1
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Holzer C, Franzke YJ. Beyond Electrons: Correlation and Self-Energy in Multicomponent Density Functional Theory. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400120. [PMID: 38456204 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Post-Kohn-Sham methods are used to evaluate the ground-state correlation energy and the orbital self-energy of systems consisting of multiple flavors of different fermions. Starting from multicomponent density functional theory, suitable ways to arrive at the corresponding multicomponent random-phase approximation and the multicomponent Green's functionG W ${GW}$ approximation, including relativistic effects, are outlined. Given the importance of both of this methods in the development of modern Kohn-Sham density functional approximations, this work will provide a foundation to design advanced multicomponent density functional approximations. Additionally, theG W ${GW}$ quasiparticle energies are needed to study light-matter interactions with the Bethe-Salpeter equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Holzer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Yannick J Franzke
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Löbdergraben 32, 07743, Jena, Germany
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2
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Garner SM, Upadhyay S, Li X, Hammes-Schiffer S. Nuclear-Electronic Orbital Time-Dependent Configuration Interaction Method. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:6017-6023. [PMID: 38815051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Combining real-time electronic structure with the nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) method has enabled the simulation of complex nonadiabatic chemical processes. However, accurate descriptions of hydrogen tunneling and double excitations require multiconfigurational treatments. Herein, we develop and implement the real-time NEO time-dependent configuration interaction (NEO-TDCI) approach. Comparison to NEO-full CI calculations of absorption spectra for a molecular system shows that the NEO-TDCI approach can accurately capture the tunneling splitting associated with the electronic ground state as well as vibronic progressions corresponding to double electron-proton excitations associated with excited electronic states. Both of these features are absent from spectra obtained with single reference real-time NEO methods. Our simulations of hydrogen tunneling dynamics illustrate the oscillation of the proton density from one side to the other via a delocalized, bilobal proton wave function. These results indicate that the NEO-TDCI approach is highly suitable for studying hydrogen tunneling and other inherently multiconfigurational systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Garner
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Shiv Upadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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3
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Hasecke L, Mata RA. Optimization of Quantum Nuclei Positions with the Adaptive Nuclear-Electronic Orbital Approach. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:3205-3211. [PMID: 38619054 PMCID: PMC11056972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The use of multicomponent methods has become increasingly popular over the last years. Under this framework, nuclei (commonly protons) are treated quantum mechanically on the same footing as the electronic structure problem. Under the use of atomic-centered orbitals, this can lead to some complications as the ideal location of the nuclear basis centers must be optimized. In this contribution, we propose a straightforward approach to determine the position of such centers within the self-consistent cycle of a multicomponent calculation, making use of individual proton charge centroids. We test the method on model systems including the water dimer, a protonated water tetramer, and a porphine system. Comparing to numerical gradient calculations, the adaptive nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) procedure is able to converge the basis centers to within a few cents of an Ångström and with less than 0.1 kcal/mol differences in absolute energies. This is achieved in one single calculation and with a small added computational effort of up to 80% compared to a regular NEO- self-consistent field run. An example application for the human transketolase proton wire is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hasecke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University
of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ricardo A. Mata
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University
of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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4
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Lambros E, Fetherolf JH, Hammes-Schiffer S, Li X. A Many-Body Perspective of Nuclear Quantum Effects in Aqueous Clusters. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4070-4075. [PMID: 38587257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear quantum effects play an important role in the structure and thermodynamics of aqueous systems. By performing a many-body expansion with nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) theory, we show that proton quantization can give rise to significant energetic contributions for many-body interactions spanning several molecules in single-point energy calculations of water clusters. Although zero-point motion produces a large increase in energy at the one-body level, nuclear quantum effects serve to stabilize higher-order molecular interactions. These results are significant because they demonstrate that nuclear quantum effects play a nontrivial role in many-body interactions of aqueous systems. Our approach also provides a pathway for incorporating nuclear quantum effects into water potential energy surfaces. The NEO approach is advantageous for many-body expansion analyses because it includes nuclear quantum effects directly in the energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Lambros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jonathan H Fetherolf
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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5
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Li TE, Paenurk E, Hammes-Schiffer S. Squeezed Protons and Infrared Plasmonic Resonance Energy Transfer. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:751-757. [PMID: 38226772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Unusual nuclear quantum effects may emerge near noble metal nanostructures such as squeezed vibrational states in molecular junctions and plasmonic resonance energy transfer in the infrared domain. Herein, nuclear quantum effects near heavy metals are studied by nuclear-electronic orbital density functional theory (NEO-DFT) with an effective core potential. For a quantum proton sandwiched between a pair of gold tips modeled by two Au6 clusters, NEO-DFT calculations suggest that the quantum proton density can be squeezed as the tip distance decreases. For an HF molecule placed near a one-dimensional Au nanowire composed of up to 34 Au atoms, real-time NEO time-dependent density functional theory (RT-NEO-TDDFT) shows that the infrared plasmonic motion within the Au nanowire may resonantly transfer electronic energy to the HF proton vibrational stretch mode. Overall, these calculations illustrate the advantages of the NEO approach for probing nuclear quantum effects, such as squeezed proton vibrational states and infrared plasmonic resonance energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Eno Paenurk
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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6
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Xu X, Chen Z, Yang Y. Vibrational Spectra of Highly Anharmonic Water Clusters: Molecular Dynamics and Harmonic Analysis Revisited with Constrained Nuclear-Electronic Orbital Methods. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:9358-9368. [PMID: 38096546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopy is widely used to gain insights into structural and dynamic properties of chemical, biological, and materials systems. Thus, an efficient and accurate method to simulate vibrational spectra is desired. In this paper, we justify and employ a microcanonical molecular simulation scheme to calculate the vibrational spectra of three challenging water clusters: the neutral water dimer (H4O2), the protonated water trimer (H7O3+), and the protonated water tetramer (H9O4+). We find that with the accurate description of quantum nuclear delocalization effects through the constrained nuclear-electronic orbital framework, including vibrational mode coupling effects through molecular dynamics simulations can additionally improve the vibrational spectrum calculations. In contrast, without the quantum nuclear delocalization picture, conventional ab initio molecular dynamics may even lead to less accurate results than harmonic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhe Zhang
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Yiwen Wang
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Xi Xu
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Zehua Chen
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Yang Yang
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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7
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Nykänen A, Miller A, Talarico W, Knecht S, Kovyrshin A, Skogh M, Tornberg L, Broo A, Mensa S, Symons BCB, Sahin E, Crain J, Tavernelli I, Pavošević F. Toward Accurate Post-Born-Oppenheimer Molecular Simulations on Quantum Computers: An Adaptive Variational Eigensolver with Nuclear-Electronic Frozen Natural Orbitals. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:9269-9277. [PMID: 38081802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear quantum effects such as zero-point energy and hydrogen tunneling play a central role in many biological and chemical processes. The nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) approach captures these effects by treating selected nuclei quantum mechanically on the same footing as electrons. On classical computers, the resources required for an exact solution of NEO-based models grow exponentially with system size. By contrast, quantum computers offer a means of solving this problem with polynomial scaling. However, due to the limitations of current quantum devices, NEO simulations are confined to the smallest systems described by minimal basis sets, whereas realistic simulations beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation require more sophisticated basis sets. For this purpose, we herein extend a hardware-efficient ADAPT-VQE method to the NEO framework in the frozen natural orbital (FNO) basis. We demonstrate on H2 and D2 molecules that the NEO-FNO-ADAPT-VQE method reduces the CNOT count by several orders of magnitude relative to the NEO unitary coupled cluster method with singles and doubles while maintaining the desired accuracy. This extreme reduction in the CNOT gate count is sufficient to permit practical computations employing the NEO method─an important step toward accurate simulations involving nonclassical nuclei and non-Born-Oppenheimer effects on near-term quantum devices. We further show that the method can capture isotope effects, and we demonstrate that inclusion of correlation energy systematically improves the prediction of difference in the zero-point energy (ΔZPE) between isotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Nykänen
- Algorithmiq Ltd., Kanavakatu 3C, Helsinki FI-00160, Finland
| | - Aaron Miller
- Algorithmiq Ltd., Kanavakatu 3C, Helsinki FI-00160, Finland
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, College Green Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Walter Talarico
- Algorithmiq Ltd., Kanavakatu 3C, Helsinki FI-00160, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, QTF Centre of Excellence, Center for Quantum Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Aalto FIN-00076, Finland
| | - Stefan Knecht
- Algorithmiq Ltd., Kanavakatu 3C, Helsinki FI-00160, Finland
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Life Sciences Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Arseny Kovyrshin
- Data Science and Modelling, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, Molndal SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Mårten Skogh
- Data Science and Modelling, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, Molndal SE-431 83, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Lars Tornberg
- Data Science and Modelling, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, Molndal SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Anders Broo
