1
|
Cioslowski J, Strasburger K. Constraints upon Functionals of the 1-Matrix, Universal Properties of Natural Orbitals, and the Fallacy of the Collins "Conjecture". J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:1328-1337. [PMID: 38285733 PMCID: PMC10860149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Reliability of quantum-chemical calculations based upon the density functional theory and its 1-matrix counterpart hinges upon minimizing the extent of empirical parameterization in the approximate energy expressions of these formalisms while imposing as many rigorous constraints upon them as possible. The recently uncovered universal properties of the natural orbitals facilitate the construction of such constraints for the 1-matrix functionals. The benefits of their employment in the validation of these functionals are vividly demonstrated by a critical review of the three incarnations of the so-called Collins conjecture. Although the incorporation of rigorous definitions of the correlation energy and entropy, and the identification of individual potential energy hypersurfaces as probable domains of its applicability turn the originally published unsubstantiated claim into a proper conjecture, the resulting formalism is found to be merely a conduit for incorporation of static correlation effects in electronic structure calculations that is unlikely to allow attaining chemical accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Cioslowski
- Institute
of Physics, University of Szczecin, Wielkopolska 15, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Physik komplexer Systeme, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Strasburger
- Department
of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego
27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cioslowski J, Strasburger K. Symmetry Equiincidence of Natural Orbitals. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:9296-9303. [PMID: 37815811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The symmetry equiincidence principle quantifies the apportionment of the natural orbitals (NOs), ordered according to their nonascending occupation numbers, among the irreducible representations (irreps) of the point group pertaining to the underlying on-top two-electron density. This principle, which is rigorously proven for the resolvable Cs, C2v, C3v, C4v, C6v, D2h, D3h, D4h, D6h, and Oh point groups, states that the symmetry incidences, i.e., the asymptotic probabilities with which the NOs belonging to different irreps occur, are proportional to the squares of irreps' dimensions. Since its proof hinges upon a sufficient number of planes of symmetry among the elements of a given point group, it yields only linear combinations of the symmetry incidences for the quasiresolvable groups with too few such planes and fails for the unresolvable C1, Ci, Cn, Dn, S2n, T, O, and I groups whose nontrivial elements comprise only symmetry axes and/or the center of inversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Cioslowski
- Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, Wielkopolska 15, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Strasburger
- Department of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cioslowski J, Strasburger K. A Universal Power Law Governing the Accuracy of Wave Function-Based Electronic Structure Calculations. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8055-8061. [PMID: 35994623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A universal power law governing the accuracy of wave function-based electronic structure calculations is derived from first principles. The resulting expression ΔE(N,N)N≳19π2gNN, where g is a system-specific factor assuming values between zero and one and ≳ stands for asymptotic inequality at the limit of N→∞, allows facile estimation of the error ΔE(N,N) in the electronic energy of a singlet state of an N-electron system computed with a basis set of N one-electron functions. Several approaches to the estimation of the factor g, which depends on the on-top two-electron density, are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Cioslowski
- Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, Wielkopolska 15, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Strasburger
- Department of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cioslowski J. ERRORS IN APPROXIMATE IONIZATION ENERGIES DUE TO THE ONE-ELECTRON SPACE TRUNCATION OF THE EKT EIGENPROBLEM. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:064109. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0096145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Unless the approximate wavefunction of the parent system is expressed in terms of explicitly correlated basis functions, the finite size of the generalized Fock matrix is unlikely to be the leading source of the truncation error in the ionization energy E produced by the EKT (extended Koopmans' theorem) formalism. This conclusion is drawn from a rigorous analysis that involves error partitioning into the parent- and ionized-system contributions, the former being governed by asymptotic power laws when the underlying wavefunction is assembled from a large number of spinorbitals and the latter arising from the truncation of the infinite-dimensional matrix V whose elements involve the 1-, 2- and 3-matrices of the parent system. Quite surprisingly, the decay of the second contribution with the number $n$ of the natural spinorbitals (NOs) employed in the construction of the truncated V turns out to be strongly system-dependent even in the simplest case of the 1S states of two-electron systems, following the n-5 power law for the helium atom while exhibiting an erratic behavior for the H- anion. This phenomenon, which stems from the presence of the so-called solitonic natural spinorbitals among the NOs, renders the extrapolation of the EKT approximates of E to the complete-basis-set limit generally unfeasible. However, attaining that limit is not contingent upon attempted reproduction of the ill-defined one-electron function known as 'the removal orbital', which does not have to be invoked in the derivation of EKT and whose expansion in terms of the NOs diverges.