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Ge H, Sun Z, Jiang Y, Wu X, Jia Z, Cui G, Zhang Y. Recent Advances in THz Detection of Water. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10936. [PMID: 37446112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequency range of terahertz waves (THz waves) is between 0.1 and 10 THz and they have properties such as low energy, penetration, transients, and spectral fingerprints, which are especially sensitive to water. Terahertz, as a frontier technology, have great potential in interpreting the structure of water molecules and detecting biological water conditions, and the use of terahertz technology for water detection is currently frontier research, which is of great significance. Firstly, this paper introduces the theory of terahertz technology and summarizes the current terahertz systems used for water detection. Secondly, an overview of theoretical approaches, such as the relaxation model and effective medium theory related to water detection, the relationship between water molecular networks and terahertz spectra, and the research progress of the terahertz detection of water content and water distribution visualization, are elaborated. Finally, the challenge and outlook of applications related to the terahertz wave detection of water are discussed. The purpose of this paper is to explore the research domains on water and its related applications using terahertz technology, as well as provide a reference for innovative applications of terahertz technology in moisture detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Ge
- Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing & Control, Ministry of Education, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Grain Photoelectric Detection and Control, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhenyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing & Control, Ministry of Education, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Grain Photoelectric Detection and Control, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuying Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing & Control, Ministry of Education, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Grain Photoelectric Detection and Control, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xuyang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing & Control, Ministry of Education, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Grain Photoelectric Detection and Control, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhiyuan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing & Control, Ministry of Education, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Grain Photoelectric Detection and Control, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guangyuan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing & Control, Ministry of Education, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Grain Photoelectric Detection and Control, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing & Control, Ministry of Education, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Grain Photoelectric Detection and Control, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Palchowdhury S, Mukherjee K, Maroncelli M. Rapid Water Dynamics Structures the OH-Stretching Spectra of Solitary Water in Ionic Liquids and Dipolar Solvents. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:084502. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0107348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent study [ J. Phys. Chem. B 126, 4584 (2022)] we used infrared spectroscopy to investigate the solvation and dynamics of solitary water in ionic liquids and dipolar solvents. Complex shapes observed for water OH-stretching bands common to all high-polarity solvents were assigned to water in several solvation states. In the present study, classical molecular dynamics simulations of a single water molecule in four ionic liquids and three dipolar solvents were used to test and refine this interpretation. Consistent with past assignments, simulations show solitary water usually donates two hydrogen bonds to distinct solvent molecules. Such symmetrically solvated water produces the primary pair of peaks identified in the OH spectra of water in nearly all solvents. We had further proposed that additional features flanking this main peak are due to asymmetric solvation states, states in which only one OH group makes a hydrogen bond to solvent. Such states were found in significant concentrations in all of the systems simulated. Simulations of the OH stretching spectra using a semiclassical description and the vibrational map developed by Auer and Skinner [ J. Chem. Phys. 128, 224511 (2008)] provided semi-quantitative agreement with experiment. Analysis of species-specific spectra also confirmed assignment of the additional features in the experimental spectra to asymmetrically solvated water. The simulations also showed that rapid water motions cause a marked motional narrowing compared to the inhomogeneous limit, and that this narrowing is largely responsible for making the additional features due to minority solvation states manifest in the spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souarv Palchowdhury
- The Pennsylvania State University - University Park Campus, United States of America
| | - Kallol Mukherjee
- The Pennsylvania State University - University Park Campus, United States of America
| | - Mark Maroncelli
- Department of Chemsitry, The Pennsylvania State University - University Park Campus, United States of America
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Ishiyama T. Energy relaxation dynamics of hydrogen-bonded OH vibration conjugated with free OH bond at an air/water interface. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:154703. [PMID: 34686042 DOI: 10.1063/5.0069618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrational energy relaxation dynamics of the excited hydrogen-bonded (H-bonded) OH conjugated with free OH (OD) at an air/water (for both pure water and isotopically diluted water) interface are elucidated via non-equilibrium ab initio molecular dynamics (NE-AIMD) simulations. The calculated results are compared with those of the excited H-bonded OH in bulk liquid water reported previously. In the case of pure water, the relaxation timescale (vibrational lifetime) of the excited H-bonded OH at the interface is T1 = 0.13 ps, which is slightly larger than that in the bulk (T1 = 0.11 ps). Conversely, in the case of isotopically diluted water, the relaxation timescale of T1 = 0.74 ps in the bulk decreases to T1 = 0.26 ps at the interface, suggesting that the relaxation dynamics of the H-bonded OH are strongly dependent on the surrounding H-bond environments particularly for the isotopically diluted conditions. The relaxation paths and their rates are estimated by introducing certain constraints on the vibrational modes except for the target path in the NE-AIMD simulation to decompose the total energy relaxation rate into contributions to possible relaxation pathways. It is found that the main relaxation pathway in the case of pure water is due to intermolecular OH⋯OH vibrational coupling, which is similar to the relaxation in the bulk. In the case of isotopically diluted water, the main pathway is due to intramolecular stretch and bend couplings, which show more efficient relaxation than in the bulk because of strong H-bonding interactions specific to the air/water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Ishiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
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