- Data Science and Modelling, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, Molndal SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Stefano Mensa
- The Hartree Centre, STFC, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K
| | | | - Emre Sahin
- The Hartree Centre, STFC, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K
| | - Jason Crain
- IBM Research Europe, Hartree Centre STFC Laboratory, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
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8
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Hasecke L, Mata RA. Nuclear Quantum Effects Made Accessible: Local Density Fitting in Multicomponent Methods. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:8223-8233. [PMID: 37920900 PMCID: PMC10687858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The simulation of nuclear quantum effects (NQEs) is crucial for an accurate description of systems and processes involving light nuclei, such as hydrogen atoms. Within the last years, the importance of those effects has been highlighted for a vast range of systems with tremendous implications in chemistry, biology, physics, and materials sciences. However, while electronic structure theory methods have become routine tools for quantum chemical investigations, there is still a lack of approaches to address NQEs that are computationally accessible and straightforward to use. To address this, we present the first combination of the nuclear-electronic orbital Hartree-Fock approach with both local and density fitting approximations (LDF-NEO-HF). This results in a low-order scaling approach that enables the inclusion of NQEs for large systems within a fraction of a day and for small to medium size systems in minutes. Moreover, we demonstrate the qualitative accuracy and robustness of our approach to retrieve NQEs for three real-use cases motivated by chemical, biological, and materials science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hasecke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ricardo A. Mata
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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9
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Lambros E, Link B, Chow M, Lipparini F, Hammes-Schiffer S, Li X. Assessing Implicit and Explicit Polarizable Solvation Models for Nuclear-Electronic Orbital Systems: Quantum Proton Polarization and Solvation Energetics. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9322-9333. [PMID: 37889479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Accurate simulations of many chemical processes require the inclusion of both nuclear quantum effects and a solvent environment. The nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) approach, which treats electrons and select nuclei quantum mechanically on the same level, combined with a polarizable continuum model (PCM) for the solvent environment, addresses this challenge in a computationally practical manner. In this work, the NEO-PCM approach is extended beyond the IEF-PCM (integral equation formalism PCM) and C-PCM (conductor PCM) approaches to the SS(V)PE (surface and simulation of volume polarization for electrostatics) and ddCOSMO (domain decomposed conductor-like screening model) approaches. IEF-PCM, SS(V)PE, C-PCM, and ddCOSMO all exhibit similar solvation energies as well as comparable nuclear polarization within the NEO framework. The calculations show that the nuclear density does not leak out of the molecular cavity because it is much more localized than the electronic density. Finally, the polarization of quantized protons is analyzed in both continuum solvent and explicit solvent environments described by the polarizable MB-pol model, illustrating the impact of specific hydrogen-bonding interactions captured only by explicit solvation. These calculations highlight the relationship among solvation formalism, nuclear polarization, and energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Lambros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Benjamin Link
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Mathew Chow
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Filippo Lipparini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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10
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Chow M, Li TE, Hammes-Schiffer S. Nuclear-Electronic Orbital Quantum Mechanical/Molecular Mechanical Real-Time Dynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:9556-9562. [PMID: 37857272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Simulating the nuclear-electronic quantum dynamics of large-scale molecular systems in the condensed phase is key for studying biologically and chemically important processes such as proton transfer and proton-coupled electron transfer reactions. Herein, the real-time nuclear-electronic orbital time-dependent density functional theory (RT-NEO-TDDFT) approach is combined with a hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) strategy to enable the accurate description of coupled nuclear-electronic quantum dynamics in the presence of heterogeneous environments such as solvent or proteins. The densities of the electrons and quantum protons are propagated in real time, while the other nuclei are propagated classically on the instantaneous electron-proton vibronic surface. This approach is applied to phenol bound to lysozyme, intramolecular proton transfer in malonaldehyde, and nonequilibrium excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in o-hydroxybenzaldehyde. These examples illustrate that the RT-NEO-TDDFT framework, coupled with an atomistic representation of the environment, allows the simulation of condensed-phase systems that exhibit significant nuclear quantum effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Chow
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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11
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Feldmann R, Baiardi A, Reiher M. Symmetry-Projected Nuclear-Electronic Hartree-Fock: Eliminating Rotational Energy Contamination. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8943-8954. [PMID: 37831620 PMCID: PMC10614303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
We present a symmetry projection technique for enforcing rotational and parity symmetries in nuclear-electronic Hartree-Fock wave functions, which treat electrons and nuclei on equal footing. The molecular Hamiltonian obeys rotational and parity inversion symmetries, which are, however, broken by expanding in Gaussian basis sets that are fixed in space. We generate a trial wave function with the correct symmetry properties by projecting the wave function onto representations of the three-dimensional rotation group, i.e., the special orthogonal group in three dimensions SO(3). As a consequence, the wave function becomes an eigenfunction of the angular momentum operator which (i) eliminates the contamination of the ground-state wave function by highly excited rotational states arising from the broken rotational symmetry and (ii) enables the targeting of specific rotational states of the molecule. We demonstrate the efficiency of the symmetry projection technique by calculating the energies of the low-lying rotational states of the H2 and H3+ molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Feldmann
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry
and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Baiardi
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry
and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Markus Reiher
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry
and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
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12
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Liu A, Zhang T, Hammes-Schiffer S, Li X. Multicomponent Cholesky Decomposition: Application to Nuclear-Electronic Orbital Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:6255-6262. [PMID: 37699735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The Cholesky decomposition technique is commonly used to reduce the memory requirement for storing two-particle repulsion integrals in quantum chemistry calculations that use atomic orbital bases. However, when quantum methods use multicomponent bases, such as nuclear-electronic orbitals, additional challenges are introduced due to asymmetric two-particle integrals. This work proposes several multicomponent Cholesky decomposition methods for calculations using nuclear-electronic orbital density functional theory. To analyze the errors in different Cholesky decomposition components, benchmark calculations using water clusters are carried out. The largest benchmark calculation is a water cluster (H2O)27 where all 54 protons are treated quantum mechanically. This study provides energetic and complexity analyses to demonstrate the accuracy and performance of the proposed multicomponent Cholesky decomposition method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aodong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Tianyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | | | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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13
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Frank I. Nuclear Motion Is Classical: Spectrum of a Magic Protonated Water Cluster. Molecules 2023; 28:6454. [PMID: 37764233 PMCID: PMC10534396 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The assumption that nuclear motion is classical explains many phenomena. The problems of Schrödinger's cat and the EPR paradoxon do not exist in a perfectly deterministic theory. All it needs is to describe nuclear motion classically right from the beginning. To establish this simple idea, it must be tested for as many examples as possible. In the present paper, we use ab initio molecular dynamics to investigate the infrared spectrum of a 'magic' protonated water cluster H3O+(H2O)20 which exhibits some features that were believed to afford a quantum treatment of nuclear motion. The role of the temperature in contrast to a quantum mechanical description is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irmgard Frank
- Theoretical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstr. 3A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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14
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Li TE, Hammes-Schiffer S. Nuclear-Electronic Orbital Quantum Dynamics of Plasmon-Driven H 2 Photodissociation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18210-18214. [PMID: 37555733 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Leveraging localized surface plasmon resonances of metal nanoparticles to trigger chemical reactions is a promising approach for heterogeneous catalysis. First-principles modeling of such processes is challenging due to the large number of electrons and electronic excited states as well as the significance of nuclear quantum effects when hydrogen is involved. Herein, the nonadiabatic nuclear-electronic quantum dynamics of plasmon-induced H2 photodissociation near an Al13- cluster is simulated with real-time nuclear-electronic orbital time-dependent density functional theory (RT-NEO-TDDFT). This approach propagates the nonequilibrium quantum dynamics of both electrons and protons. The plasmonic oscillations are shown to inject hot electrons into the antibonding orbital of H2, thereby inducing H2 dissociation. The quantum mechanical treatment of the hydrogen nuclei leads to faster H2 photodissociation and slightly larger isotope effects. Analysis of the nonequilibrium electronic density suggests that these findings stem from enhanced excited-state electronic coupling between the plasmonic mode and the H2 antibonding orbital due to proton delocalization or zero-point energy effects. Given the low computational overhead for including nuclear quantum effects with the RT-NEO-TDDFT approach, this work paves the way for simulating nonadiabatic nuclear-electronic quantum dynamics in other plasmonic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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15
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Xu X. Constrained Nuclear-Electronic Orbital Density Functional Theory with a Dielectric Continuum Solvent Model. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37470267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Solvent effects are crucial for simulating chemical and biological processes in solutions. The continuum solvation model is widely used for incorporating solvent effects with different levels of theoretical descriptions of solutes. For solutes and solutions containing hydrogen atoms, nuclear quantum effects can also be nonnegligible for reliable simulations. In this work, we couple our recently developed constrained nuclear-electronic orbital density functional theory with a dielectric continuum solvation model to cover nuclear quantum effects and solvent effects simultaneously. This approach is applied to the formate ion, where an anomalous solvatochromic shift in C-H stretch frequency was reported in experiments. By using this new approach to account for nuclear quantum effects and solvent effects, we show that the vibrational frequency of the C-H stretch and the solvatochromic shift are accurately described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xu