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lemke Y, Kussmann J, Ochsenfeld C. Efficient Integral-Direct Methods for Self-Consistent Reduced Density Matrix Functional Theory Calculations on Central and Graphics Processing Units. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:4229-4244. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Lemke
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5−13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - J. Kussmann
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5−13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - C. Ochsenfeld
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5−13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Karwowski J, Savin A. Two-particle coalescence conditions revisited. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2069055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Karwowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Andreas Savin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, CNRS and Sorbonne University, Paris cedex 05, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Strasburger K, Cioslowski J. Partial-wave decomposition of the one-electron properties of the LiH molecule computed with explicitly correlated basis sets. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2048107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Strasburger
- Department of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gedeon J, Schmidt J, Hodgson MJP, Wetherell J, Benavides-Riveros CL, Marques MAL. Machine learning the derivative discontinuity of density-functional theory. MACHINE LEARNING: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-2153/ac3149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Machine learning is a powerful tool to design accurate, highly non-local, exchange-correlation functionals for density functional theory. So far, most of those machine learned functionals are trained for systems with an integer number of particles. As such, they are unable to reproduce some crucial and fundamental aspects, such as the explicit dependency of the functionals on the particle number or the infamous derivative discontinuity at integer particle numbers. Here we propose a solution to these problems by training a neural network as the universal functional of density-functional theory that (a) depends explicitly on the number of particles with a piece-wise linearity between the integer numbers and (b) reproduces the derivative discontinuity of the exchange-correlation energy. This is achieved by using an ensemble formalism, a training set containing fractional densities, and an explicitly discontinuous formulation.
Collapse
|
9
|
Cioslowski J, Prątnicki F, Strasburger K. Solitonic natural orbitals in Coulombic systems. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:034108. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0075986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Cioslowski
- Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, Wielkopolska 15, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Filip Prątnicki
- Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, Wielkopolska 15, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Strasburger
- Department of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liebert J, Castillo F, Labbé JP, Schilling C. Foundation of One-Particle Reduced Density Matrix Functional Theory for Excited States. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 18:124-140. [PMID: 34931830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In Phys. Rev. Lett. 2021, 127, 023001 a reduced density matrix functional theory (RDMFT) was proposed for calculating energies of selected eigenstates of interacting many-Fermion systems. Here, we develop a solid foundation for this so-called w-RDMFT and present the details of various derivations. First, we explain how a generalization of the Ritz variational principle to ensemble states with fixed weights w in combination with the constrained search would lead to a universal functional of the one-particle reduced density matrix. To turn this into a viable functional theory, however, we also need to implement an exact convex relaxation. This general procedure includes Valone's pioneering work on ground state RDMFT as the special case w = (1,0, ···). Then, we work out in a comprehensive manner a methodology for deriving a compact description of the functional's domain. This leads to a hierarchy of generalized exclusion principle constraints which we illustrate in great detail. By anticipating their future pivotal role in functional theories and to keep our work self-contained, several required concepts from convex analysis are introduced and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Liebert
- Department of Physics, Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstrasse 37, 80333, München, Germany.,Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstrasse 4, 80799, München, Germany
