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Lin H, Zhao Y, Zhu Y, Li C, Xu W, Chen X, Huang H, Jin L. Maternal High-Fat Diet Aggravates Allergic Asthma in Offspring via Modulating CD4 + T-Cell Differentiation. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122508. [PMID: 35745240 PMCID: PMC9230034 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal improper nutrition has been reported to trigger respiratory disorders in offspring. Here, we characterized the effects of high-fat environment in the fetal period on mice and human cord blood CD4+ T-lymphocytes, and investigated their roles in susceptibility to asthma. Mice born to mothers that consumed a high-fat diet (HFD) throughout the gestation period were sensitized by ovalbumin to establish an experimental asthma model. To further extrapolate to humans, we collected cord blood from neonates of hypercholesterolemic (HC) mothers (n = 18) and control mothers (n = 20). In mice, aggravated airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation revealed that maternal high-fat diet could lead to exacerbated allergic asthma in adult offspring. It was partially due to augmented activation and proliferation of CD4+ T-cells, where upregulated klf2 mRNA levels may be potentially involved. Notably, naïve HFD CD4+ T-cells had enhanced TH2-based immune response both in vivo and in vitro, resulting from DNA hypomethylation of the Il-4 promoter region. Moreover, in human, TH2 cytokines transcripts were enhanced in CD4+ T-cells of the HC group, which was associated with an increased risk of developing allergic diseases at 3 years old. Together, our study indicated that early life improper nutrition-triggered epigenetic changes in T-cells may contribute to long-lasting alterations in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; (H.L.); (C.L.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yiran Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yajie Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; (H.L.); (C.L.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Xi Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (H.H.); (L.J.)
| | - Hefeng Huang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; (H.L.); (C.L.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (H.H.); (L.J.)
| | - Li Jin
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China; (H.L.); (C.L.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (H.H.); (L.J.)
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Glencross DA, Ho TR, Camiña N, Hawrylowicz CM, Pfeffer PE. Air pollution and its effects on the immune system. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 151:56-68. [PMID: 32007522 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A well-functioning immune system is vital for a healthy body. Inadequate and excessive immune responses underlie diverse pathologies such as serious infections, metastatic malignancies and auto-immune conditions. Therefore, understanding the effects of ambient pollutants on the immune system is vital to understanding how pollution causes disease, and how that pathology could be abrogated. The immune system itself consists of multiple types of immune cell that act together to generate (or fail to generate) immune responses and in this article we review evidence of how air pollutants can affect different immune cell types such as particle-clearing macrophages, inflammatory neutrophils, dendritic cells that orchestrate adaptive immune responses and lymphocytes that enact those responses. Common themes that emerge are of the capacity of air pollutants to stimulate pro-inflammatory immune responses across multiple classes of immune cell. Air pollution can enhance T helper lymphocyte type 2 (Th2) and T helper lymphocyte type 17 (Th17) adaptive immune responses, as seen in allergy and asthma, and dysregulate anti-viral immune responses. The clinical effects of air pollution, in particular the known association between elevated ambient pollution and exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are consistent with these identified immunological mechanisms. Further to this, as inhaled air pollution deposits primarily on the respiratory mucosa this review focuses on mechanisms of respiratory disease. However, as discussed in the article, air pollution also affects the wider immune system for example in the neonate and gastrointestinal tract. Whilst the many identified actions of air pollution on the immune system are notably diverse, immunological research does suggest potential strategies to ameliorate such effects, for example with vitamin D supplementation. An in-depth understanding of the immunological effects of ambient pollutants should hopefully yield new ideas on how to reduce the adverse health effects of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew A Glencross
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Tzer-Ren Ho
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Nuria Camiña
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Catherine M Hawrylowicz
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Paul E Pfeffer
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
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Abe T. Fig ( Ficus carica L.) leaf tea suppresses allergy by acceleration disassembly of IgE-receptor complexes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:1013-1022. [PMID: 31987005 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1722608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, I investigated the allergy suppressive effect of tea made from fig (Ficus carica L.) leaves. In the rat basophil cell line RBL-2H3, degranulation was significantly suppressed by treatment with fig tea at the same time as addition of IgE antibodies (sensitization). IgE bound to the cell surface was liberated in the medium depending on the treatment time with fig tea. Therefore, it was suggested that the mechanism of action of fig tea is promotion of dissociation of IgE from FcεRI receptors. Such a mechanism is novel in food materials. On oral administration to mice, fig tea showed an inhibitory effect on allergic dermatitis. Furthermore, in tests using an atopic dermatitis model in NC/Nga mice, continued administration of fig tea suppressed symptom exacerbation after antigen administration.Abbreviations: AD: atopic dermatitis; β-Hex: β-hexosaminidase; FCM: flow cytometory; OA: oral administration; TA: transdermal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Abe