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
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16
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Dickinson JA, Yu Q, Hammes-Schiffer S. Generalized Nuclear-Electronic Orbital Multistate Density Functional Theory for Multiple Proton Transfer Processes. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:6170-6178. [PMID: 37379485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Proton transfer and hydrogen tunneling play pivotal roles in many chemical and biological processes. The nuclear-electronic orbital multistate density functional theory (NEO-MSDFT) approach was developed to describe hydrogen tunneling systems within the multicomponent NEO framework, where the transferring proton is quantized and treated with molecular orbital techniques on the same level as the electrons. Herein, the NEO-MSDFT framework is generalized to an arbitrary number of quantum protons to allow applications to systems involving the transfer and tunneling of multiple protons. The generalized NEO-MSDFT approach is shown to produce delocalized, bilobal proton densities and accurate tunneling splittings for fixed geometries of the formic acid dimer and asymmetric substituted variants, as well as the porphycene molecule. Investigation of a protonated water chain highlights the applicability of this approach to proton relay systems. This work provides the foundation for nuclear-electronic quantum dynamics simulations of a wide range of multiple proton transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Dickinson
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Qi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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17
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Chow M, Lambros E, Li X, Hammes-Schiffer S. Nuclear-Electronic Orbital QM/MM Approach: Geometry Optimizations and Molecular Dynamics. J Chem Theory Comput 2023. [PMID: 37329317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) methods allow simulations of chemical reactions in atomistic solvent and heterogeneous environments such as proteins. Herein, the nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) QM/MM approach is introduced to enable the quantization of specified nuclei, typically protons, in the QM region using a method such as NEO-density functional theory (NEO-DFT). This approach includes proton delocalization, polarization, anharmonicity, and zero-point energy in geometry optimizations and dynamics. Expressions for the energies and analytical gradients associated with the NEO-QM/MM method, as well as the previously developed polarizable continuum model (NEO-PCM), are provided. Geometry optimizations of small organic molecules hydrogen bonded to water in either dielectric continuum solvent or explicit atomistic solvent illustrate that aqueous solvation can strengthen hydrogen-bonding interactions for the systems studied, as indicated by shorter intermolecular distances at the hydrogen-bond interface. We then performed a real-time direct dynamics simulation of a phenol molecule in explicit water using the NEO-QM/MM method. These developments and initial examples provide the foundation for future studies of nuclear-electronic quantum dynamics in complex chemical and biological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Chow
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Eleftherios Lambros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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18
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Lambros E, Link B, Chow M, Hammes-Schiffer S, Li X. Solvent Induced Proton Polarization within the Nuclear-Electronic Orbital Framework. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2990-2995. [PMID: 36942912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To explicitly account for nuclear quantum effects and solvent environments in simulations of chemical processes, the nuclear-electronic orbital approach is coupled with a polarizable continuum model (PCM). This NEO-PCM approach is used to explore the influence of solvation on nuclear polarization through applications to a water dimer and a set of protonated water tetramers. Nuclear polarization in these species is analyzed in terms of changes in proton density and oxygen-hydrogen bond length. Solvation is shown to enhance nuclear polarization with increasing dielectric constant. For the water dimer, the internal, hydrogen-bonded proton is shown to polarize more than the external, free proton. Moreover, proton quantization leads to greater solvent polarization through their mutual polarization. These calculations highlight the complex interplay among electronic, nuclear, and solvent polarization in chemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Lambros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Benjamin Link
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Mathew Chow
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | | | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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19
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Li TE, Hammes-Schiffer S. Electronic Born-Oppenheimer approximation in nuclear-electronic orbital dynamics. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:114118. [PMID: 36948810 DOI: 10.1063/5.0142007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) framework, the real-time NEO time-dependent density functional theory (RT-NEO-TDDFT) approach enables the simulation of coupled electronic-nuclear dynamics. In this approach, the electrons and quantum nuclei are propagated in time on the same footing. A relatively small time step is required to propagate the much faster electronic dynamics, thereby prohibiting the simulation of long-time nuclear quantum dynamics. Herein, the electronic Born-Oppenheimer (BO) approximation within the NEO framework is presented. In this approach, the electronic density is quenched to the ground state at each time step, and the real-time nuclear quantum dynamics is propagated on an instantaneous electronic ground state defined by both the classical nuclear geometry and the nonequilibrium quantum nuclear density. Because the electronic dynamics is no longer propagated, this approximation enables the use of an order-of-magnitude larger time step, thus greatly reducing the computational cost. Moreover, invoking the electronic BO approximation also fixes the unphysical asymmetric Rabi splitting observed in previous semiclassical RT-NEO-TDDFT simulations of vibrational polaritons even for small Rabi splitting, instead yielding a stable, symmetric Rabi splitting. For the intramolecular proton transfer in malonaldehyde, both RT-NEO-Ehrenfest dynamics and its BO counterpart can describe proton delocalization during the real-time nuclear quantum dynamics. Thus, the BO RT-NEO approach provides the foundation for a wide range of chemical and biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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20
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Culpitt T, Peters LDM, Tellgren EI, Helgaker T. Time-dependent nuclear-electronic orbital Hartree-Fock theory in a strong uniform magnetic field. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:114115. [PMID: 36948801 DOI: 10.1063/5.0139675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In an ultrastrong magnetic field, with field strength B ≈ B0 = 2.35 × 105 T, molecular structure and dynamics differ strongly from that observed on the Earth. Within the Born-Oppenheimer (BO) approximation, for example, frequent (near) crossings of electronic energy surfaces are induced by the field, suggesting that nonadiabatic phenomena and processes may play a more important role in this mixed-field regime than in the weak-field regime on Earth. To understand the chemistry in the mixed regime, it therefore becomes important to explore non-BO methods. In this work, the nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) method is employed to study protonic vibrational excitation energies in the presence of a strong magnetic field. The NEO generalized Hartree-Fock theory and time-dependent Hartree-Fock (TDHF) theory are derived and implemented, accounting for all terms that result as a consequence of the nonperturbative treatment of molecular systems in a magnetic field. The NEO results for HCN and FHF- with clamped heavy nuclei are compared against the quadratic eigenvalue problem. Each molecule has three semi-classical modes owing to the hydrogen-two precession modes that are degenerate in the absence of a field and one stretching mode. The NEO-TDHF model is found to perform well; in particular, it automatically captures the screening effects of the electrons on the nuclei, which are quantified through the difference in energy of the precession modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner Culpitt
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Laurens D M Peters
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik I Tellgren
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Trygve Helgaker
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
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21
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Feldmann R, Baiardi A, Reiher M. Second-Order Self-Consistent Field Algorithms: From Classical to Quantum Nuclei. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:856-873. [PMID: 36701300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a general framework for deriving exact and approximate Newton self-consistent field (SCF) orbital optimization algorithms by leveraging concepts borrowed from differential geometry. Within this framework, we extend the augmented Roothaan-Hall (ARH) algorithm to unrestricted electronic and nuclear-electronic calculations. We demonstrate that ARH yields an excellent compromise between stability and computational cost for SCF problems that are hard to converge with conventional first-order optimization strategies. In the electronic case, we show that ARH overcomes the slow convergence of orbitals in strongly correlated molecules with the example of several iron-sulfur clusters. For nuclear-electronic calculations, ARH significantly enhances the convergence already for small molecules, as demonstrated for a series of protonated water clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Feldmann
- ETH Zürich, Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Baiardi
- ETH Zürich, Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Reiher
- ETH Zürich, Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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22
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Samsonova I, Tucker GB, Alaal N, Brorsen KR. Hydrogen-Atom Electronic Basis Sets for Multicomponent Quantum Chemistry. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:5033-5041. [PMID: 36777583 PMCID: PMC9910068 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent methods are a conceptually simple way to include nuclear quantum effects into quantum chemistry calculations. In multicomponent methods, the electronic molecular orbitals are described using the linear combination of atomic orbitals approximation. This requires the selection of a one-particle electronic basis set which, in practice, is commonly a correlation-consistent basis set. In multicomponent method studies, it has been demonstrated that large electronic basis sets are required for quantum hydrogen nuclei to accurately describe electron-nuclear correlation. However, as we show in this study, much of the need for large electronic basis sets is due to the correlation-consistent electronic basis sets not being optimized to describe nuclear properties and electron-nuclear correlation. Herein, we introduce a series of correlation-consistent electronic basis sets for hydrogen atoms called cc-pVnZ-mc with additional basis functions optimized to reproduce multicomponent density functional theory protonic densities. These new electronic basis sets are shown to yield better protonic densities with fewer electronic basis functions than the standard correlation-consistent basis sets and reproduce other protonic properties such as proton affinities and protonic excitation energies, even though they were not optimized for these purposes. The cc-pVnZ-mc basis sets should enable multicomponent many-body calculations on larger systems due to the improved computational efficiency they provide for a given level of accuracy.
