode interactions. This review covers the seminal work, critical theoretical studies, and some recent applications. The applications to electrocatalysis include measurements of electron transfer rate constants on individual nanoparticles. Applications in analytical chemistry have allowed the detection of nonelectroactive species by detecting the collisions of soft materials, e.g. micellar suspensions and proteins have increased the technique's analytical possibilities. With ECA, NPs can be used as tags for the electrochemical detection of bioanalytes such as DNA, proteins, and liposomes. The theory of ECA collisions, including frequency of collision and the size of the electrochemical current transients, are also covered. For nanoimpacts, the charge measured during a NP electrolysis, such as Ag NP, is used to detect the NP. Measurements of NP diameter are possible, but limitations to this analysis are covered. The electron transfer studies to the electrolysis of Ag and of metal oxides are discussed. Finally, key experimental instrumentations are discussed, including instrumentation techniques for the small currents inherent to single NP measurement. The effect of filtering, instrumentations rise time, and sampling frequency are also covered.
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Subedi P, Parajuli S, Alpuche-Aviles MA. Single Entity Behavior of CdSe Quantum Dot Aggregates During Photoelectrochemical Detection. Front Chem 2021; 9:733642. [PMID: 34568283 PMCID: PMC8461012 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.733642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that colloidal quantum dots of CdSe and CdSe/ZnS are detected during the photooxidation of MeOH, under broad spectrum illumination (250 mW/cm2). The stepwise photocurrent vs. time response corresponds to single entities adsorbing to the Pt electrode surface irreversibly. The adsorption/desorption of the QDs and the nature of the single entities is discussed. In suspensions, the QDs behave differently depending on the solvent used to suspend the materials. For MeOH, CdSe is not as stable as CdSe/ZnS under constant illumination. The photocurrent expected for single QDs is discussed. The value of the observed photocurrents, > 1 pA is due to the formation of agglomerates consistent with the collision frequency and suspension stability. The observed frequency of collisions for the stepwise photocurrents is smaller than the diffusion-limited cases expected for single QDs colliding with the electrode surface. Dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy studies support the detection of aggregates. The results indicate that the ZnS layer on the CdSe/ZnS material facilitates the detection of single entities by increasing the stability of the nanomaterial. The rate of hole transfer from the QD aggregates to MeOH outcompetes the dissolution of the CdSe core under certain conditions of electron injection to the Pt electrode and in colloidal suspensions of CdSe/ZnS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Subedi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Suman Parajuli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
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Ma H, Gosh UK, Ying Y, Long Y. Stochastic Collision Photoelectrochemistry for Light‐Induced Electron Transfer Dynamics. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University 163 Xianlin Road Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Utpal Kumar Gosh
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Yi‐Lun Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University 163 Xianlin Road Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center Nanjing University 163 Xianlin Road Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Yi‐Tao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University 163 Xianlin Road Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
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Mathuri S, Zhu Y, Margoni MM, Li X. Semiconducting Nanoparticles: Single Entity Electrochemistry and Photoelectrochemistry. Front Chem 2021; 9:688320. [PMID: 34150719 PMCID: PMC8207509 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.688320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconducting nanoparticles (SC NPs) play vital roles in several emerging technological applications including optoelectronic devices, sensors and catalysts. Recent research focusing on the single entity electrochemistry and photoelectrochemistry of SC NPs is a fascinating field which has attained an increasing interest in recent years. The nano-impact method provides a new avenue of studying electron transfer processes at single particle level and enables the discoveries of intrinsic (photo) electrochemical activities of the SC NPs. Herein, we review the recent research work on the electrochemistry and photoelectrochemistry of single SC NPs via the nano-impact technique. The redox reactions and electrocatalysis of single metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) NPs and chalcogenide quantum dots (QDs) are first discussed. The photoelectrochemistry of single SC NPs such as TiO2 and ZnO NPs is then summarized. The key findings and challenges under each topic are highlighted and our perspectives on future research directions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mathuri
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mudaliar Mahesh Margoni
- Crystal Growth and Thin Film Laboratory, Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram, India
| | - Xiuting Li
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Yu W, Fu HJ, Mueller T, Brunschwig BS, Lewis NS. Atomic force microscopy: Emerging illuminated and operando techniques for solar fuel research. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:020902. [PMID: 32668946 DOI: 10.1063/5.0009858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrated photoelectrochemical devices rely on the synergy between components to efficiently generate sustainable fuels from sunlight. The micro- and/or nanoscale characteristics of the components and their interfaces often control critical processes of the device, such as charge-carrier generation, electron and ion transport, surface potentials, and electrocatalysis. Understanding the spatial properties and structure-property relationships of these components can provide insight into designing scalable and efficient solar fuel components and systems. These processes can be probed ex situ or in situ with nanometer-scale spatial resolution using emerging scanning-probe techniques based on atomic force microscopy (AFM). In this Perspective, we summarize recent developments of AFM-based techniques relevant to solar fuel research. We review recent progress in AFM for (1) steady-state and dynamic light-induced surface photovoltage measurements; (2) nanoelectrical conductive measurements to resolve charge-carrier heterogeneity and junction energetics; (3) operando investigations of morphological changes, as well as surface electrochemical potentials, currents, and photovoltages in liquids. Opportunities for research include: (1) control of ambient conditions for performing AFM measurements; (2) in situ visualization of corrosion and morphological evolution of electrodes; (3) operando AFM techniques to allow nanoscale mapping of local catalytic activities and photo-induced currents and potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilai Yu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Harold J Fu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Bruker Nano Surfaces, 112 Robin Hill Road, Santa Barbara, California 93111, USA
| | - Bruce S Brunschwig
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Nathan S Lewis
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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