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Comeau ZJ, Cranston RR, Lamontagne HR, Shuhendler AJ, Lessard BH. Strong Magnetic Field Annealing for Improved Phthalocyanine Organic Thin-Film Transistors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206792. [PMID: 36567424 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Thin-film microstructure, morphology, and polymorphism can be controlled and optimized to improve the performance of carbon-based electronics. Thermal or solvent vapor annealing are common post-deposition processing techniques; however, it can be difficult to control or destructive to the active layer or substrates. Here, the use of a static, strong magnetic field (SMF) as a non-destructive process for the improvement of phthalocyanine (Pc) thin-film microstructure, increasing organic thin-film transistor (OTFTs) mobility by twofold, is demonstrated. Grazing incident wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) elucidate the effect of SMF on both para- and diamagnetic Pc thin-films when subjected to a magnetic field. A SMF is found to increase the concentration of oxygen-induced radical species within the Pc thin-film, lending a paramagnetic character to ordinarily diamagnetic metal-free Pc and resulting in magnetic field induced changes to its thin-film microstructures. In a nitrogen environment, without competing degradation effects of molecular oxygen, SMF processing is found to favorably improve charge transport characteristics and increase OTFT mobility. Thus, post-deposition thin-film annealing with a magnetic field is presented as an alternative and promising technique for future thin-film engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Comeau
- University of Ottawa, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N6N5, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N9A7, Canada
| | - Rosemary R Cranston
- University of Ottawa, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N6N5, Canada
| | - Halynne R Lamontagne
- University of Ottawa, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N6N5, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N9A7, Canada
| | - Adam J Shuhendler
- University of Ottawa, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N9A7, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Department of Biology, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N9B4, Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin St, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Benoît H Lessard
- University of Ottawa, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K1N6N5, Canada
- University of Ottawa, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 800 King Edward Ave, Ottawa, ON, K1N6N5, Canada
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Unraveling the reasons behind lead phthalocyanine acting as a good absorber for near-infrared sensitive devices. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8810. [PMID: 35614199 PMCID: PMC9132886 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12990-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead phthalocyanine (PbPc) is well known to be used as a good near-infrared (NIR) light absorber for organic solar cells (OSCs) and photodetectors. The monoclinic and triclinic phases have been understood to absorb the visible and NIR regions, respectively, so far. In the present study, we demonstrated from the absorption spectra and theoretical analysis that the visible band considerably originates from not only the monoclinic but also the amorphous and triclinic phases, and revealed the exciton dynamics in the PbPc film from static/time-resolved photoluminescence (PL), which are first reported. By comparing the external quantum efficiency between PbPc- and ZnPc-based OSCs in relation to their structure, morphology, and optical (absorption and PL) characteristics, we unraveled the reasons behind the PbPc film used as a good absorber for NIR-sensitive devices.
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Feng S, Wang YC, Liang W, Zhao Y. Vibrationally resolved absorption spectra and ultrafast exciton dynamics in α-phase and β-phase zinc phthalocyanine aggregates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:2974-2987. [PMID: 35043813 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03600a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The vibrationally resolved absorption spectra and ultrafast exciton dynamics in α-phase and β-phase zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) aggregates are theoretically investigated using a non-Markovian stochastic Schrödinger equation combined with first-principles calculations. It is found that although similar double-peak structures arise in the Q-band region of the absorption spectra in both phases, these peaks are different in nature and exhibit distinct types of behavior with respect to the aggregation length. The analysis on the basis of an effective two-state model indicates that the two absorption peaks in the α phase are from mixing between the charge-transfer (CT) state and the bright Frenkel exciton (FE) state. By contrast, in the β-phase, the low-energy peak is solely contributed by a low-lying bright FE state, whereas the high-energy peak originates from the interplay between the CT state and another high-lying bright FE state. For the relaxation processes right after photoexcitation from the Q-band region, it is found that within the first dozens of femtoseconds the ZnPc aggregates of both phases tend to temporarily fall into some intermediate states where the population distribution and average electronic energy do not obviously evolve. In addition, it is found that the optical transition of the low-lying bright FE state in the β phase is not favorable for the formation of bound CT states due to the absence of enough driving forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.
| | - WanZhen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.