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23
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Classical Nuclear Motion: Comparison to Approaches with Quantum Mechanical Nuclear Motion. HYDROGEN 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/hydrogen4010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ab initio molecular dynamics combines a classical description of nuclear motion with a density-functional description of the electronic cloud. This approach nicely describes chemical reactions. A possible conclusion is that a quantum mechanical description of nuclear motion is not needed. Using Occam’s razor, this means that, being the simpler approach, classical nuclear motion is preferable. In this paper, it is claimed that nuclear motion is classical, and this hypothesis will be tested in comparison to methods with quantum mechanical nuclear motion. In particular, we apply ab initio molecular dynamics to two photoreactions involving hydrogen. Hydrogen, as the lightest element, is often assumed to show quantum mechanical tunneling. We will see that the classical picture is fully sufficient. The quantum mechanical view leads to phenomena that are difficult to understand, such as the entanglement of nuclear motion. In contrast, it is easy to understand the simple classical picture which assumes that nuclear motion is steady and uniform unless a force is acting. Of course, such a hypothesis must be verified for many systems and phenomena, and this paper is one more step in this direction.
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24
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Yu Q, Roy S, Hammes-Schiffer S. Nonadiabatic Dynamics of Hydrogen Tunneling with Nuclear-Electronic Orbital Multistate Density Functional Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:7132-7141. [PMID: 36378867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Proton transfer reactions play a critical role in many chemical and biological processes. The development of computationally efficient approaches to describe the quantum dynamics of proton transfer, which often involves hydrogen tunneling, is challenging. Herein, the nuclear-electronic orbital multistate density functional theory (NEO-MSDFT) method is combined with both Ehrenfest and surface hopping nonadiabatic dynamics methods to describe hydrogen tunneling. The NEO-MSDFT method treats the transferring hydrogen nucleus quantum mechanically on the same level as the electrons and incorporates both static and dynamical correlation by mixing localized NEO-DFT solutions with a nonorthogonal configuration interaction scheme. The other nuclei are propagated on the NEO-MSDFT vibronic surfaces during the Ehrenfest or surface hopping dynamics. These methods are applied to proton transfer in malonaldehyde as a prototypical hydrogen tunneling system. The inclusion of vibronically nonadiabatic effects is found to significantly impact the proton transfer time and tunneling dynamics. This approach is applicable to a wide range of other proton transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Saswata Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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25
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Fowler D, Brorsen KR. (T) Correction for Multicomponent Coupled-Cluster Theory for a Single Quantum Proton. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:7298-7305. [PMID: 36417554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
(T) and [T] perturbative corrections are derived for multicomponent coupled-cluster theory with single and double excitations (CCSD). Benchmarking for systems with a single quantum proton shows that multicomponent CCSD methods that include perturbative corrections are more accurate than multicomponent CCSD for the calculation of proton affinities and absolute energies. An approximation is introduced that includes only (T) or [T] contributions from mixed electron-nuclear excitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Fowler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri65203, United States
| | - Kurt R Brorsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri65203, United States
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26
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Liu A, Chow M, Wildman A, Frisch MJ, Hammes-Schiffer S, Li X. Simultaneous Optimization of Nuclear-Electronic Orbitals. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7033-7039. [PMID: 36154137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Accurate modeling of important nuclear quantum effects, such as nuclear delocalization, zero-point energy, and tunneling, as well as non-Born-Oppenheimer effects, requires treatment of both nuclei and electrons quantum mechanically. The nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) method provides an elegant framework to treat specified nuclei, typically protons, on the same level as the electrons. In conventional electronic structure theory, finding a converged ground state can be a computationally demanding task; converging NEO wavefunctions, due to their coupled electronic and nuclear nature, is even more demanding. Herein, we present an efficient simultaneous optimization method that uses the direct inversion in the iterative subspace method to simultaneously converge wavefunctions for both the electrons and quantum nuclei. Benchmark studies show that the simultaneous optimization method can significantly reduce the computational cost compared to the conventional stepwise method for optimizing NEO wavefunctions for multicomponent systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aodong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Mathew Chow
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Andrew Wildman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Michael J Frisch
- Gaussian Incorporated, 340 Quinnipiac Street, Bldg 40, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | | | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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27
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Kuntz D, Wilson AK. Machine learning, artificial intelligence, and chemistry: how smart algorithms are reshaping simulation and the laboratory. PURE APPL CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2022-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Machine learning and artificial intelligence are increasingly gaining in prominence through image analysis, language processing, and automation, to name a few applications. Machine learning is also making profound changes in chemistry. From revisiting decades-old analytical techniques for the purpose of creating better calibration curves, to assisting and accelerating traditional in silico simulations, to automating entire scientific workflows, to being used as an approach to deduce underlying physics of unexplained chemical phenomena, machine learning and artificial intelligence are reshaping chemistry, accelerating scientific discovery, and yielding new insights. This review provides an overview of machine learning and artificial intelligence from a chemist’s perspective and focuses on a number of examples of the use of these approaches in computational chemistry and in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kuntz
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Texas , Denton , TX 76201 , USA
| | - Angela K. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI 48824 , USA
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28
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Pavosevic F, Hammes-Schiffer S. Triple electron-electron-proton excitations and second-order approximations in nuclear-electronic orbital coupled cluster methods. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:074104. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0106173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate description of nuclear quantum effects, such as zero-point energy, is important for modeling a wide range of chemical and biological processes. Within the nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) approach, such effects are incorporated in a computationally efficient way by treating electrons and select nuclei, typically protons, quantum mechanically with molecular orbital techniques. Herein, we implement and test a NEO coupled cluster method that explicitly includes the triple electron-proton excitations, where two electrons and one proton are excited simultaneously. Our calculations show that this NEO-CCSD(eep) method provides highly accurate proton densities and proton affinities, outperforming any previously studied NEO method. These examples highlight the importance of the triple electron-electron-proton excitations for an accurate description of nuclear quantum effects. Additionally, we also implement and test the second-order approximate coupled cluster with singles and doubles (NEO-CC2) method, as well as its scaled-opposite-spin (SOS) versions. The NEO-SOS$'$-CC2 method, which scales the electron-proton correlation energy as well as the opposite-spin and same-spin components of the electron-electron correlation energy, achieves nearly the same accuracy as the NEO-CCSD(eep) method for the properties studied. Because of its low computational cost, this method will enable a wide range of chemical and photochemical applications for large molecular systems. This work sets the stage for a wide range of developments and applications within the NEO framework.