| | - Federico Castillo
- Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Inselstraße 22, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Labbé
- Department of Physics, Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstrasse 37, 80333, München, Germany.,Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstrasse 4, 80799, München, Germany.,Institut für Mathematik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 2, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Schilling
- Department of Physics, Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstrasse 37, 80333, München, Germany.,Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstrasse 4, 80799, München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cioslowski J, Strasburger K. From Fredholm to Schrödinger via Eikonal: A New Formalism for Revealing Unknown Properties of Natural Orbitals. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:6918-6933. [PMID: 34672624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previously unknown properties of the natural orbitals (NOs) pertaining to singlet states (with natural parity, if present) of electronic systems with even numbers of electrons are revealed upon the demonstration that, at the limit of n → ∞, the NO ψn(r⃗) with the nth largest occupation number νn approaches the solution ψ̃n(r⃗) of the zero-energy Schrödinger equation that reads T̂([ρ2(r⃗, r⃗)]-1/8 ψ̃n(r⃗)) - (π2/ṽn)1/4 [ρ2(r⃗, r⃗)]1/4 ([ρ2(r⃗, r⃗)]-1/8 ψ̃n(r⃗)) = 0 (where T̂ is the kinetic energy operator), whereas νn approaches ν̃n. The resulting formalism, in which the "on-top" two-electron density ρ2(r⃗, r⃗) solely controls the asymptotic behavior of both ψn(r⃗) and νn at the limit of the latter becoming infinitesimally small, produces surprisingly accurate values of both quantities even for small n. It opens entirely new vistas in the elucidation of their properties, including single-line derivations of the power laws governing the asymptotic decays of νn and ⟨ψn(r⃗)|T̂|ψn(r⃗)⟩ with n, some of which have been obtained previously with tedious algebra and arcane mathematical arguments. These laws imply a very unfavorable asymptotics of the truncation error in the total energy computed with finite numbers of natural orbitals that severely affects the accuracy of certain quantum-chemical approaches such as the density matrix functional theory. The new formalism is also shown to provide a complete and accurate elucidation of both the observed order (according to decreasing magnitudes of the respective occupation numbers) and the shapes of the natural orbitals pertaining to the 1Σg+ ground state of the H2 molecule. In light of these examples of its versatility, the above Schrödinger equation is expected to have its predictive and interpretive powers harnessed in many facets of the electronic structure theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Cioslowski
- Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, Wielkopolska 15, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Strasburger
- Department of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Escobar Azor M, Alves E, Evangelisti S, Berger JA. Wigner localization in two and three dimensions: An ab initio approach. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:124114. [PMID: 34598574 DOI: 10.1063/5.0063100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we investigate the Wigner localization of two interacting electrons at very low density in two and three dimensions using the exact diagonalization of the many-body Hamiltonian. We use our recently developed method based on Clifford periodic boundary conditions with a renormalized distance in the Coulomb potential. To accurately represent the electronic wave function, we use a regular distribution in space of Gaussian-type orbitals and we take advantage of the translational symmetry of the system to efficiently calculate the electronic wave function. We are thus able to accurately describe the wave function up to very low density. We validate our approach by comparing our results to a semi-classical model that becomes exact in the low-density limit. With our approach, we are able to observe the Wigner localization without ambiguity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Escobar Azor
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, CNRS, Université Toulouse III (UPS), 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Stefano Evangelisti
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, CNRS, Université Toulouse III (UPS), 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - J Arjan Berger
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, CNRS, Université Toulouse III (UPS), 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Schilling C, Pittalis S. Ensemble Reduced Density Matrix Functional Theory for Excited States and Hierarchical Generalization of Pauli's Exclusion Principle. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:023001. [PMID: 34296916 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.023001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We propose and work out a reduced density matrix functional theory (RDMFT) for calculating energies of eigenstates of interacting many-electron systems beyond the ground state. Various obstacles which historically have doomed such an approach to be unfeasible are overcome. First, we resort to a generalization of the Ritz variational principle to ensemble states with fixed weights. This in combination with the constrained search formalism allows us to establish a universal functional of the one-particle reduced density matrix. Second, we employ tools from convex analysis to circumvent the too involved N-representability constraints. Remarkably, this identifies Valone's pioneering work on RDMFT as a special case of convex relaxation and reveals that crucial information about the excitation structure is contained in the functional's domain. Third, to determine the crucial latter object, a methodology is developed which eventually leads to a generalized exclusion principle. The corresponding linear constraints are calculated for systems of arbitrary size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schilling
