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Ochs IE, Fisch NJ. Critical role of isopotential surfaces for magnetostatic ponderomotive forces. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:065210. [PMID: 38243522 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.065210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
By producing localized wave regions at the ends of an open-field-line magnetic confinement system, ponderomotive walls can be used to differentially confine different species in the plasma. Furthermore, if the plasma is rotating, this wall can be magnetostatic in the laboratory frame, resulting in simpler engineering and better power flow. However, recent work on such magnetostatic walls has shown qualitatively different potentials than those found in the earlier, nonrotating theory. Here, using a simple slab model of a ponderomotive wall, we resolve this discrepancy. We show that the form of the ponderomotive potential in the comoving plasma frame depends on the assumption made about the electrostatic potential in the laboratory frame. If the laboratory-frame potential is unperturbed by the magnetic oscillation, one finds a parallel-polarized wave in the comoving frame, while if each field line remains equipotential throughout the perturbation region, one finds a perpendicularly polarized wave. This in turn dramatically changes the averaged ponderomotive force experienced by a charged particle along the field line, not only its scaling, but also its direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian E Ochs
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Fisch
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
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Esin I, Esterlis I, Demler E, Refael G. Generating Coherent Phonon Waves in Narrow-Band Materials: A Twisted Bilayer Graphene Phaser. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:147001. [PMID: 37084441 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.147001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) exhibits extremely low Fermi velocities for electrons, with the speed of sound surpassing the Fermi velocity. This regime enables the use of TBG for amplifying vibrational waves of the lattice through stimulated emission, following the same principles of operation of free-electron lasers. Our Letter proposes a lasing mechanism relying on the slow-electron bands to produce a coherent beam of acoustic phonons. We propose a device based on undulated electrons in TBG, which we dub the phaser. The device generates phonon beams in a terahertz (THz) frequency range, which can then be used to produce THz electromagnetic radiation. The ability to generate coherent phonons in solids breaks new ground in controlling quantum memories, probing quantum states, realizing nonequilibrium phases of matter, and designing new types of THz optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliya Esin
- Department of Physics and Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Ilya Esterlis
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Eugene Demler
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gil Refael
- Department of Physics and Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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Mutzafi M, Kaminer I, Harari G, Segev M. Non-diffracting multi-electron vortex beams balancing their electron-electron interactions. Nat Commun 2017; 8:650. [PMID: 28935885 PMCID: PMC5608825 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The wave-like nature of electrons has been known for almost a century, but only in recent years has the ability to shape the wavefunction of EBeams (Electron-Beams) become experimentally accessible. Various EBeam wavefunctions have been demonstrated, such as vortex, self-accelerating, Bessel EBeams etc. However, none has attempted to manipulate multi-electron beams, because the repulsion between electrons rapidly alters the beam shape. Here, we show how interference effects of the quantum wavefunction describing multiple electrons can be used to exactly balance both the repulsion and diffraction-broadening. We propose non-diffracting wavepackets of multiple electrons, which can also carry orbital angular momentum. Such wavefunction shaping facilitates the use of multi-electron beams in electron microscopy with higher current without compromising on spatial resolution. Simulating the quantum evolution in three-dimensions and time, we show that imprinting such wavefunctions on electron pulses leads to shape-preserving multi-electrons ultrashort pulses. Our scheme applies to any beams of charged particles, such as protons and ion beams.Vortex electron beams are generated using single electrons but their low beam-density is a limitation in electron microscopy. Here the authors propose a scheme for the realization of non-diffracting electron beams by shaping wavepackets of multiple electrons and including electron-electron interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maor Mutzafi
- Physics Department and Solid State Institute, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Physics Department and Solid State Institute, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Gal Harari
- Physics Department and Solid State Institute, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Mordechai Segev
- Physics Department and Solid State Institute, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel.
