The localization spread and polarizability of rings and periodic chains

Wigner localization in two and three dimensions: An ab initio approach

In this work, we investigate the Wigner localization of two interacting electrons at very low density in two and three dimensions using the exact diagonalization of the many-body Hamiltonian. We use our recently developed method based on Clifford periodic boundary conditions with a renormalized distance in the Coulomb potential. To accurately represent the electronic wave function, we use a regular distribution in space of Gaussian-type orbitals and we take advantage of the translational symmetry of the system to efficiently calculate the electronic wave function. We are thus able to accurately describe the wave function up to very low density. We validate our approach by comparing our results to a semi-classical model that becomes exact in the low-density limit. With our approach, we are able to observe the Wigner localization without ambiguity.