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Wiegerinck HTM, Wood JA, Eijkel JCT, Lammertink RGH, Frankel I, Ramos A. Continuous Focusing of Particles by AC-Electroosmosis and Induced Dipole Interactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40. [PMID: 39269030 PMCID: PMC11428184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c02135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Continuous particle focusing by using microfluidics is an effective method for separating particles, cells, or droplets for analytical purposes. Previously, it was shown that an alternating current across rectangular microchannels with slightly deformed side walls results in vortex flow patterns caused by alternating current electroosmosis (AC-EOF) and could lead to particle focusing. In this work, we explore this mechanism by experimentally studying the particle focusing behavior for various fluid flow velocities through a microchannel. Since it is unlikely that the particles are kept in their focused position solely by convection, a theoretical force balance between the hydrodynamic and the induced dipole force was determined. In our experiments, it was found that there is no substantial effect of the pressure-driven fluid velocity on the particle focusing velocity within the studied range. From the theoretical force balance calculations, it was determined that while the addition of the induced dipole force can still not completely describe the experimentally observed particle focusing, the induced dipole can be strong enough to overcome the hydrodynamic force. Finally, it is hypothesized that under specific circumstances, including a repulsive electrostatic force between a particle and electrode wall can complete the theoretical particle focusing force balance. Alternative phenomena that could also play a role in particle focusing are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm T. M. Wiegerinck
- Soft
Matter, Fluidics and Interfaces, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffery A. Wood
- Soft
Matter, Fluidics and Interfaces, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. T. Eijkel
- BIOS/The
Lab-on-a-Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Rob G. H. Lammertink
- Soft
Matter, Fluidics and Interfaces, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Itzchak Frankel
- Department
of Aerospace Engineering, Technion - Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Antonio Ramos
- Departamento
de Electronica y Electromagnetismo, Universidad
de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes, s/n, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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2
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Park C, Lim W, Song R, Han J, You D, Kim S, Lee JE, van Noort D, Mandenius CF, Lee J, Hyun KA, Jung HI, Park S. Efficient separation of large particles and giant cancer cells using an isosceles trapezoidal spiral microchannel. Analyst 2024; 149:4496-4505. [PMID: 39049608 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00750f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) contribute to the genetic heterogeneity and evolutionary dynamics of tumors. Their size, however, complicates their isolation from mainstream tumor cell populations. Standard techniques like fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) rely on fluorescent labeling, introducing potential challenges in subsequent PGCC analyses. In response, we developed the Isosceles Trapezoidal Spiral Microchannel (ITSμC), a microfluidic device optimizing the Dean drag force (FD) and exploiting uniform vortices for enhanced separation. Numerical simulations highlighted ITSμC's advantage in producing robust FD compared to rectangular and standard trapezoidal channels. Empirical results confirmed its ability to segregate larger polystyrene (PS) particles (avg. diameter: 50 μm) toward the inner wall, while directing smaller ones (avg. diameter: 23 μm) outward. Utilizing ITSμC, we efficiently isolated PGCCs from doxorubicin-resistant triple-negative breast cancer (DOXR-TNBC) and patient-derived cancer (PDC) cells, achieving outstanding purity, yield, and viability rates (all greater than 90%). This precision was accomplished without fluorescent markers, and the versatility of ITSμC suggests its potential in differentiating a wide range of heterogeneous cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanyong Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Wanyoung Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Ryungeun Song
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Jeonghun Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Daeun You
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Seoul 06355, Korea
| | - Sangmin Kim
- Department of Breast Cancer Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Jeong Eon Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Seoul 06355, Korea
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medi-cine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Danny van Noort
- Division of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Carl-Fredrik Mandenius
- Division of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Jinkee Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea.