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Margaritondo G, Rebernik Ribic P. A simplified description of X-ray free-electron lasers. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2011; 18:101-8. [PMID: 21335894 PMCID: PMC3042323 DOI: 10.1107/s090904951004896x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
It is shown that an elementary semi-quantitative approach explains essential features of the X-ray free-electron laser mechanism, in particular those of the gain and saturation lengths. Using mathematical methods and derivations simpler than complete theories, this treatment reveals the basic physics that dominates the mechanism and makes it difficult to realise free-electron lasers for short wavelengths. This approach can be specifically useful for teachers at different levels and for colleagues interested in presenting X-ray free-electron lasers to non-specialized audiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Margaritondo
- Faculté des Sciences de Base, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Bonifacio R, Casagrande F, Cerchioni G, de Salvo Souza L, Pierini P, Piovella N. Physics of the high-gain FEL and superradiance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02770850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hartemann FV, Baldis HA, Kerman AK, Le Foll A, Luhmann NC, Rupp B. Three-dimensional theory of emittance in Compton scattering and x-ray protein crystallography. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2001; 64:016501. [PMID: 11461420 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.64.016501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2000] [Revised: 02/26/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A complete, three-dimensional theory of Compton scattering is described, which fully takes into account the effects of the electron beam emittance and energy spread upon the scattered x-ray spectral brightness. The radiation scattered by an electron subjected to an arbitrary electromagnetic field distribution in vacuum is first derived in the linear regime, and in the absence of radiative corrections; it is found that each vacuum eigenmode gives rise to a single Doppler-shifted classical dipole excitation. This formalism is then applied to Compton scattering in a three-dimensional laser focus, and yields a complete description of the influence of the electron beam phase-space topology on the x-ray spectral brightness; analytical expressions including the effects of emittance and energy spread are also obtained in the one-dimensional limit. Within this framework, the x-ray brightness generated by a 25 MeV electron beam is modeled, fully taking into account the beam emittance and energy spread, as well as the three-dimensional nature of the laser focus; its application to x-ray protein crystallography is outlined. Finally, coherence, harmonics, and radiative corrections are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F V Hartemann
- Institute for Laser Science and Applications, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Hafizi B, Roberson CW, Sprangle P. Ultrashort free-electron laser pulse. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 2000; 61:5779-83. [PMID: 11031637 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.61.5779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2000] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional characteristics of short free-electron laser pulses are analyzed. When the optical pulse length is short, the growth rate and optical guiding will vary among the Fourier components comprising the pulse. Matched beam solutions of the wave equation, including diffraction and nonparaxial effects, are discussed. In certain limits a front to back asymmetry develops along the pulse as well as a frequency spread across it. In these limits the asymmetry and the frequency spread are relatively small unless the number of optical cycles in the pulse approaches unity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hafizi
- Icarus Research, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland 20824-0780, USA
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Hartemann FV. Stochastic electron gas theory of coherence in laser-driven synchrotron radiation. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 2000; 61:972-975. [PMID: 11046354 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.61.972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/1999] [Revised: 09/15/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The transition from coherent to incoherent laser-driven synchrotron radiation is studied within the framework of a stochastic electron gas model. The fundamental difference between this approach and a relativistic fluid model resides in the fact that, for any number of incoherently phased point electrons, the 4-current contains Fourier components at arbitrarily short wavelengths, whereas the fluid model introduces an unphysical cutoff scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- FV Hartemann
- Institute for Laser Science and Applications, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Hartemann FV, Troha AL, Luhmann NC, Toffano Z. Spectral analysis of the nonlinear relativistic Doppler shift in ultrahigh intensity Compton scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1996; 54:2956-2962. [PMID: 9965415 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.54.2956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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10
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Hartemann FV, Kerman AK. Classical theory of nonlinear Compton scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 76:624-627. [PMID: 10061506 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.76.624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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11
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Wu Z, Wang C, Lin M, Li H, Liu S. Small-signal analysis of coherent multimode coupling and optical guiding in a Raman free-electron laser. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1995; 52:3053-3059. [PMID: 9963751 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.52.3053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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12