- Toyo Institute of Food Technology, Kawanishi, Japan
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Neveu WA, Staitieh BS, Mills ST, Guidot DM, Sueblinvong V. Alcohol-Induced Interleukin-17 Expression Causes Murine Lung Fibroblast-to-Myofibroblast Transdifferentiation via Thy-1 Down-Regulation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:1427-1438. [PMID: 31081931 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol exposure induces TGFβ1 and renders the lung susceptible to injury and disrepair. We determined that TGFβ1 regulates myofibroblast differentiation through the loss of Thy-1 expression and consequent induction of α-SMA. TGFβ1 is important for T helper 17 (Th17) differentiation and IL-17 secretion, which in turn participates in tissue repair. We hypothesized that alcohol induces Th17 differentiation via TGFβ1 and that IL-17 produced by these cells contributes to the development of profibrotic lung myofibroblasts. METHODS Primary lung fibroblasts (PLFs) were treated with alcohol, TGFβ1, and IL-17 and then analyzed for Thy-1 expression and cell morphology. Naïve and Th17-polarized CD4+ T cells were exposed to alcohol and assessed for IL-17 expression. CD4+ T cells from alcohol-fed mice were analyzed for Th17 and IL-17 expression. Lungs of control-fed, bleomycin-treated and alcohol-fed, bleomycin-treated mice were analyzed for IL-17 protein expression. RESULTS Alcohol-treated PLFs expressed lower levels of Thy-1 than untreated cells. TGFβ1 or IL-17 exposure suppressed PLF Thy-1 expression. When administered together, TGFβ1 and IL-17 additively down-regulated Thy-1 expression. Exposure of naïve and Th17-polarized CD4+ T cells to alcohol induced the Th17 phenotype and augmented their production of IL-17. CD4+ Th17+ levels are elevated in the peripheral compartment but not in the lungs of alcohol-fed animals. Treatment of the PLFs with IL-17 and alcohol induced α-SMA expression. Induction of α-SMA and myofibroblast morphology by IL-17 occurred selectively in a Thy-1- fibroblast subpopulation. Chronic alcohol ingestion augmented lung-specific IL-17 expression following bleomycin-induced lung injury. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol exposure skews T cells toward a Th17 immune response that in turn primes the lung for fibroproliferative disrepair through loss of Thy-1 expression and induction of myofibroblast differentiation. These effects suggest that IL-17 and TGFβ1 contribute to fibroproliferative disrepair in the lung and targeting these proteins could limit morbidity and mortality following lung injury in alcoholic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Neveu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bashar S Staitieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephen T Mills
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David M Guidot
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Atlanta VAMC, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Viranuj Sueblinvong
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Pfeffer PE, Hopkins S, Cropley I, Lowe DM, Lipman M. An association between pulmonary Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex infections and biomarkers of Th2-type inflammation. Respir Res 2017; 18:93. [PMID: 28506264 PMCID: PMC5432982 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The rising incidence of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAI) infection is unexplained but parallels the growing world-wide epidemic of allergic disease. We hypothesized an association between pulmonary MAI infection and Th2-type immune responses as seen in allergy. Methods Biomarkers of patient Th2-type immune responses (peripheral blood eosinophil counts and serum IgE levels) were compared between patients with positive pulmonary samples for tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection. A further comparison of clinical characteristics, including respiratory co-morbidities, and biomarkers, was conducted between patients culturing MAI NTM and those culturing NTM other than MAI. Results Patients culturing NTM from pulmonary samples had significantly higher peripheral blood eosinophil levels than those culturing Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Furthermore, patients culturing MAI compared to those culturing NTM other than MAI had higher eosinophil counts (mean 0.29x109/L vs 0.15x109/L, p = 0.010) and IgE levels (geometric mean 138kU/L vs 47kU/L, p = 0.021). However there was no significant difference in the frequency of asthma between the two NTM groups. Conclusions There is an association between biomarkers of Th2-type immune responses and pulmonary MAI. Prospective and translational research could identify the direction of causation; and so determine whether our finding may be utilized within future management strategies for MAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Pfeffer
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Ian Cropley
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - David M Lowe
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marc Lipman
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. .,UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, UK.
