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Roussel E, Szwaj C, Di Pietro P, Adhlakha N, Cinquegrana P, Veronese M, Evain C, Di Mitri S, Perucchi A, Bielawski S. Single-shot terahertz time-domain spectrometer using 1550 nm probe pulses and diversity electro-optic sampling. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:31072-31081. [PMID: 37710635 DOI: 10.1364/oe.498726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Classical terahertz spectroscopy usually requires the use of Fourier transform or Time-Domain Spectrometers. However, these classical techniques become impractical when using recent high peak power terahertz sources - based on intense lasers or accelerators - which operate at low repetition rate. We present and test the design of a novel Time-Domain Spectrometer, that is capable of recording a whole terahertz spectrum at each shot of the source, and that uses a 1550 nm probe fiber laser. Single-shot operation is obtained using chirped-pulse electro-optic sampling in Gallium Arsenide, and high bandwidth is obtained by using the recently introduced Diversity Electro-Optic Sampling (DEOS) method. We present the first real-time measurements of THz spectra at the TeraFERMI Coherent Transition Radiation source. The system achieves 2.5 THz bandwidth with a maximum dynamic range reaching up to 25 dB. By reducing the required measurement time from minutes to a split-second, this strategy dramatically expands the application range of high power low-repetition rate THz sources.
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Couture N, Cui W, Lippl M, Ostic R, Fandio DJJ, Yalavarthi EK, Vishnuradhan A, Gamouras A, Joly NY, Ménard JM. Single-pulse terahertz spectroscopy monitoring sub-millisecond time dynamics at a rate of 50 kHz. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2595. [PMID: 37147407 PMCID: PMC10163249 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Slow motion movies allow us to see intricate details of the mechanical dynamics of complex phenomena. If the images in each frame are replaced by terahertz (THz) waves, such movies can monitor low-energy resonances and reveal fast structural or chemical transitions. Here, we combine THz spectroscopy as a non-invasive optical probe with a real-time monitoring technique to demonstrate the ability to resolve non-reproducible phenomena at 50k frames per second, extracting each of the generated THz waveforms every 20 μs. The concept, based on a photonic time-stretch technique to achieve unprecedented data acquisition speeds, is demonstrated by monitoring sub-millisecond dynamics of hot carriers injected in silicon by successive resonant pulses as a saturation density is established. Our experimental configuration will play a crucial role in revealing fast irreversible physical and chemical processes at THz frequencies with microsecond resolution to enable new applications in fundamental research as well as in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Couture
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
- Max Planck Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Max Planck Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Markus Lippl
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rachel Ostic
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Max Planck Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Défi Junior Jubgang Fandio
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Max Planck Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Eeswar Kumar Yalavarthi
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Max Planck Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Aswin Vishnuradhan
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Max Planck Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Angela Gamouras
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Nicolas Y Joly
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jean-Michel Ménard
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
- Max Planck Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada.
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Roussel E, Szwaj C, Evain C, Steffen B, Gerth C, Jalali B, Bielawski S. Phase Diversity Electro-optic Sampling: A new approach to single-shot terahertz waveform recording. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:14. [PMID: 35013092 PMCID: PMC8748811 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00696-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recording electric field evolution in single-shot with THz bandwidth is needed in science including spectroscopy, plasmas, biology, chemistry, Free-Electron Lasers, accelerators, and material inspection. However, the potential application range depends on the possibility to achieve sub-picosecond resolution over a long time window, which is a largely open problem for single-shot techniques. To solve this problem, we present a new conceptual approach for the so-called spectral decoding technique, where a chirped laser pulse interacts with a THz signal in a Pockels crystal, and is analyzed using a grating optical spectrum analyzer. By borrowing mathematical concepts from photonic time stretch theory and radio-frequency communication, we deduce a novel dual-output electro-optic sampling system, for which the input THz signal can be numerically retrieved-with unprecedented resolution-using the so-called phase diversity technique. We show numerically and experimentally that this approach enables the recording of THz waveforms in single-shot over much longer durations and/or higher bandwidth than previous spectral decoding techniques. We present and test the proposed DEOS (Diversity Electro-Optic Sampling) design for recording 1.5 THz bandwidth THz pulses, over 20 ps duration, in single-shot. Then we demonstrate the potential of DEOS in accelerator physics by recording, in two successive shots, the shape of 200 fs RMS relativistic electron bunches at European X-FEL, over 10 ps recording windows. The designs presented here can be used directly for accelerator diagnostics, characterization of THz sources, and single-shot Time-Domain Spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eléonore Roussel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, Centre d'Étude Recherches et Applications (CERLA), F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Szwaj
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, Centre d'Étude Recherches et Applications (CERLA), F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Clément Evain
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, Centre d'Étude Recherches et Applications (CERLA), F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Bernd Steffen
- DESY (Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), Notkestr. 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Gerth
- DESY (Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), Notkestr. 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bahram Jalali
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, 90095, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Serge Bielawski
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, Centre d'Étude Recherches et Applications (CERLA), F-59000, Lille, France.
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