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29
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Fetherolf JH, Pavošević F, Tao Z, Hammes-Schiffer S. Multicomponent Orbital-Optimized Perturbation Theory with Density Fitting: Anharmonic Zero-Point Energies in Protonated Water Clusters. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:5563-5570. [PMID: 35696537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear quantum effects such as zero-point energy are important in a wide range of chemical and biological processes. The nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) framework intrinsically includes such effects by treating electrons and specified nuclei quantum mechanically on the same level. Herein, we implement the NEO scaled-opposite-spin orbital-optimized second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory with electron-proton correlation scaling (NEO-SOS'-OOMP2) using density fitting. This efficient implementation allows applications to larger systems with multiple quantum protons. Both the NEO-SOS'-OOMP2 method and its counterpart without orbital optimization predict proton affinities to within experimental precision and relative energies of protonated water tetramer isomers in agreement with previous NEO coupled cluster calculations. Applications to protonated water hexamers and heptamers illustrate that anharmonicity is critical for computing accurate relative energies. The NEO-SOS'-OOMP2 approach captures anharmonic zero-point energies at any geometry in a computationally efficient manner and hence will be useful for investigating reaction paths and dynamics in chemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Fetherolf
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Fabijan Pavošević
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Zhen Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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30
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Xu J, Zhou R, Tao Z, Malbon C, Blum V, Hammes-Schiffer S, Kanai Y. Nuclear-Electronic Orbital Approach to Quantization of Protons in Periodic Electronic Structure Calculations. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:224111. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0088427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) method is a well-established approach for treating nuclei quantum mechanically in molecular systems beyond the usual Born-Oppenheimer approximation. In this work, we present a strategy to implement the NEO method for periodic electronic structure calculations, particularly focused on multicomponent density functional theory (DFT). The NEO-DFT method is implemented in an all-electron electronic structure code, FHI-aims, using a combination of analytical and numerical integration techniques as well as a resolution of the identity scheme to enhance computational efficiency. After validating this implementation, proof-of-concept applications are presented to illustrate the effects of quantized protons on the physical properties of extended systems such as two-dimensional materials and liquid-semiconductor interfaces. Specifically, periodic NEO-DFT calculations are performed for a trans-polyacetylene chain, a hydrogen boride sheet, and a titanium oxide-water interface. The zero-point energy effects of the protons, as well as electron-proton correlation, are shown to noticeably impact the density of states and band structures for these systems. These developments provide a foundation for the application of multicomponent DFT to a wide range of other extended condensed matter systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhang Xu
- Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | | | - Zhen Tao
- Yale University, United States of America
| | | | - Volker Blum
- Duke University Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, United States of America
| | | | - Yosuke Kanai
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States of America
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31
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Yu Q, Schneider PE, Hammes-Schiffer S. Analytical gradients for nuclear–electronic orbital multistate density functional theory: Geometry optimizations and reaction paths. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:114115. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0085344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen tunneling plays a critical role in many biologically and chemically important processes. The nuclear–electronic orbital multistate density functional theory (NEO-MSDFT) method was developed to describe hydrogen transfer systems. In this approach, the transferring proton is treated quantum mechanically on the same level as the electrons within multicomponent DFT, and a nonorthogonal configuration interaction scheme is used to produce delocalized vibronic states from localized vibronic states. The NEO-MSDFT method has been shown to provide accurate hydrogen tunneling splittings for fixed molecular systems. Herein, the NEO-MSDFT analytical gradients for both ground and excited vibronic states are derived and implemented. The analytical gradients and semi-numerical Hessians are used to optimize and characterize equilibrium and transition state geometries and to generate minimum energy paths (MEPs), for proton transfer in the deprotonated acetylene dimer and malonaldehyde. The barriers along the resulting MEPs are lower when the transferring proton is quantized because the NEO-MSDFT method inherently includes the zero-point energy of the transferring proton. Analysis of the proton densities along the MEPs illustrates that the proton density can exhibit symmetric or asymmetric bilobal character associated with symmetric or slightly asymmetric double-well potential energy surfaces and hydrogen tunneling. Analysis of the contributions to the intrinsic reaction coordinate reveals that changes in the C–O bond lengths drive proton transfer in malonaldehyde. This work provides the foundation for future reaction path studies and direct nonadiabatic dynamics simulations of a wide range of hydrogen transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Patrick E. Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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32
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Xu X, Chen Z, Yang Y. Molecular Dynamics with Constrained Nuclear Electronic Orbital Density Functional Theory: Accurate Vibrational Spectra from Efficient Incorporation of Nuclear Quantum Effects. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4039-4046. [PMID: 35196860 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear quantum effects play a crucial role in many chemical and biological systems involving hydrogen atoms yet are difficult to include in practical molecular simulations. In this paper, we combine our recently developed methods of constrained nuclear-electronic orbital density functional theory (cNEO-DFT) and constrained minimized energy surface molecular dynamics (CMES-MD) to create a new method for accurately and efficiently describing nuclear quantum effects in molecular simulations. By use of this new method, dubbed cNEO-MD, the vibrational spectra of a set of small molecules are calculated and compared with those from conventional ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) as well as from experiments. With the same formal scaling, cNEO-MD greatly outperforms AIMD in describing the vibrational modes with significant hydrogen motion characters, demonstrating the promise of cNEO-MD for simulating chemical and biological systems with significant nuclear quantum effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xu
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Zehua Chen
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Yang Yang
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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33
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Wildman A, Tao Z, Zhao L, Hammes-Schiffer S, Li X. Solvated Nuclear-Electronic Orbital Structure and Dynamics. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:1340-1346. [PMID: 35179376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nonadiabatic dynamical processes such as proton-coupled electron transfer and excited state intramolecular proton transfer have been the subject of much research. One of the promising theoretical methods to describe these processes is the nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) approach. This approach inherently accounts for nuclear quantum effects within quantum chemistry calculations, and it has recently been extended to directly simulate nonadiabatic processes with the development of real-time NEO methods. These processes can also be significantly dependent on the surrounding chemical environment, however, and capturing the effects of the environment is often necessary for analyzing experimentally relevant systems. This work couples the NEO density functional theory and real-time time-dependent density functional theory approaches with solvation through the polarizable continuum model. The effects of this coupling are investigated for ground state properties, solvent-dependent vibrational frequencies, and direct excited state intramolecular proton transfer dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wildman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Zhen Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Luning Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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34
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Feldmann R, Muolo A, Baiardi A, Reiher M. Quantum Proton Effects from Density Matrix Renormalization Group Calculations. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:234-250. [PMID: 34978441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We recently introduced [J. Chem. Phys. 2020, 152, 204103] the nuclear-electronic all-particle density matrix renormalization group (NEAP-DMRG) method to solve the molecular Schrödinger equation, based on a stochastically optimized orbital basis, without invoking the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. In this work, we combine the DMRG method with the nuclear-electronic Hartree-Fock (NEHF-DMRG) approach, treating nuclei and electrons on the same footing. Inter- and intraspecies correlations are described within the DMRG method without truncating the excitation degree of the full configuration interaction wave function. We extend the concept of orbital entanglement and mutual information to nuclear-electronic wave functions and demonstrate that they are reliable metrics to detect strong correlation effects. We apply the NEHF-DMRG method to the HeHHe+ molecular ion, to obtain accurate proton densities, ground-state total energies, and vibrational transition frequencies by comparison with state-of-the-art data obtained with grid-based approaches and modern configuration interaction methods. For HCN, we improve on the accuracy of the latter approaches with respect to both the ground-state absolute energy and proton density, which is a major challenge for multireference nuclear-electronic state-of-the-art methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Feldmann
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Muolo
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alberto Baiardi
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Reiher