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Araujo GL, Vieira AED, Barreiro EJ, Lima LM, Cardoso CN, Emiliano NF, Martins MT, Souza SS, De Souza AM, Berto C, Costa ML, Campos LM, França FD, Tagliati CA. Toxicological in vitro and subchronic evaluation of LASSBio-596. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 73:148-56. [PMID: 25139121 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
LASSBio-596, 2-[4-(1,4-tiazinan-4-ylsulfonyl) phenylcarbamoyl] benzoic acid, is an achiral compound containing a subunit carboxylic amide, was capable of preventing induced mechanical and morphological changes in the lungs that commonly caused the onset of asthma. Previous studies to determine the acute toxicity of oral LASSBio-596 at dose of 2000mg/kg caused no deaths in any of the tested animals. To further evaluate the safety of LASSBio-596, in vitro and in vivo tests were carried out. Regarding to in vitro test were used renal, hepatic, pulmonary, cardiac, neurologic and intestinal cell lines. They were evaluated using neutral red (NR) and [3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assays. Micronuclei also was performed. Concerning to in vivo was performed subchronic on Wistar rats at doses of 10, 50, and 250mg/kg and zebrafish test. The in vitro tests results showed the safety of LASSBio-596. However, subchronic toxicity study results revealed changes in the blood parameters of amylase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose and creatine kinase (CK) which is used for cardiotoxicity evaluation, although, did not identify any histopathological alterations. However, zebrafish test demonstrated cardiac damage. It was impossible to estimate the no-observed-adverse-effect-levels and lowest observed-adverse-effect level due to the presence of cardiotoxicity in all tested doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Araujo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos (INCT-INOFAR; (1)), Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio®), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Cidade Universitária, 68006, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21941-971, Brazil.; Laboratório de Toxicologia Experimental, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte-MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - A E D Vieira
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos (INCT-INOFAR; (1)), Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio®), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Cidade Universitária, 68006, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21941-971, Brazil.; Laboratório de Toxicologia Experimental, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte-MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - E J Barreiro
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos (INCT-INOFAR; (1)), Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio®), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Cidade Universitária, 68006, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21941-971, Brazil
| | - L M Lima
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos (INCT-INOFAR; (1)), Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio®), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Cidade Universitária, 68006, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21941-971, Brazil
| | - C N Cardoso
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos (INCT-INOFAR; (1)), Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio®), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Cidade Universitária, 68006, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21941-971, Brazil.; Laboratório de Toxicologia Experimental, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte-MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - N F Emiliano
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos (INCT-INOFAR; (1)), Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio®), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Cidade Universitária, 68006, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21941-971, Brazil.; Laboratório de Toxicologia Experimental, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte-MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - M T Martins
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Experimental, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte-MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - S S Souza
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos (INCT-INOFAR; (1)), Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio®), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Cidade Universitária, 68006, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21941-971, Brazil.; Laboratório de Toxicologia Experimental, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte-MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - A M De Souza
- Laboratório de Imagem Biológica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C Berto
- Laboratório de Imagem Biológica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M L Costa
- Laboratório de Imagem Biológica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L M Campos
- Laboratório de Imagem Biológica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - F D França
- Laboratório de Imagem Biológica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C A Tagliati
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos (INCT-INOFAR; (1)), Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio®), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Cidade Universitária, 68006, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21941-971, Brazil.; Laboratório de Toxicologia Experimental, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte-MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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An imbalance between frequency of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells and CCR4+ and CCR9+ circulating helper T cells is associated with active perennial allergic conjunctivitis. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:919742. [PMID: 24368924 PMCID: PMC3867854 DOI: 10.1155/2013/919742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is one of the most common eye disorders in ophthalmology. In mice models, it has been suggested that control of allergic conjunctivitis is a delicate balance between Tregs and inflammatory migrating effector cells. Our aim was to evaluate the frequency of Tregs and the frequency of homing receptors expressing cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC). The analyses of phenotypic markers on CD4+ T cells and both soluble or intracellular cytokines were performed by flow cytometry. CD4+CD25+ cells were 15 times more frequent in PBMC from patients than HC; the vast majority of these CD4+CD25+ cells were FOXP3-, and most of CD4+ T cells were CCR4+ and CCR9+ cells. Upon allergen-stimulation, no significant changes were observed in frequency of Treg; however, an increased frequency of CD4+CCR4+CCR9+ cells, CD4+CD103+ cells and CD4+CD108+ cells with increased IL-5, IL-6, and IL-8 production was observed. These findings suggest an immune dysregulation in PAC, characterized by diminished frequency of Tregs and increased frequency of circulating activated CD4+ T cells; upon allergen-stimulation, these cells were expressing cell-surface molecules related to mucosa homing and were able to trigger an inflammatory microenvironment.