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics (IQB), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Kyung-A Hyun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hyo-Il Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sungsu Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics (IQB), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea
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Wang MW, Su CK. Tuning the fabrication of knotted reactors via 3D printing techniques and materials. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1263:341295. [PMID: 37225338 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Although three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies can customize a diverse range of devices, cross-3D printing technique/material comparisons aimed at optimizing the fabrication of analytical devices have been rare. In this study, we evaluated the surface features of the channels in knotted reactors (KRs) fabricated using fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing [with poly(lactic acid) (PLA), polyamide, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene filaments], and digital light processing and stereolithography 3D printing with photocurable resins. Also, their ability to retain Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb ions was evaluated to achieve the maximal sensitivities of these metal ions. After optimizing the techniques and materials for 3D printing of the KRs, the retention conditions, and the automatic analytical system, we observed good correlations (R > 0.9793) for the three 3D printing techniques in terms of the surface roughnesses of their channel sidewalls with respect to the signal intensities of their retained metal ions. The FDM 3D-printed PLA KR provided the best analytical performance, with the retention efficiencies of the tested metal ions all being greater than 73.9% and with the detection limits of the method ranging from 0.1 to 5.6 ng L-1. We used this analytical method to perform analyses of the tested metal ions in several reference materials (CASS-4, SLEW-3, 1643f, and 2670a). Spike analyses of complicated real samples verified the reliability and applicability of this analytical method, highlighting the possibility of tuning 3D printing techniques and materials to optimize the fabrication of mission-oriented analytical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Wen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Kuan Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402, Taiwan, ROC.
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Validation of Easy Fabrication Methods for PDMS-Based Microfluidic (Bio)Reactors. SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sci4040036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The common method for producing casting molds for the fabrication of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chips is standard photolithography. This technique offers high resolution from hundreds of nanometers to a few micrometers. However, this mold fabrication method is costly, time-consuming, and might require clean room facilities. Additionally, there is a need for non-micromechanics experts, who do not have specialized equipment to easily and quickly prototype chips themselves. Simple, so-called, makerspace technologies are increasingly being explored as alternatives that have potential to enable anyone to fabricate microfluidic structures. We therefore tested simple fabrication methods for a PDMS-based microfluidic device. On the one hand, channels were replicated from capillaries and tape. On the other hand, different mold fabrication methods, namely laser cutting, fused layer 3D printing, stereolithographic 3D printing, and computer numerical control (CNC) milling, were validated in terms of machine accuracy and tightness. Most of these methods are already known, but the incorporation and retention of particles with sizes in the micrometer range have been less investigated. We therefore tested two different types of particles, which are actually common carriers for the immobilization of enzymes, so that the resulting reactor could ultimately be used as a microfluidic bioreactor. Furthermore, CNC milling provide the most reliable casting mold fabrication method. After some optimization steps with regard to manufacturing settings and post-processing polishing, the chips were tested for the retention of two different particle types (spherical and non-spherical particles). In this way, we successfully tested the obtained PDMS-based microfluidic chips for their potential applicability as (bio)reactors with enzyme immobilization carrier beads.
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Facile microfabrication of three dimensional-patterned micromixers using additive manufacturing technology. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6346. [PMID: 35428793 PMCID: PMC9012767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10356-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the manufacturing method of oblique patterns in microchannels and the effect of these patterns on mixing performance in microchannels. To fabricate three-dimensional (3D) and oblique patterns in microchannels, 3D printing and replica methods were utilized to mold patterns and microchannels, respectively. The angle and size of the patterns were controlled by the printing angle and resolution, respectively. The mixing efficiency was experimentally characterized, and the mixing principle was analyzed using computational fluid dynamics simulation. The analysis showed that the mixing channel cast from the mold printed with a printing angle of 30° and resolution of 300 μm exhibited the best mixing efficiency with a segregation index of approximately 0.05 at a Reynolds number of 5.4. This was because, as the patterns inside the microchannel were more oblique, “split” and “recombine” behaviors between two fluids were enhanced owing to the geometrical effect. This study supports the use of the 3D printing method to create unique patterns inside microchannels and improve the mixing performance of two laminar flows for various applications such as point-of-care diagnostics, lab-on-a-chip, and chemical synthesis.
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