- Department of Physics, Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstrasse 37, 80333 München, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 München, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cioslowski J, Strasburger K. Angular-Momentum Extrapolations to the Complete Basis Set Limit: Why and When They Work. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:3403-3413. [PMID: 34003646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The leading L-3 dependence of the errors in the energies computed with nuclei-centered basis sets comprising functions with angular momenta not exceeding L is rigorously proven for the 1Σ states of linear molecules and molecular ions with arbitrary even numbers of electrons. This major expansion of the domain of applicability over that offered by the routinely cited Hill asymptotic expression, which is valid only for the helium isoelectronic series, is accomplished with a formalism in which the off-diagonal cusp conditions for the one- and two-electron reduced density matrices play the central role. Despite being provided by these results with theoretical foundations more solid than ever before, the angular-momentum extrapolations to the complete basis set limit appear to work more by happenstance than mathematical rigor due to the poorly predictable variability in the prefactor multiplying the L-3 term and the far from negligible contributions from the terms involving higher powers of L-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Cioslowski
- Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, Wielkopolska 15, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Strasburger
- Department of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cioslowski J, Prątnicki F. Uniform description of the helium isoelectronic series down to the critical nuclear charge with explicitly correlated basis sets derived from regularized Krylov sequences. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:224106. [PMID: 33317275 DOI: 10.1063/5.0029053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient computational scheme for the calculation of highly accurate ground-state electronic properties of the helium isoelectronic series, permitting uniform description of its members down to the critical nuclear charge Zc, is described. It is based upon explicitly correlated basis functions derived from the regularized Krylov sequences (which constitute the core of the free iterative CI/free complement method of Nakatsuji) involving a term that introduces split length scales. For the nuclear charge Z approaching Zc, the inclusion of this term greatly reduces the error in the variational estimate for the ground-state energy, restores the correct large-r asymptotics of the one-electron density ρ(Z; r), and dramatically alters the manifold of the pertinent natural amplitudes and natural orbitals. The advantages of this scheme are illustrated with test calculations for Z = 1 and Z = Zc carried out with a moderate-size 12th-generation basis set of 2354 functions. For Z = Zc, the augmentation is found to produce a ca. 5000-fold improvement in the accuracy of the approximate ground-state energy, yielding values of various electronic properties with between seven and eleven significant digits. Some of these values, such as those of the norms of the partial-wave contributions to the wavefunction and the Hill constant, have not been reported in the literature thus far. The same is true for the natural amplitudes at Z = Zc, whereas the published data for those at Z = 1 are revealed by the present calculations to be grossly inaccurate. Approximants that yield correctly normalized ρ(1; r) and ρ(Zc; r) conforming to their asymptotics at both r → 0 and r → ∞ are constructed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Cioslowski
- Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, Wielkopolska 15, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Filip Prątnicki
- Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, Wielkopolska 15, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cioslowski J. Construction of explicitly correlated one-electron reduced density matrices. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:224109. [PMID: 33317283 DOI: 10.1063/5.0031195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A general construction of an ensemble N-representable one-electron reduced density matrix Γ1(r1→';r→1) is presented. Unlike the conventional spectral representation, it explicitly incorporates the recently derived discontinuity in the fifth derivative of Γ1(r1→';r→1) with respect to |r1→'-r→1|. Its practical relevance in the context of the density-matrix functional theory is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Cioslowski
- Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, Wielkopolska 15, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|