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Asthma heterogeneity and therapeutic options from the clinic to the bench. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 12:60-7. [PMID: 22193053 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e32834edb5b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Asthma is a chronic pulmonary inflammatory disease affecting all races, children and adults. The causative or intrinsic development of asthma is diverse, ranging from episodic exposure to environmental insults to physical induction in exercise. RECENT FINDINGS Asthma uniquely manifests in affected individuals as episodes of airway hyper-reactivity, chronic airway obstruction, and inflammation. The diversity in asthmatic phenotypes and the mechanisms that lead to initiation and perpetuation of the lung disease continue to make asthma a challenge to treat, classify, and manage therapeutically. SUMMARY This review will focus on the newest of mechanistic insights into asthma development, therapeutic innovations, and clinical applications.
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Zaknun D, Schroecksnadel S, Kurz K, Fuchs D. Potential role of antioxidant food supplements, preservatives and colorants in the pathogenesis of allergy and asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011; 157:113-24. [PMID: 21986480 DOI: 10.1159/000329137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant increase in the incidence of allergy and asthma has been observed during the past decades. The background of this phenomenon has not been well explained, but changes in lifestyle and habits are heavily discussed as contributing factors. Among these is a too clean environment, which may predispose individuals to increased sensitivity to allergic responses. Also the increase in dietary supplements including preservatives and colorants may contribute to this. In vitro, we and others have shown in freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells that antioxidant compounds like vitamins C and E as well as food preservatives and colorants exert significant suppressive effects on the Th1 immune activation cascade. The effects observed may be based on the interaction of antioxidant compounds with proinflammatory cascades involving important signal transduction elements such as nuclear factor-κB. Although only obtained in vitro, these results show an anti-inflammatory property of compounds which could shift the Th1-Th2-type immune balance towards Th2-type immunity. This review article discusses the potential role of increased use of antioxidant food supplements as well as preservatives and colorants in the increase in allergy and asthma in the Western world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zaknun
- Division of Nutrition and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Kim BJ, Jones HP. Epinephrine-primed murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells facilitate production of IL-17A and IL-4 but not IFN-γ by CD4+ T cells. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:1126-36. [PMID: 20621581 PMCID: PMC2939238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sympathetic activation leading to the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, is known as an important regulatory circuit related to immune-mediated diseases. However, questions still remain on the behavior of antigen presenting cells (APC) dictated by stress-induced sympathetic neurotransmitters. The purpose of this study was to examine the fate of bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (BMDC)-associated influences on resting CD4(+) T cell activation. We hypothesize that pre-exposure of dendritic cells (DCs) can modify the intensity of cytokine production, leading to preference in resting CD4(+) T cell activation. BMDCs were pre-treated with epinephrine for 2h followed by subsequent treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Subsequently, BMDCs were cocultured with purified CD4(+) T cells from mouse spleen in the absence or presence of anti-CD3 stimulation in epinephrine-free media. Epinephrine pre-treatment enhanced surface expression of MHCII, CD80 and CD86. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that epinephrine pre-treatment induced a significant transcriptional decrease of IL-12p40 and a significant increase of IL-12p35 and IL-23p19. In addition, β2-adrenergic-blockade was shown to reverse these effects. Epinephrine pre-treatment also induced a significant decrease of IL-12p70 and a significant increase of IL-23 and IL-10 cytokine production. Importantly, these changes corresponded with increased IL-4 and IL-17A, but not IFN-g cytokine production by CD4(+) T cells in a b2-adrenergic receptor-dependent manner. These results suggest that exposure to stress-derived epinephrine dictates dendritic cells to generate a dominant Th2/Th17 phenotype in the context of subsequent exposure to a pathogenic stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harlan P. Jones
- Correspondence; Harlan P. Jones, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA, , Telephone: (817) 735-2448, Fax: (817) 735-2133
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Ashino S, Wakita D, Shiohama Y, Iwakura Y, Chamoto K, Ohkuri T, Kitamura H, Nishimura T. A Th17-polarized cell population that has infiltrated the lung requires cells that convert to IFN-γ production in order to induce airway hyperresponsiveness. Int Immunol 2010; 22:503-13. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxq034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Haczku A, Panettieri RA. Social stress and asthma: the role of corticosteroid insensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:550-8. [PMID: 20153032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Psychosocial stress alters susceptibility to infectious and systemic illnesses and may enhance airway inflammation in asthma by modulating immune cell function through neural and hormonal pathways. Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Release of endogenous glucocorticoids, as a consequence, may play a prominent role in altering the airway immune homeostasis. Despite substantial corticosteroid and catecholamine plasma levels, chronic psychosocial stress evokes asthma exacerbations. Animal studies suggest that social stress induces corticosteroid insensitivity that in part may be a result of impaired glucocorticoid receptor expression and/or function. Such mechanisms likely promote and amplify airway inflammation in response to infections, allergen, or irritant exposure. This review discusses evidence of an altered corticosteroid responsive state as a consequence of chronic psychosocial stress. Elucidation of the mechanisms of stress-induced impairment of glucocorticoid responsiveness and immune homeostasis may identify novel therapeutic targets that could improve asthma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Haczku
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa 19104-3403, USA.