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Fajen OJ, Brorsen KR. Multicomponent MP4 and the inclusion of triple excitations in multicomponent many-body methods. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:234108. [PMID: 34937367 DOI: 10.1063/5.0071423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study implements the full multicomponent third-order (MP3) and fourth-order (MP4) many-body perturbation theory methods for the first time. Previous multicomponent studies have only implemented a subset of the full contributions, and the present implementation is the first multicomponent many-body method to include any connected triples contribution to the electron-proton correlation energy. The multicomponent MP3 method is shown to be comparable in accuracy to the multicomponent coupled-cluster doubles method for the calculation of proton affinities, while the multicomponent MP4 method is of similar accuracy as the multicomponent coupled-cluster singles and doubles method. From the results in this study, it is hypothesized that the relative accuracy of multicomponent methods is more similar to their single-component counterparts than previously assumed. It is demonstrated that for multicomponent MP4, the fourth-order triple-excitation contributions can be split into electron-electron and electron-proton contributions and the electron-electron contributions ignored with very little loss of accuracy of protonic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Jonathan Fajen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65203, USA
| | - Kurt R Brorsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65203, USA
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Alaal N, Brorsen KR. Multicomponent heat-bath configuration interaction with the perturbative correction for the calculation of protonic excited states. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:234107. [PMID: 34937361 DOI: 10.1063/5.0076006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we extend the multicomponent heat-bath configuration interaction (HCI) method to excited states. Previous multicomponent HCI studies have been performed using only the variational stage of the HCI algorithm as they have largely focused on the calculation of protonic densities. Because this study focuses on energetic quantities, a second-order perturbative correction after the variational stage is essential. Therefore, this study implements the second-order Epstein-Nesbet correction to the variational stage of multicomponent HCI for the first time. Additionally, this study introduces a new procedure for calculating reference excitation energies for multicomponent methods using the Fourier-grid Hamiltonian (FGH) method, which should allow the one-particle electronic basis set errors to be better isolated from errors arising from an incomplete description of electron-proton correlation. The excited-state multicomponent HCI method is benchmarked by computing protonic excitations of the HCN and FHF- molecules and is shown to be of similar accuracy to previous excited-state multicomponent methods such as the multicomponent time-dependent density-functional theory and equation-of-motion coupled-cluster theory relative to the new FGH reference values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Alaal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65203, USA
| | - Kurt R Brorsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65203, USA
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Tao Z, Yu Q, Roy S, Hammes-Schiffer S. Direct Dynamics with Nuclear-Electronic Orbital Density Functional Theory. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:4131-4141. [PMID: 34726895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Direct dynamics simulations of chemical reactions typically require the selection of a method for generating the potential energy surfaces and a method for the dynamical propagation of the nuclei on these surfaces. The nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) framework avoids this Born-Oppenheimer separation by treating specified nuclei on the same level as the electrons with wave function methods or density functional theory (DFT). The NEO approach is particularly applicable to proton, hydride, and proton-coupled electron transfer reactions, where the transferring proton(s) and all electrons are treated quantum mechanically. In this manner, the zero-point energy, density delocalization, and anharmonicity of the transferring protons are inherently and efficiently included in the energies, optimized geometries, and dynamics.This Account describes how various NEO methods can be used for direct dynamics simulations on electron-proton vibronic surfaces. The strengths and limitations of these approaches are discussed, and illustrative examples are presented. The NEO-DFT method can be used to simulate chemical reactions on the ground state vibronic surface, as illustrated by the application to hydride transfer in C4H9+. The NEO multistate DFT (NEO-MSDFT) method is useful for simulating ground state reactions in which the proton density becomes bilobal during the dynamics, a characteristic of hydrogen tunneling, as illustrated by proton transfer in malonaldehyde. The NEO time-dependent DFT (NEO-TDDFT) method produces excited electronic, vibrational, and vibronic surfaces. The application of linear-response NEO-TDDFT to H2 and H3+, as well as the partially and fully deuterated counterparts, shows that this approach produces accurate fundamental vibrational excitation energies when all nuclei and all electrons are treated quantum mechanically. Moreover, when only specified nuclei are treated quantum mechanically, this approach can be used to optimize geometries on excited state vibronic surfaces, as illustrated by photoinduced single and double proton transfer systems, and to conduct adiabatic dynamics on these surfaces. The real-time NEO-TDDFT method provides an alternative approach for simulating nonequilibrium nuclear-electronic dynamics of such systems. These various NEO methods can be combined with nonadiabatic dynamics methods such as Ehrenfest and surface hopping dynamics to include the nonadiabatic effects between the quantum and classical subsystems. The real-time NEO-TDDFT Ehrenfest dynamics simulation of excited state intramolecular proton transfer in o-hydroxybenzaldehyde illustrates the power of this type of combined approach. The field of multicomponent quantum chemistry is in the early stages, and the methods discussed herein provide the foundation for a wide range of promising future directions to be explored. An appealing future direction is the expansion of the real-time NEO-TDDFT method to describe the dynamics of all nuclei and electrons on the same level. Direct dynamics simulations using NEO wave function methods such as equation-of-motion coupled cluster or multiconfigurational approaches are also attractive but computationally expensive options. The further development of NEO direct dynamics methods will enable the simulation of the nuclear-electronic dynamics for a vast array of chemical and biological processes that extend beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Qi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Saswata Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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Epifanovsky E, Gilbert ATB, Feng X, Lee J, Mao Y, Mardirossian N, Pokhilko P, White AF, Coons MP, Dempwolff AL, Gan Z, Hait D, Horn PR, Jacobson LD, Kaliman I, Kussmann J, Lange AW, Lao KU, Levine DS, Liu J, McKenzie SC, Morrison AF, Nanda KD, Plasser F, Rehn DR, Vidal ML, You ZQ, Zhu Y, Alam B, Albrecht BJ, Aldossary A, Alguire E, Andersen JH, Athavale V, Barton D, Begam K, Behn A, Bellonzi N, Bernard YA, Berquist EJ, Burton HGA, Carreras A, Carter-Fenk K, Chakraborty R, Chien AD, Closser KD, Cofer-Shabica V, Dasgupta S, de Wergifosse M, Deng J, Diedenhofen M, Do H, Ehlert S, Fang PT, Fatehi S, Feng Q, Friedhoff T, Gayvert J, Ge Q, Gidofalvi G, Goldey M, Gomes J, González-Espinoza CE, Gulania S, Gunina AO, Hanson-Heine MWD, Harbach PHP, Hauser A, Herbst MF, Hernández Vera M, Hodecker M, Holden ZC, Houck S, Huang X, Hui K, Huynh BC, Ivanov M, Jász Á, Ji H, Jiang H, Kaduk B, Kähler S, Khistyaev K, Kim J, Kis G, Klunzinger P, Koczor-Benda Z, Koh JH, Kosenkov D, Koulias L, Kowalczyk T, Krauter CM, Kue K, Kunitsa A, Kus T, Ladjánszki I, Landau A, Lawler KV, Lefrancois D, Lehtola S, Li RR, Li YP, Liang J, Liebenthal M, Lin HH, Lin YS, Liu F, Liu KY, Loipersberger M, Luenser A, Manjanath A, Manohar P, Mansoor E, Manzer SF, Mao SP, Marenich AV, Markovich T, Mason S, Maurer SA, McLaughlin PF, Menger MFSJ, Mewes JM, Mewes SA, Morgante P, Mullinax JW, Oosterbaan KJ, Paran G, Paul AC, Paul SK, Pavošević F, Pei Z, Prager S, Proynov EI, Rák Á, Ramos-Cordoba E, Rana B, Rask AE, Rettig A, Richard RM, Rob F, Rossomme E, Scheele T, Scheurer M, Schneider M, Sergueev N, Sharada SM, Skomorowski W, Small DW, Stein CJ, Su YC, Sundstrom EJ, Tao Z, Thirman J, Tornai GJ, Tsuchimochi T, Tubman NM, Veccham SP, Vydrov O, Wenzel J, Witte J, Yamada A, Yao K, Yeganeh S, Yost SR, Zech A, Zhang IY, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zuev D, Aspuru-Guzik A, Bell AT, Besley NA, Bravaya KB, Brooks BR, Casanova D, Chai JD, Coriani S, Cramer CJ, Cserey G, DePrince AE, DiStasio RA, Dreuw A, Dunietz BD, Furlani TR, Goddard WA, Hammes-Schiffer S, Head-Gordon T, Hehre WJ, Hsu CP, Jagau TC, Jung Y, Klamt A, Kong J, Lambrecht DS, Liang W, Mayhall NJ, McCurdy CW, Neaton JB, Ochsenfeld C, Parkhill JA, Peverati R, Rassolov VA, Shao Y, Slipchenko LV, Stauch T, Steele RP, Subotnik JE, Thom AJW, Tkatchenko A, Truhlar DG, Van Voorhis T, Wesolowski TA, Whaley KB, Woodcock HL, Zimmerman PM, Faraji S, Gill PMW, Head-Gordon M, Herbert JM, Krylov AI. Software for the frontiers of quantum chemistry: An overview of developments in the Q-Chem 5 package. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:084801. [PMID: 34470363 PMCID: PMC9984241 DOI: 10.1063/5.0055522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 148.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This article summarizes technical advances contained in the fifth major release of the Q-Chem quantum chemistry program package, covering developments since 2015. A comprehensive library of exchange-correlation functionals, along with a suite of correlated many-body methods, continues to be a hallmark of the Q-Chem software. The many-body methods include novel variants of both coupled-cluster and configuration-interaction approaches along with methods based on the algebraic diagrammatic construction and variational reduced density-matrix methods. Methods highlighted in Q-Chem 5 include a suite of tools for modeling core-level spectroscopy, methods for describing metastable resonances, methods for computing vibronic spectra, the nuclear-electronic orbital method, and several different energy decomposition analysis techniques. High-performance capabilities including multithreaded parallelism and support for calculations on graphics processing units are described. Q-Chem boasts a community of well over 100 active academic developers, and the continuing evolution of the software is supported by an "open teamware" model and an increasingly modular design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Epifanovsky
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | | | | | - Joonho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yuezhi Mao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Pavel Pokhilko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Alec F. White
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Marc P. Coons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Adrian L. Dempwolff
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhengting Gan
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Diptarka Hait
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Paul R. Horn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Leif D. Jacobson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | - Jörg Kussmann
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Adrian W. Lange
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Ka Un Lao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Daniel S. Levine
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Simon C. McKenzie
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Kaushik D. Nanda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | | | - Dirk R. Rehn
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marta L. Vidal
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Bldg. 207, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Bushra Alam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | | | - Ethan Alguire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Josefine H. Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Bldg. 207, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Vishikh Athavale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Dennis Barton