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Bruhwiler DL, Cary JR. Dynamics of particles trapping and detrapping in coherent wave packets. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1994; 50:3949-3961. [PMID: 9962450 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.50.3949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Chu TS, Hartemann FV, Danly BG, Temkin RJ. Single-mode operation of a Bragg free-electron maser oscillator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 72:2391-2394. [PMID: 10055868 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.72.2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Chen C, Davidson RC. Nonlinear resonances and chaotic behavior in a periodically focused intense charged-particle beam. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 72:2195-2198. [PMID: 10055813 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.72.2195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Roberson CW, Hafizi B. Effects of longitudinal beam compression in a free-electron laser. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 72:1654-1657. [PMID: 10055667 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.72.1654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Farina D, Casagrande F, Colombo U, Pozzoli R. Hamiltonian analysis of the transition to the high-gain regime in a Compton free-electron-laser amplifier. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1994; 49:1603-1609. [PMID: 9961374 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.49.1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Litvak AG, Sergeev AM, Suvorov EV, Tokman MD, Khazanov IV. On nonlinear effects in electron‐cyclotron resonance plasma heating by microwave radiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1063/1.860552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Ganguly AK, Hirshfield JL. Linear and nonlinear theory of gyroharmonic radiation into modes of a cylindrical waveguide from spatiotemporally modulated electron beams. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 47:4364-4380. [PMID: 9960515 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.47.4364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Sprangle P, Hafizi B, Joyce G, Serafim P. Methods for conditioning electron beams in free-electron lasers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1993; 70:2896-2899. [PMID: 10053681 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.70.2896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Hafizi B, Roberson CW. Effect of emittance and energy spread on a free-electron laser in the gain-focusing regime. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1992; 68:3539-3542. [PMID: 10045730 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.68.3539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Esarey E, Sprangle P. Generation of stimulated backscattered harmonic radiation from intense-laser interactions with beams and plasmas. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1992; 45:5872-5882. [PMID: 9907689 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.45.5872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Chen KR, Dawson JM. Theory and simulation of high-gain ion-ripple lasers. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1992; 45:4077-4090. [PMID: 9907459 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.45.4077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Sprangle P, Esarey E. Interaction of ultrahigh laser fields with beams and plasmas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1063/1.860192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Danly BG, Hartemann FV, Chu TS, Legorburu P, Menninger WL, Temkin RJ, Faillon G, Mourier G. Long‐pulse millimeter‐wave free‐electron laser and cyclotron autoresonance maser experiments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1063/1.860201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Pratap R, Sen A. C-caronerenkov emission from an axial-wiggler-magnetoactive plasma. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1992; 45:2593-2605. [PMID: 9907283 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.45.2593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Hirshfield JL. Synchrotron-radiation laser. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1992; 68:792-795. [PMID: 10045994 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.68.792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Bruhwiler DL, Cary JR. Particle dynamics in a large-amplitude wave packet. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1992; 68:255-258. [PMID: 10045845 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.68.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Hirshfield JL. Coherent radiation from spatiotemporally modulated gyrating electron beams. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1991; 44:6845-6853. [PMID: 9905811 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.44.6845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Chen C, Davidson RC. Chaotic particle dynamics in free-electron lasers. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1991; 43:5541-5554. [PMID: 9904866 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.43.5541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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Chen C, Davidson RC. Chaotic electron dynamics for relativistic-electron-beam propagation through a planar wiggler magnetic field. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1990; 42:5041-5044. [PMID: 9904624 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.42.5041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Hartemann F. Eulerian formalism of linear beam-wave interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1990; 42:2906-2914. [PMID: 9904359 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.42.2906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Hartemann F, Toffano Z. Relativistic electrodynamics of continuous media. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1990; 41:5066-5073. [PMID: 9903731 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.41.5066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Hafizi B, Ting A, Sprangle P, Tang CM. Efficiency enhancement and optical guiding in a tapered high-power finite-pulse free-electron laser. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1990; 64:180-183. [PMID: 10041670 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.64.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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