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Ohtani Y, Imazawa R. Conceptual design and demonstration of a three-color laser interferometer for noise reduction in fusion plasma measurements. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:013502. [PMID: 36725594 DOI: 10.1063/5.0128536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A three-color laser interferometer consisting of three Mach-Zehnder-type, one-color laser interferometers with heterodyne detection and coaxial laser beams is demonstrated. The three-color laser interferometer is considered as three sets of a two-color laser interferometer. From the two sets of the two-color laser interferometer, the value consisting only of the noise floor can be assessed. The noise floor can be reduced by subtracting the value consisting only of the noise floor from the measurement value obtained with the other two-color laser interferometer. In the case of the three lasers with wavelengths 9.25 μm, 10.59 μm, and 532 nm, a 15% noise reduction was obtained compared to the two sets of the two-color laser interferometers contained in the three-color laser interferometer. The 100-Hz noise reduction by 53% was achieved, and the other frequency noises were equal to or less than the smallest noise achieved by the two-color laser interferometers. The 100-Hz noise floor is caused by the vibration noise, which remains because of the non-coaxiality of the three beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohtani
- Naka Fusion Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Naka, Ibaraki 311-0193, Japan
| | - R Imazawa
- Naka Fusion Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Naka, Ibaraki 311-0193, Japan
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Na YS, Seo J, Lee Y, Choi G, Park M, Park S, Yi S, Wang W, Yoo MG, Cha M, Kim B, Lee YH, Han H, Kim B, Lee C, Kim S, Yang S, Byun CS, Kim HS, Ko J, Lee W, Hahm TS. Observation of a new type of self-generated current in magnetized plasmas. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6477. [PMID: 36309494 PMCID: PMC9617975 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A tokamak, a torus-shaped nuclear fusion device, needs an electric current in the plasma to produce magnetic field in the poloidal direction for confining fusion plasmas. Plasma current is conventionally generated by electromagnetic induction. However, for a steady-state fusion reactor, minimizing the inductive current is essential to extend the tokamak operating duration. Several non-inductive current drive schemes have been developed for steady-state operations such as radio-frequency waves and neutral beams. However, commercial reactors require minimal use of these external sources to maximize the fusion gain, Q, the ratio of the fusion power to the external power. Apart from these external current drives, a self-generated current, so-called bootstrap current, was predicted theoretically and demonstrated experimentally. Here, we reveal another self-generated current that can exist in a tokamak and this has not yet been discussed by present theories. We report conclusive experimental evidence of this self-generated current observed in the KSTAR tokamak. Fusion devices like tokamaks require plasma current to generate magnetic field for plasma confinement. Here the authors report an observation of a self-generated anomalous current that contributes up to 30% of the total current in the fusion plasma at KSTAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Su Na
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaemin Seo
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Yoonji Lee
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyungjin Choi
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseo Park
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangjin Park
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Yi
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Weixing Wang
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Min-Gu Yoo
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA.,General Atomics, San Diego, CA, 85608, USA
| | - Minsoo Cha
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Beomsu Kim
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Lee
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsun Han
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Boseong Kim
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanyoung Lee
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - SangKyeun Kim
- Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.,Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - SeongMoo Yang
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Cheol-Sik Byun
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Seok Kim
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinseok Ko
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Woochang Lee
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Taik Soo Hahm
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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