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Hutchison S, Choo-Kang BSW, Gibson VB, Bundick RV, Leishman AJ, Brewer JM, McInnes IB, Garside P. An investigation of the impact of the location and timing of antigen-specific T cell division on airways inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 155:107-16. [PMID: 19076834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that allergic asthma is orchestrated by T helper type 2 lymphocytes specific for inhaled allergen. However, it remains unclear where and when T cell activation and division occurs after allergen challenge, and whether these factors have a significant impact on airways inflammation. We therefore employed a CD4-T cell receptor transgenic adoptive transfer model in conjunction with laser scanning cytometry to characterize the location and timing of T cell division in asthma in vivo. Thus, for the first time we have directly assessed the division of antigen-specific T cells in situ. We found that accumulation of divided antigen-specific T cells in the lungs appeared to occur in two waves. The first very early wave was apparent before dividing T cells could be detected in the lymph node (LN) and coincided with neutrophil influx. The second wave of divided T cells accumulating in lung followed the appearance of these cells in LN and coincided with peak eosinophilia. Furthermore, accumulation of antigen-specific T cells in the draining LN and lung tissue, together with accompanying pathology, was reduced by intervention with the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonist FTY720 2 days after challenge. These findings provide greater insight into the timing and location of antigen-specific T cell division in airways inflammation, indicate that distinct phases and locations of antigen presentation may be associated with different aspects of pathology and that therapeutics targeted against leukocyte migration may be useful in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hutchison
- Centre for Biophotonics, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
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14
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Laforest L, Van Ganse E, Devouassoux G, Osman LM, Pison C, El Hasnaoui A, Bauguil G, Chamba G. Factors influencing dispensing of psychotropic medications to patients with asthma: a community pharmacy-based survey. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 100:230-6. [PMID: 18426142 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To our knowledge, the use of psychotropic medications (antidepressant, anxiolytic, and hypnotic agents) in patients with asthma has not been extensively explored. OBJECTIVE To identify factors associated with the use of these medications in patients with asthma. METHODS Regular customers (aged 18-50 years) of 348 pharmacies in 9 French regions were consecutively recruited from November 2003 to June 2004. Patients with a prescription for an asthma medication were included. Patients completed a questionnaire, complemented by the computerized records of their therapy dispensed in the past 12 months. Asthma control was measured with the Asthma Control Test. RESULTS Among 886 patients (mean age, 37.4 years; 55.0% female), during the 12 months before the survey, the proportions who received at least 1 U of anxiolytic, antidepressant, and hypnotic agents were 25.6%, 13.7%, and 13.0%, respectively. Higher dispensing levels of antidepressant, anxiolytic, and hypnotic agents were observed with decreasing asthma control (P < .001 for each drug class). Other correlates of receiving any of these classes included older age, female sex, smoking status, and dispensing of antireflux treatment (P < .001 for all). These results were confirmed in multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS Psychotropic drugs were commonly dispensed to patients with asthma, and correlates of receiving these drugs were identified in this population. The high use of psychotropic medication, particularly in patients with poorly controlled asthma, is of concern.
