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Boyer A, Humeniuk A, Karashima S, Suzuki T. Deuterium Isotope Effect on Internal Conversion of Ethylene Studied by Time-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:7068-7072. [PMID: 39150990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c02647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
The effect of deuterium isotopes on the internal conversion of ethylene is studied by using extreme ultraviolet time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. For deuterium-labeled ethylene, the time scale for ultrafast internal conversion is increased by a factor of approximately √2, in agreement with the results of ab initio multiple spawning calculations, indicating the essential role played by hydrogen motion in the conversion process. Following internal conversion, a metastable species with an electron binding energy of ∼9 eV is produced, and it decays with a time constant similar to that for both isotopologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexie Boyer
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Alexander Humeniuk
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shutaro Karashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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2
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Karashima S, Chen CJ, Suzuki T. Generation of sub-10-fs deep and extreme ultraviolet pulses for time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:3777-3780. [PMID: 38950265 DOI: 10.1364/ol.528323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
We present a light source capable of generating sub-10-fs deep UV (DUV) and extreme UV (EUV) pulses for use in time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The fundamental output of a Ti:sapphire laser was compressed using the multi-plate method and mixed with the uncompressed second harmonic in a filamentation four-wave mixing process to generate sub-10-fs DUV pulses. Sub-10-fs EUV pulses were generated via high-order harmonic generation driven by the second harmonic pulses that were compressed using Ar gas and chirped mirrors. The minimum cross correlation time between 267 and 57 nm (corresponding to 21.7 eV) was measured to be 10.6 ± 0.4 fs.
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3
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Uenishi R, Boyer A, Karashima S, Humeniuk A, Suzuki T. Signatures of Conical Intersections in Extreme Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectra of Furan Measured with 15 fs Time Resolution. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2222-2227. [PMID: 38373287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Ultrafast internal conversion of furan upon deep UV excitation at 200 nm is studied by using extreme ultraviolet time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy with a time resolution of 15 fs. Ballistic nuclear wavepacket motion from the 1B2(ππ*) state to the ground state is fully observed using 21.7 eV probe pulses. Through the performance of a comparison with the results of electronic structure calculations at the MS(3)-CASPT2(10,10)/cc-pVTZ level of theory, the photoelectron signals from the conical intersection regions are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Uenishi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Alexie Boyer
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shutaro Karashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Alexander Humeniuk
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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4
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Yamamoto YI, Suzuki T. Ultrafast Geminate Recombination Facilitated by Hydrogen-Atom Transfer in Charge Transfer Reactions from Hydroxide and Methoxide Ions. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10463-10468. [PMID: 37963188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Previous transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) hinted at an exceptionally rapid geminate recombination process in charge transfer reactions involving OH- or OD- ions in liquid water and CH3O- ions in liquid methanol. However, a comprehensive investigation of these dynamics using TAS has been hindered by the technical challenges stemming from the ultrafast spectral shift that spans a wide wavelength range from the mid-infrared to the visible on the subpicosecond time scale. To address these challenges, we have employed ultraviolet time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of aqueous solutions, enabling us to observe and analyze the complete dynamics, including electron detachment, solvation, and geminate recombination. Our findings are consistent with those of Iglev et al. ( J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2015, 6, 986-992), supporting the hypothesis that the structural diffusion of OH/OD/CH3O induced by a presolvated electron plays a pivotal role in facilitating ultrafast geminate recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Ichi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Orimo N, Yamamoto YI, Karashima S, Boyer A, Suzuki T. Ultrafast Electronic Relaxation in 6-Methyluracil and 5-Fluorouracil in Isolated and Aqueous Conditions: Substituent and Solvent Effects. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2758-2763. [PMID: 36897645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We report ultrafast extreme ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy of 6-methyluracil (6mUra) and 5-fluorouracil (5FUra) in the gas phase and 6mUra and 5-fluorouridine in an aqueous environment. In the gas phase, internal conversion (IC) occurs from 1ππ* to 1nπ* states in tens of femtoseconds, followed by intersystem crossing to the 3ππ* state in several picoseconds. In an aqueous solution, 6mUra undergoes IC almost exclusively to the ground state (S0) in about 100 fs, which is essentially the same process as that for unsubstituted uracil, but much faster than that for thymine (5-methyluracil). The different dynamics for C5 and C6 methylation suggest that IC from 1ππ* to S0 is facilitated by out-of-plane (OOP) motion of the C5 substituent. The slow IC for C5-substituted molecules in an aqueous environment is ascribed to the solvent reorganization that is required for this OOP motion to occur. The slow rate for 5FUrd may arise in part from an increased barrier height due to C5 fluorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Orimo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shutaro Karashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Alexie Boyer