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Khadiza Begam
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
| | - Andrew Behn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Nicole Bellonzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Yves A. Bernard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | | | - Hugh G. A. Burton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Abel Carreras
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Kevin Carter-Fenk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | - Alan D. Chien
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | | - Vale Cofer-Shabica
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Saswata Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Marc de Wergifosse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Jia Deng
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Hainam Do
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Ehlert
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Po-Tung Fang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | | | - Qingguo Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, USA
| | - Triet Friedhoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - James Gayvert
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Qinghui Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Gergely Gidofalvi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington 99258, USA
| | - Matthew Goldey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Joe Gomes
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Sahil Gulania
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Anastasia O. Gunina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | | | - Phillip H. P. Harbach
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hauser
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Mario Hernández Vera
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Manuel Hodecker
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zachary C. Holden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Shannon Houck
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Xunkun Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Kerwin Hui
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Bang C. Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maxim Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Ádám Jász
- Stream Novation Ltd., Práter utca 50/a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hyunjun Ji
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water and Sustainability (EEWS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanjie Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Benjamin Kaduk
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Sven Kähler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Kirill Khistyaev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Jaehoon Kim
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water and Sustainability (EEWS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gergely Kis
- Stream Novation Ltd., Práter utca 50/a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Zsuzsanna Koczor-Benda
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Joong Hoon Koh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Dimitri Kosenkov
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Laura Koulias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | | | - Caroline M. Krauter
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl Kue
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nangang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Alexander Kunitsa
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Thomas Kus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | | | - Arie Landau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Keith V. Lawler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel Lefrancois
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Run R. Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Yi-Pei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jiashu Liang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Marcus Liebenthal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Hung-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nangang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - You-Sheng Lin
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Fenglai Liu
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | | | | | - Arne Luenser
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Aaditya Manjanath
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nangang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Prashant Manohar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Erum Mansoor
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Sam F. Manzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Shan-Ping Mao
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | | | - Thomas Markovich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Stephen Mason
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon A. Maurer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Peter F. McLaughlin
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | | | - Jan-Michael Mewes
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie A. Mewes
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pierpaolo Morgante
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, USA
| | - J. Wayne Mullinax
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, USA
| | | | | | - Alexander C. Paul
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Suranjan K. Paul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Fabijan Pavošević
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Zheng Pei
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Stefan Prager
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emil I. Proynov
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Ádám Rák
- Stream Novation Ltd., Práter utca 50/a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eloy Ramos-Cordoba
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Bhaskar Rana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Alan E. Rask
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Adam Rettig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ryan M. Richard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Fazle Rob
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Elliot Rossomme
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Tarek Scheele
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Scheurer
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schneider
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nickolai Sergueev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, USA
| | - Shaama M. Sharada
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Wojciech Skomorowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - David W. Small
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Christopher J. Stein
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yu-Chuan Su
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Eric J. Sundstrom
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Zhen Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Jonathan Thirman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Gábor J. Tornai
- Stream Novation Ltd., Práter utca 50/a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Takashi Tsuchimochi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Norm M. Tubman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Oleg Vydrov
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jan Wenzel
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jon Witte
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Atsushi Yamada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, USA
| | - Kun Yao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Sina Yeganeh
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Shane R. Yost
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Alexander Zech
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Igor Ying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Dmitry Zuev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Alexis T. Bell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ksenia B. Bravaya
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Bernard R. Brooks
- Laboratory of Computational Biophysics, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | | | - Sonia Coriani
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Bldg. 207, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - A. Eugene DePrince
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Robert A. DiStasio
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barry D. Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, USA
| | - Thomas R. Furlani
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | | | - Teresa Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yousung Jung
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water and Sustainability (EEWS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Andreas Klamt
- COSMOlogic GmbH & Co. KG, Imbacher Weg 46, D-51379 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Jing Kong
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Daniel S. Lambrecht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | | | | | - C. William McCurdy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Neaton
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - John A. Parkhill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Roberto Peverati
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, USA
| | - Vitaly A. Rassolov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ryan P. Steele
- Department of Chemistry and Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Joseph E. Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Alex J. W. Thom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Tkatchenko
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Donald G. Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Troy Van Voorhis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Tomasz A. Wesolowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - K. Birgitta Whaley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - H. Lee Woodcock
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Shirin Faraji
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9774AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - John M. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Anna I. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA,Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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39
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Hammes-Schiffer S. Nuclear-electronic orbital methods: Foundations and prospects. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:030901. [PMID: 34293877 DOI: 10.1063/5.0053576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of nuclear quantum effects and non-Born-Oppenheimer behavior into quantum chemistry calculations and molecular dynamics simulations is a longstanding challenge. The nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) approach treats specified nuclei, typically protons, quantum mechanically on the same level as the electrons with wave function and density functional theory methods. This approach inherently includes nuclear delocalization and zero-point energy in molecular energy calculations, geometry optimizations, reaction paths, and dynamics. It can also provide accurate descriptions of excited electronic, vibrational, and vibronic states as well as nuclear tunneling and nonadiabatic dynamics. Nonequilibrium nuclear-electronic dynamics simulations beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation can be used to investigate a wide range of excited state processes. This Perspective provides an overview of the foundational NEO methods and enumerates the prospects for using these methods as building blocks for future developments. The conceptual simplicity and computational efficiency of the NEO approach will enhance its accessibility and applicability to diverse chemical and biological systems.