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Ashino S, Wakita D, Zhang Y, Chamoto K, Kitamura H, Nishimura T. CpG-ODN inhibits airway inflammation at effector phase through down-regulation of antigen-specific Th2-cell migration into lung. Int Immunol 2007; 20:259-66. [PMID: 18156622 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic airway inflammation is one of the most typical characteristic features of bronchial asthma. T(h)2 cells, which produce IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, are well known as major effector lymphocytes of the inflammation. In the present work, we found that subcutaneous injection of Toll-like receptor-9-ligand, CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN), remarkably suppressed eosinophilia and mucus hyper-production in T(h)2 cell-dependent airway inflammation model at the effector phase. The injection of CpG-ODN significantly blocked T(h)2 cell migration into lung. The inhibitory effects of CpG-ODN were observed even when IFN-gamma-deficient T(h)2 cells were transferred into IFN-gamma(-/-) mice. In contrast, the administration of neutralizing mAbs against type I cytokines such as IFN-alpha, IFN-beta and IL-12 significantly suppressed the inhibitory effect of CpG-ODN on airway inflammation and T(h)2 cell migration into the lung. We further demonstrated that the production of T(h)2 chemokines, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), was significantly reduced by the CpG-ODN. The reduction of both TARC and MDC was also inhibited by the blockade of IFN-alpha, IFN-beta and IL-12 with mAbs. Thus, we revealed here that IFN-alpha, IFN-beta and IL-12, but not IFN-gamma, were required for the inhibitory effect of CpG-ODN in T(h)2 cell-mediated allergic airway inflammation. The present evidence strongly suggest that induction of type I cytokines would be promising therapeutic targets in T(h)2-dependent allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Ashino
- Division of Immunoregulation, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
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Dales R, Chen Y, Lin M, Karsh J. The association between allergy and diabetes in the Canadian population: implications for the Th1-Th2 hypothesis. Eur J Epidemiol 2006; 20:713-7. [PMID: 16151885 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-005-7920-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
T-lymphocytes may preferentially differentiate towards a Th1 subtype, which is thought to be involved in the autoimmune aspects of diabetes, or a Th2 subtype, which is thought to mediate allergic disease. The activation of one subtype is thought to inhibit the other. To determine if diabetes is less common among those with allergic disease, consistent with the postulated TH1/Th2 paradigm, we used data from the 2000-2001 Canadian Community Health Survey of those at least 12 years of age from 125,159 households. Diabetes requiring insulin was reported in 1% whether or not allergies were reported. The crude odds ratio between diabetes and allergies for the entire population was 1.06 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.90, 1.24). Adjusted for household size, number of bedrooms, immigrant status, income adequacy, educational level, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, regular exercise, and age, there was a positive association between allergy and diabetes with an odds ratio of 1.25 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.49). These results do not provide evidence for the existence of the Th1/Th2 paradigm as a determinant of disease patterns in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dales
- Department of Medicine, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Canada.
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18
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Knutsen AP, Noyes B, Warrier MR, Consolino J. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in a patient with cystic fibrosis: diagnostic criteria when the IgE level is less than 500 IU/mL. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005; 95:488-93. [PMID: 16312174 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation developed a consensus report recommending diagnostic criteria for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) in patients with cystic fibrosis that includes a serum IgE level greater than 500 IU/mL as the "minimal diagnostic criterion." OBJECTIVE To describe a 7-year-old girl with ABPA whose serum IgE level increased to only 398 IU/mL. METHODS Total IgE and anti-Aspergillus serologic measurements were performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and standard laboratory techniques; HLA analysis was performed; interleukin 4 receptor alpha single nucleotide polymorphisms were performed using polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing; CD23+ B cells were measured using flow cytometry; and cytokine synthesis to Aspergillus purified antigens was assessed using flow cytometry. RESULTS A 7-year-old girl with cystic fibrosis who had mild pulmonary disease and well-controlled asthma developed pulmonary infiltrates, increased wheezing, and decreased pulmonary function. Additional studies demonstrated peripheral blood eosinophilia (eosinophil count, 1807 cells/mm3 [19%]) and an increase in IgE and IgG anti-Aspergillus serology; bronchoalveolar lavage revealed septate hyphae with 45 degrees branching subsequently identified as A fumigatus and pulmonary eosinophilia. Previous HLA typing revealed that the patient was HLA-DR2+, DRB*1501, HLA-DQ2-, a pattern associated with increased risk of ABPA. In addition, there was increased up-regulation of CD23 molecules by interleukin 4 stimulation on the patient's B cells, as observed in ABPA. The patient was treated with corticosteroids and itraconazole with resolution of symptoms and pulmonary infiltrates. CONCLUSIONS Examination of the pulmonary