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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6
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Yamamoto YI, Suzuki YI, Suzuki T. Charge Transfer Reactions from I - to Polar Protic Solvents Studied Using Ultrafast Extreme Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1052-1058. [PMID: 36693229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Charge transfer reactions from I- to solvent water, methanol, and ethanol were studied using extreme ultraviolet time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (EUV-TRPES). This technique eliminates spectral broadening, previously seen in UV-TRPES, caused by electron inelastic scattering in liquids, and enables clear observation of the temporal evolution of the spectral shape. The peak position, width, and intensity of the electron binding energy distribution indicate electron detachment and subsequent solvation and thermalization processes. Geminate recombination between detached electrons and iodine atoms is discussed using a diffusion equation and a global fitting analysis based on a kinetics model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Ichi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshi-Ichi Suzuki
- School of Medical Technology, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Tobetsucho, Ishikari, Hokkaido061-0293, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto606-8502, Japan
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Kumar M, Singhal H, Ansari A, Chakera JA. Design and performance of a double-solenoid magnetic bottle photoelectron spectrometer for attosecond metrology. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:023303. [PMID: 36859052 DOI: 10.1063/5.0105623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The design and performance of an in-house developed double-solenoid magnetic bottle (MB) time-of-flight photoelectron spectrograph are presented. A combination of a strong permanent magnet (Sm2Co17) with a soft iron cone and a double-solenoid geometry is used to generate MB configuration. The first solenoid (length ∼150 mm) is placed inside the vacuum, and the second solenoid (length ∼1 m) is placed outside the vacuum. The double-solenoid geometry improves the effective conductance and reduces overall material outgassing. Due to this, an ultra-high vacuum (∼5 × 10-8 mbar) desirable for the working of the spectrograph was achieved using a small capacity (300 lps) turbo-molecular pump. An optimization of solenoid current generates a smooth magnetic field variation in MB, which keeps the adiabaticity parameter ∼0.6 at ∼25 eV photoelectron energy. The double-solenoid geometry also provides high collection efficiency as well as high energy resolution of the spectrograph. The experimentally measured energy resolution (ΔE) of the spectrograph is better than ∼60 meV at ∼15 eV photoelectron energy. The collection efficiency is estimated to be ∼25% under optimum conditions as compared with ∼10-4 in field-free configuration. The calibrated MB spectrograph is used for the characterization of the attosecond pulse train using a cross-correlation "RABBITT" technique. The attosecond pulse train is generated from 15th to 25th odd high-harmonic orders, in argon filled cell. Attosecond pulses of average duration ∼260 as (FWHM) have been measured. The proposed MB electron spectrograph design provides a compact experimental setup for attosecond metrology and pump-probe studies with a relaxed requirement on vacuum pump capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kumar
- Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
| | - H Singhal
- Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
| | - A Ansari
- Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
| | - J A Chakera
- Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452 013, India
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Huart L, Fournier M, Dupuy R, Vacheresse R, Reinhardt M, Cubaynes D, Céolin D, Hervé du Penhoat MA, Renault JP, Guigner JM, Kumar A, Lutet-Toti B, Bozek J, Ismail I, Journel L, Lablanquie P, Penent F, Nicolas C, Palaudoux J. First (e,e) coincidence measurements on solvated sodium benzoate in water using a magnetic bottle time-of-flight spectrometer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:11085-11092. [PMID: 36484473 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02982k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sodium benzoate molecules solvated in water are studied using coincidence electron spectroscopy coupled with a liquid microjet device.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Huart
- Synchrotron Soleil, 91192 Saint Aubin, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, MHNH, 75252 Paris, France
| | - M. Fournier
- Synchrotron Soleil, 91192 Saint Aubin, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCP-MR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - R. Dupuy
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCP-MR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - R. Vacheresse
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCP-MR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - M. Reinhardt
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FI-90014, Finland
| | - D. Cubaynes
- ISMO, CNRS UMR 8214, Université Paris Sud, bâtiment 350, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - D. Céolin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCP-MR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - M. A. Hervé du Penhoat
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, MHNH, 75252 Paris, France
| | - J. P. Renault
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J.-M. Guigner
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, MHNH, 75252 Paris, France
| | - A. Kumar
- Synchrotron Soleil, 91192 Saint Aubin, France
| | - B. Lutet-Toti
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCP-MR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - J. Bozek
- Synchrotron Soleil, 91192 Saint Aubin, France
| | - I. Ismail