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40
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Tao Z, Roy S, Schneider PE, Pavošević F, Hammes-Schiffer S. Analytical Gradients for Nuclear-Electronic Orbital Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory: Excited-State Geometry Optimizations and Adiabatic Excitation Energies. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:5110-5122. [PMID: 34260237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The computational investigation of photochemical processes often entails the calculation of excited-state geometries, energies, and energy gradients. The nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) approach treats specified nuclei, typically protons, quantum mechanically on the same level as the electrons, thereby including the associated nuclear quantum effects and non-Born-Oppenheimer behavior into quantum chemistry calculations. The multicomponent density functional theory (NEO-DFT) and time-dependent DFT (NEO-TDDFT) methods allow efficient calculations of ground and excited states, respectively. Herein, the analytical gradients are derived and implemented for the NEO-TDDFT method and the associated Tamm-Dancoff approximation (NEO-TDA). The programmable equations for these analytical gradients as well as the NEO-DFT analytical Hessian are provided. The NEO approach includes the anharmonic zero-point energy (ZPE) and density delocalization associated with the quantum protons as well as vibronic mixing in geometry optimizations and energy calculations of ground and excited states. The harmonic ZPE associated with the other nuclei can be computed via the NEO Hessian. This approach is used to compute the 0-0 adiabatic excitation energies for a set of nine small molecules with all protons quantized, exhibiting slight improvement over the conventional electronic approach. Geometry optimizations of two excited-state intramolecular proton-transfer systems, [2,2'-bipyridyl]-3-ol and [2,2'-bipyridyl]-3,3'-diol, are performed with one and two quantized protons, respectively. The NEO calculations for these systems produce electronically excited-state geometries with stronger intramolecular hydrogen bonds and similar relative stabilities compared to conventional electronic methods. This work provides the foundation for nonadiabatic dynamics simulations of fundamental processes such as photoinduced proton transfer and proton-coupled electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Saswata Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Patrick E Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Fabijan Pavošević
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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41
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Zhao L, Wildman A, Pavošević F, Tully JC, Hammes-Schiffer S, Li X. Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer with Nuclear-Electronic Orbital Ehrenfest Dynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3497-3502. [PMID: 33792317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of the Ehrenfest dynamics approach in the nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) framework provides a promising way to simulate coupled nuclear-electronic dynamics. Our previous study showed that the NEO-Ehrenfest approach with a semiclassical traveling proton basis method yields accurate predictions of molecular vibrational frequencies. In this work, we provide a more thorough analysis of the semiclassical traveling proton basis method to elucidate its validity and convergence behavior. We also conduct NEO-Ehrenfest dynamics simulations to study an excited state intramolecular proton transfer process. These simulations reveal that nuclear quantum effects influence the predictions of proton transfer reaction rates and kinetic isotope effects due to the intrinsic delocalized nature of the quantum nuclear wave function. This work illustrates the importance of nuclear quantum effects in coupled nuclear-electronic dynamical processes and shows that the NEO-Ehrenfest approach can be a powerful tool for providing insights and predictions for these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luning Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Andrew Wildman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Fabijan Pavošević
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - John C Tully
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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42
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Pavošević F, Tao Z, Hammes-Schiffer S. Multicomponent Coupled Cluster Singles and Doubles with Density Fitting: Protonated Water Tetramers with Quantized Protons. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:1631-1637. [PMID: 33555187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear quantum effects such as zero-point energy are important for describing a wide range of chemical properties. The nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) approach incorporates such effects into quantum chemistry calculations by treating specified nuclei, typically protons, quantum mechanically on the same level as electrons. Herein, both the traditional and t1-transformed NEO coupled cluster with singles and doubles (NEO-CCSD) methods are implemented with a density fitting (DF) scheme for approximating the four-center two-particle integrals. The enhanced computational efficiency enables calculations on larger molecules with multiple quantum protons. The NEO-DF-CCSD method predicts proton affinities within chemical accuracy. Its application to protonated water tetramers with all nine protons treated quantum mechanically produces the qualitatively correct ordering of the isomer energies, which are strongly influenced by the zero-point energy contributions inherently included in NEO energy calculations. This work showcases the capabilities of the NEO-DF-CCSD method and provides the foundation for future developments and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabijan Pavošević
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Zhen Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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43
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Fajen OJ, Brorsen KR. Multicomponent CASSCF Revisited: Large Active Spaces Are Needed for Qualitatively Accurate Protonic Densities. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:965-974. [PMID: 33404241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multicomponent methods seek to treat select nuclei, typically protons, fully quantum mechanically and equivalent to the electrons of a chemical system. In such methods, it is well-known that due to the neglect of electron-proton correlation, a Hartree-Fock (HF) description of the electron-proton interaction catastrophically fails leading to qualitatively incorrect protonic properties. In single-component quantum chemistry, the qualitative failure of HF is normally indicative of the need for multireference methods such as complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF). While a multicomponent CASSCF method was implemented nearly 20 years ago, it is only able to perform calculations with very small active spaces (∼105 multicomponent configurations). Therefore, in order to extend the realm of applicability of the multicomponent CASSCF method, this study derives and implements a new two-step multicomponent CASSCF method that uses multicomponent heat-bath configuration interaction for the configuration interaction step, enabling calculations with very large active spaces (up to 16 electrons in 48 orbitals). We find that large electronic active spaces are needed to obtain qualitatively accurate protonic densities for the HCN and FHF- molecules. Additionally, the multicomponent CASSCF method implemented here should have further applications for double-well protonic potentials and systems that are inherently electronically multireference.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Jonathan Fajen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65203, United States
| | - Kurt R Brorsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65203, United States
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44
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Schneider PE, Tao Z, Pavošević F, Epifanovsky E, Feng X, Hammes-Schiffer S. Transition states, reaction paths, and thermochemistry using the nuclear–electronic orbital analytic Hessian. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:054108. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0033540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhen Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Fabijan Pavošević
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Evgeny Epifanovsky
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Xintian Feng
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
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45
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Zhao L, Wildman A, Tao Z, Schneider P, Hammes-Schiffer S, Li X. Nuclear–electronic orbital Ehrenfest dynamics. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:224111. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0031019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luning Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Andrew Wildman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Zhen Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Patrick Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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46
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Yu Q, Hammes-Schiffer S. Nuclear-Electronic Orbital Multistate Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:10106-10113. [PMID: 33191754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen tunneling is essential for a wide range of chemical and biological processes. The description of hydrogen tunneling with multicomponent quantum chemistry approaches, where the transferring hydrogen nucleus is treated on the same level as the electrons, is challenging due to the importance of both static and dynamical electron-proton correlation. Herein the nuclear-electronic orbital multistate density functional theory (NEO-MSDFT) method is presented as a strategy to include both types of correlation. In this approach, two localized nuclear-electronic wave functions obtained with the NEO-DFT method are combined with a nonorthogonal configurational interaction approach to produce bilobal, delocalized ground and excited vibronic states. By including a correction function, the NEO-MSDFT approach can produce quantitatively accurate hydrogen tunneling splittings for fixed geometries of systems such as malonaldehyde and acetoacetaldehyde. This approach is computationally efficient and can be combined with methods such as vibronic coupling theory to describe tunneling dynamics and to compute vibronic couplings in many types of systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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47
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Pavošević F, Tao Z, Culpitt T, Zhao L, Li X, Hammes-Schiffer S. Frequency and Time Domain Nuclear-Electronic Orbital Equation-of-Motion Coupled Cluster Methods: Combination Bands and Electronic-Protonic Double Excitations. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6435-6442. [PMID: 32658486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The accurate description of excited vibronic states is important for modeling a wide range of photoinduced processes. The nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) approach, which treats specified protons on the same level as the electrons, can describe excited electronic-protonic states. Herein the multicomponent equation-of-motion coupled cluster with singles and doubles (NEO-EOM-CCSD) method and its time-domain counterpart, TD-NEO-EOM-CCSD, are developed and implemented. The application of these methods to the HCN molecule highlights their capabilities. These methods predict qualitatively reasonable energies and intensities for a combination band corresponding to simultaneous excitation of two vibrational modes, as well as an overtone. These methods also describe states with double excitation character, such as excited electronic-protonic states corresponding to the simultaneous excitation of an electron and a proton. The ability of the NEO-EOM-CCSD method and its time-dependent counterpart to describe combination bands, overtones, and double excitations will enable a wide range of photochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabijan Pavošević
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Zhen Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Tanner Culpitt
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Luning Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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