inflammatory response using bronchoalveolar lavage, genetic risk with HLA-DR2+DQ2- typing, and increased interleukin 4 sensitivity are useful adjunctive studies in the diagnosis of ABPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan P Knutsen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Muratov V, Barck C, Bylin G, Källström E, Halldén G, van Hage M, Elvin K, Lundahl J. Allergen challenge alters intracellular cytokine expression. Scand J Immunol 2005; 62:161-7. [PMID: 16101823 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of asthma is complex and engages cascades of events in the cytokine network. We, therefore, investigated the impact of bronchial allergen challenge in humans on the cytokine profile of circulating lymphocytes. Peripheral blood samples from 10 patients with allergic asthma were collected before and 24 h after allergen provocation. Patients who mounted a late-phase reaction were designated dual responders opposite to single responders. Whole blood cells were stimulated by mitogen and intracellular interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon (IFN)-gamma were detected by flow cytometry. The allergen challenge induced a decrease in IL-4+CD4+ cells in the patients (P = 0.05), and a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in IFN-gamma+CD4+ cells was noted in single, but not dual, responders. In addition, there was a significant difference (P < 0.01) with respect to the changes in the IFN-gamma+CD4+ cells comparing dual and single responders. No corresponding changes were observed in CD8+ cells. The data suggest a possible on-going traffic of IFN-gamma and IL-4+CD4+ lymphocytes into the bronchial mucosa in relation to an allergen challenge and generate the hypothesis that a difference exists between single and dual responders in this respect. Because the CD4+IFN-gamma-producing cells have the capacity to downregulate the T-helper type 2 response, a reduced capacity in this aspect might contribute to the pathophysiology in dual responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Muratov
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Murr C, Schroecksnadel K, Winkler C, Ledochowski M, Fuchs D. Antioxidants may increase the probability of developing allergic diseases and asthma. Med Hypotheses 2005; 64:973-7. [PMID: 15780494 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Accepted: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In addition to genetic predisposition, a lack of triggers for Th1 immune response like exposure to infections, endotoxins and dirt in childhood are supposed to be responsible for the higher incidence of allergic rhinitis and asthma (hygiene hypothesis). In vitro, beverages rich in antioxidants like green tea and wine were found to suppress formation of Th1-type cytokine interferon-gamma. Due to the existing cross-regulatory interplay between Th1- and Th2-type immune response, these beverages may thus slow-down Th1-type immune response and thereby favour an over-production of Th2-type cytokines. Also food rich in antioxidants may increase the risk of atopic disease. Thus, not only a lack of triggers for Th1 type immune response, but also a nutrition rich in antioxidants suppressing interferon-gamma would result in a persistence of Th2-type immune response and increase the susceptibility for allergic reactions and asthma. In addition to improved hygienic standards in the past decades, also social changes including the availability of functional food and food enriched in antioxidants may have increased the prevalence of atopic diseases in Western countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Murr
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz Pregl Strasse 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Dearman RJ, Humphreys N, Skinner RA, Kimber I. Allergen-induced cytokine phenotypes in mice: role of CD4 and CD8 T cell populations. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 35:498-505. [PMID: 15836760 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD4+ T cells expressing type 2 cytokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma to high-molecular-weight allergens. Topical exposure of BALB/c strain mice to low-molecular-weight chemical contact and respiratory allergens stimulates type 1 and type 2 cytokine secretion phenotypes, respectively. OBJECTIVE To examine the relative frequencies of cytokine-positive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and their contributions to these cytokine secretion profiles. Methods Draining auricular lymph nodes were isolated 13 days after initiation of topical exposure of female BALB/c strain mice to chemical allergen, or to vehicle alone. The frequency of intracellular cytokine (IL-4 and IFN-gamma)-positive CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes was enumerated by flow cytometry. The relative contribution of CD4+ and CD8+ cells to cytokine secretion profiles was assessed by negative selection. RESULTS Exposure to allergen resulted in an increased frequency of both IFN-gamma+ CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, although there were no marked differences between trimellitic anhydride (TMA)- and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-activated lymph node cells. Treatment with TMA induced approximately five times as many IL-4+ CD4+ cells as did exposure to DNCB. This pattern of cytokine staining was also observed for a further pair of contact and respiratory allergens; respectively, formalin and fluorescein isothiocyanate. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that the divergent immune responses induced in mice by different classes of chemical allergen are independent of changes in the frequency of IFN-gamma+ cells, but are associated with differential frequencies of IL-4-expressing CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Dearman
- Syngenta Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK.