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCP-MR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - L. Journel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCP-MR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - P. Lablanquie
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCP-MR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - F. Penent
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCP-MR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - C. Nicolas
- Synchrotron Soleil, 91192 Saint Aubin, France
| | - J. Palaudoux
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCP-MR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Karashima S, Humeniuk A, Glover WJ, Suzuki T. Ultrafast Photoisomerization of Ethylene Studied Using Time-Resolved Extreme Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:3873-3879. [PMID: 35696296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photoisomerization of isolated ethylene (ethene) was observed in real time from the Franck-Condon region in the 1ππ* state to ground-state products using time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy with extreme ultraviolet (EUV, 21.7 eV) probe pulses. A combination of filamentation four-wave mixing and high-order harmonic generation was employed to obtain a temporal resolution of 31 ± 2 fs. The nuclear wave packet created by a 160 nm pump pulse accesses C═C twisted geometries within 10 fs, and the population transfer from the excited to the ground state occurs within the next 20-30 fs. Formation of vibrationally highly excited ground-state molecules was observed in less than 45 fs, and they decayed with two time constants of 0.87 and >5 ps. The interpretation of the photoelectron spectra is supported by vertical ionization energies calculated using XMS-CASPT2 along geodesically interpolated reaction paths from the Franck-Condon region to the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutaro Karashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Alexander Humeniuk
- NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshang Road North, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - William J Glover
- NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshang Road North, Shanghai 200062, China.,Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Fournier M, Huart L, Dupuy R, Vacheresse R, Reinhardt M, Cubaynes D, Céolin D, Hervé du Penhoat MA, Renault JP, Guigner JM, Kumar A, Lutet-Toti B, Bozek J, Ismail I, Journel L, Lablanquie P, Penent F, Nicolas C, Palaudoux J. Coupling a magnetic bottle multi-electron spectrometer with a liquid micro-jet device: a comprehensive study of solvated sodium benzoate at the O 1 s threshold. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202227301009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a magnetic bottle time-of-flight electron-electron coincidence spectrometer to perform measurements on solvated molecules in a liquid micro-jet. We present here the first results obtained after ionization of the oxygen 1s inner-shell of sodium benzoate molecules and show the possibilities to filter out the electron signal arising from the liquid phase from the signal of water molecules in the gas phase. Both photoelectrons and Auger electrons spectra (unfiltered and filtered) are presented.
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Yamamoto YI, Ishiyama T, Morita A, Suzuki T. Exploration of Gas-Liquid Interfaces for Liquid Water and Methanol Using Extreme Ultraviolet Laser Photoemission Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:10514-10526. [PMID: 34494839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c04765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We present a study using extreme UV (EUV) photoemission spectroscopy of the valence electronic structures of aqueous and methanol solutions using a 10 kHz EUV light source based on high-order harmonic generation and a magnetic bottle time-of-flight electron spectrometer. Two aspects of the observed spectra are highlighted in this study. One is variation of the vertical ionization energy (VIE) for liquids as a function of the solute concentration, which is closely related to surface dipoles at the gas-liquid interface. The experimental results show that the VIE of liquid water increases slightly with increasing concentrations of NaCl and NaI and decreases with NaOH. The VIE of liquid methanol was also found to change slightly with NaI. On the other hand, tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) and butylamine (BA) clearly reduce the VIE for liquid water, which is attributed to the formation of an electric double layer (EDL) by segregated solutes at the gas-liquid interface. As evidence for this, when the pH of an aqueous BA solution is reduced to protonate BA, the VIE shift gradually decreases because the protonated BA moves into the bulk to suppress the influence of the EDL. We computed the surface potentials for these solutions using molecular dynamics simulations, and the results supported our interpretation of the experimental results. Another observation is the variation of the relative energy and shape of individual photoelectron bands for solvents, which is related to alteration of the structure and constituents of the first solvation shell of ionized solvent molecules. All of the solutes cause changes in the photoelectron spectra at high concentration, one of the most prominent of which is the degree of splitting of the 3a1 band for liquid water and the 7a' band for liquid methanol, which are sensitive to hydrogen bonding in the liquids. The 3a1 splitting decreases with the increasing concentration of NaI, NaCl, and NaOH, indicating that Na+ penetrates into the hydrogen-bonding network to coordinate to a nonbonding electron of a water molecule. On the other hand, TBAI and BA cause smaller changes in the 3a1 splitting. Full interpretation of these spectroscopic features awaits extensive quantum chemical calculations and is beyond the scope of this study. However, these results illustrate the strong potential of EUV laser photoemission spectroscopy of liquids for exploration of interfacial and solution chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Ichi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ishiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Akihiro Morita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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