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Kato M, Nakaya M, Matoba Y, Watanabe S, Okamoto K, Bucher JP, Onoe J. Erratum: "Morphological and optical properties of α- and β-phase zinc (II) phthalocyanine thin films for application to organic photovoltaic cells" [J. Chem. Phys. 153, 144704 (2020)]. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:149901. [PMID: 34654295 DOI: 10.1063/5.0071182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kato
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Masato Nakaya
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yuki Matoba
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shinta Watanabe
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Koichi Okamoto
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Jean-Pierre Bucher
- Université de Strasbourg and Institutde Physiqueet Chimiedes Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jun Onoe
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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Mirabito T, Huet B, Redwing JM, Snyder DW. Influence of the Underlying Substrate on the Physical Vapor Deposition of Zn-Phthalocyanine on Graphene. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:20598-20610. [PMID: 34396005 PMCID: PMC8359151 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphene shows great promise not only as a highly conductive flexible and transparent electrode for fabricating novel device architectures but also as an ideal synthesis platform for studying fundamental growth mechanisms of various materials. In particular, directly depositing metal phthalocyanines (MPc's) on graphene is viewed as a compelling approach to improve the performance of organic photovoltaics and light-emitting diodes. In this work, we systematically investigate the ZnPc physical vapor deposition (PVD) on graphene either as-grown on Cu or as-transferred on various substrates including Si(100), C-plane sapphire, SiO2/Si, and h-BN. To better understand the effect of the substrate on the ZnPc structure and morphology, we also compare the ZnPc growth on highly crystalline single- and multilayer graphene. The experiments show that, for identical deposition conditions, ZnPc exhibits various morphologies such as high-aspect-ratio nanowires or a continuous film when changing the substrate supporting graphene. ZnPc morphology is also found to transition from a thin film to a nanowire structure when increasing the number of graphene layers. Our observations suggest that substrate-induced changes in graphene affect the adsorption, surface diffusion, and arrangement of ZnPc molecules. This study provides clear guidelines to control MPc crystallinity, morphology, and molecular orientations which drastically influence the (opto)electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Mirabito
- Applied
Research Laboratory (ARL), The Pennsylvania
State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- 2D Crystal
Consortium (2DCC), Materials Research Institute (MRI), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Benjamin Huet
- Applied
Research Laboratory (ARL), The Pennsylvania
State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- 2D Crystal
Consortium (2DCC), Materials Research Institute (MRI), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Joan M. Redwing
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- 2D Crystal
Consortium (2DCC), Materials Research Institute (MRI), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - David W. Snyder
- Applied
Research Laboratory (ARL), The Pennsylvania
State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Cranston RR, Lessard BH. Metal phthalocyanines: thin-film formation, microstructure, and physical properties. RSC Adv 2021; 11:21716-21737. [PMID: 35478816 PMCID: PMC9034105 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03853b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal phthalocyanines (MPcs) are an abundant class of small molecules comprising of a highly conjugated cyclic structure with a central chelated metal ion. Due to their remarkable chemical, mechanical, and thermal stability MPcs have become popular for a multitude of applications since their discovery in 1907. The potential for peripheral and axial functionalization affords structural tailoring to create bespoke MPc complexes for various next generation applications. Specifically, thin-films of MPcs have found promising utility in medical and electronic applications where the need to understand the relationship between chemical structure and the resulting thin-film properties is an important ongoing field. This review aims to compile the fundamental principles of small molecule thin-film formation by physical vapour deposition and solution processing focusing on the nucleation and growth of crystallites, thermodynamic and kinetic considerations, and effects of deposition parameters on MPc thin-films. Additionally, the structure-property relationship of MPc thin-films is examined by film microstructure, morphology and physical properties. The topics discussed in this work will elucidate the foundations of MPc thin-films and emphasize the critical need for not only molecular design of new MPcs but the role of their processing in the formation of thin-films and how this ultimately governs the performance of the resulting application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary R Cranston
- University of Ottawa, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering 161 Louis Pasteur Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Benoît H Lessard
- University of Ottawa, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering 161 Louis Pasteur Ottawa ON Canada
- University of Ottawa, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 800 King Edward Ave. Ottawa ON Canada
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Bonegardt D, Klyamer D, Krasnov P, Sukhikh A, Basova T. Effect of the position of fluorine substituents in tetrasubstituted metal phthalocyanines on their vibrational spectra. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2021.109780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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