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Knutsen AP, Bellone C, Kauffman H. Immunopathogenesis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2004; 1:76-89. [PMID: 15463812 DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(02)00033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a hypersensitivity lung disease mediated by an allergic late-phase inflammatory response to Aspergillus fumigatus antigens. ABPA is characterized by markedly elevated Aspergillus-specific and total IgE levels and eosinophilia, and manifested by wheezing, pulmonary infiltrates, and bronchiectasis and fibrosis, which afflict asthmatic and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. We propose that ABPA develops in genetically susceptible CF patients due to HLA-DR2 and DR5 restriction, increased sensitivity to IL-4 stimulation, and increased A. fumigatus allergen-specific Th2 CD4+ T-cell-mediated responses. In addition, A. fumigatus proteases play a role in facilitation of antigen transport across the epithelial cell layer by damaging the epithelial integrity and by a direct interaction with epithelial cell surface receptors, resulting in pro-inflammatory cytokine production and corresponding inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan P Knutsen
- Pediatric Research Institute, St. Louis University Health Sciences Center, 3662 Park Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Wohlfahrt JG, Karagiannidis C, Kunzmann S, Epstein MM, Kempf W, Blaser K, Schmidt-Weber CB. Ephrin-A1 suppresses Th2 cell activation and provides a regulatory link to lung epithelial cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:843-50. [PMID: 14707054 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression screening showed decreased ephrin-A1 expression in CD4+ T cells of asthma patients. Ephrin-A1 is the ligand of the Eph receptor family of tyrosine kinases, forming the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Their immune regulatory properties are largely unknown. This study demonstrates significantly reduced ephrin-A1 expression in T cells of asthma patients using real time-PCR. Immunohistological analyses revealed strong ephrin-A1 expression in lung tissue and low expression in cortical areas of lymph nodes. It is absent in T cell/B cell areas of the spleen. Colocalization of ephrin-A1 and its receptors was found only in the lung, but not in lymphoid tissues. In vitro activation of T cells reduced ephrin-A1 at mRNA and protein levels. T cell proliferation, activation-induced, and IL-2-dependent cell death were inhibited by cross-linking ephrin-A1, and not by engagement of Eph receptors. However, anti-EphA1 receptor slightly enhances Ag-specific and polyclonal proliferation of PBMC cultures. Furthermore, activation-induced CD25 up-regulation was diminished by ephrin-A1 engagement. Ephrin-A1 engagement reduced IL-2 expression by 82% and IL-4 reduced it by 69%; the IFN-gamma expression remained unaffected. These results demonstrate that ephrin-A1 suppresses T cell activation and Th2 cytokine expression, while preventing activation-induced cell death. The reduced ephrin-A1 expression in asthma patients may reflect the increased frequency of activated T cells in peripheral blood. That the natural ligands of ephrin-A1 are most abundantly expressed in the lung may be relevant for Th2 cell regulation in asthma and Th2 cell generation by mucosal allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan G Wohlfahrt
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, Obere Strasse 22, CH-7270 Davos, Switzerland
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Prepageran N, Lingham OR, Krishnan G, Jalaludin MA, Raman R. Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and Nasal Allergy: Any Correlation? EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2003. [DOI: 10.1177/014556130308200613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it has been observed that nasal allergy is rarely seen in patients who have nasopharyngeal carcinoma, to our knowledge, no actual study of such a lack of association has been previously reported. To fill this void, we conducted a pilot study to investigate any such inverse relationship. We conducted skin-prick allergen tests on 22 patients with newly diagnosed but not-yet-treated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Combining these test results with findings on the history and clinical examination, we concluded that only one of the 22 cancer patients (4.5%) had allergic rhinitis. Our study also confirmed the validity of using findings on the history, clinical examination, and skin-prick testing as a reliable means of diagnosing allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanan Prepageran
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Malaya Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Omkara Rubini Lingham
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Malaya Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gopala Krishnan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Malaya Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Rajagopalan Raman
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Malaya Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Tobe M, Isobe Y, Tomizawa H, Nagasaki T, Takahashi H, Fukazawa T, Hayashi H. Discovery of quinazolines as a novel structural class of potent inhibitors of NF-kappa B activation. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:383-91. [PMID: 12517433 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We disclose here a new structural class of low-molecular-weight inhibitors of NF-kappa B activation that were designed and synthesized by starting from quinazoline derivative 6a. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies based on 6a elucidated the structural requirements essential for the inhibitory activity toward NF-kappa B transcriptional activation, and led to the identification of the 6-amino-4-phenethylaminoquinazoline skeleton as the basic framework. In this series of compounds, 11q, containing the 4-phenoxyphenethyl moiety at the C(4)-position, showed strong inhibitory effects on both NF-kappa B transcriptional activation and TNF-alpha production. Furthermore, 11q exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect on carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Tobe
- Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology Laboratory, Japan Energy Corporation, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8502, Japan
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Abstract
Asthma is an inflammatory disorder in which the small airways of the lung play an important role. There is also evidence for the systemic nature of asthma. No current method adequately measures small airways function alone. Therefore, a combination of functional and clinical parameters should be used to ensure that patients with asthma are adequately treated with due consideration of the small airways. Previously therapeutic strategies have focused on bronchodilation and attenuation of airway inflammation. While early oral therapies had the advantage of reaching the small airways and treating the systemic aspect of asthma, they were associated with serious side-effects. Inhaled therapies were therefore developed to limit these effects. However, inhaled therapies have the disadvantage of limited penetration into the peripheral airways and an inability to treat the systemic component of asthma. They are also associated with local and systemic side-effects. The future for asthma treatment is likely to be a systemically administered medication with few side-effects targeting disease-specific mediators. The leukotriene receptor antagonists and anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies are examples of such therapies and the emergence of other new strategies is awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bjermer
- Department of Lung Medicine, University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
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