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Mohtashami M, Razavi A, Abolhassani H, Aghamohammadi A, Yazdani R. Primary Immunodeficiency and Thrombocytopenia. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:135-159. [PMID: 33464134 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1868454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency (PID) or Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by immune system impairment. Although patients with IEI manifest highly variable symptoms, the most common clinical manifestations are recurrent infections, autoimmunity and malignancies. Some patients present hematological abnormality including thrombocytopenia due to different pathogenic mechanisms. This review focuses on primary and secondary thrombocytopenia as a complication, which can occur in IEI. Based on the International Union of Immunological Societies phenotypic classification for IEI, the several innate and adaptive immunodeficiency disorders can lead to thrombocytopenia. This review, for the first time, describes manifestation, mechanism and therapeutic modalities for thrombocytopenia in different classes of IEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mohtashami
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadehsadat Razavi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biology Sciences, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Yazdani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Takezawa Y, Kato K, Oota H, Caulfield T, Fujimoto A, Honda S, Kamatani N, Kawamura S, Kawashima K, Kimura R, Matsumae H, Saito A, Savage PE, Seguchi N, Shimizu K, Terao S, Yamaguchi-Kabata Y, Yasukouchi A, Yoneda M, Tokunaga K. Human genetic research, race, ethnicity and the labeling of populations: recommendations based on an interdisciplinary workshop in Japan. BMC Med Ethics 2014; 15:33. [PMID: 24758583 PMCID: PMC4018961 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6939-15-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A challenge in human genome research is how to describe the populations being studied. The use of improper and/or imprecise terms has the potential to both generate and reinforce prejudices and to diminish the clinical value of the research. The issue of population descriptors has not attracted enough academic attention outside North America and Europe. In January 2012, we held a two-day workshop, the first of its kind in Japan, to engage in interdisciplinary dialogue between scholars in the humanities, social sciences, medical sciences, and genetics to begin an ongoing discussion of the social and ethical issues associated with population descriptors. DISCUSSION Through the interdisciplinary dialogue, we confirmed that the issue of race, ethnicity and genetic research has not been extensively discussed in certain Asian communities and other regions. We have found, for example, the continued use of the problematic term, "Mongoloid" or continental terms such as "European," "African," and "Asian," as population descriptors in genetic studies. We, therefore, introduce guidelines for reporting human genetic studies aimed at scientists and researchers in these regions. CONCLUSION We need to anticipate the various potential social and ethical problems entailed in population descriptors. Scientists have a social responsibility to convey their research findings outside of their communities as accurately as possible, and to consider how the public may perceive and respond to the descriptors that appear in research papers and media articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Takezawa
- Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Kaneko H, Suzuki H, Kondo N. [IgA subclass and IgA deficiency]. NIHON RINSHO MEN'EKI GAKKAI KAISHI = JAPANESE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 32:142-8. [PMID: 19564710 DOI: 10.2177/jsci.32.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There are two subclasses of IgA, IgA1 and IgA2, and its heavy chains are encoded by two different genes, alpha1 and alpha2 genes. These two subclasses play important roles in the first line of defense, and the amount ratio of these molecules in secretions varies. IgA deficiency (IgAD) is the most common immunodeficiency, however the pathogenesis in most cases of IgAD is unknown. The class switch disorder in IgA producing B lymphocytes is one of the important factors in IgAD patients. The decreased expression levels of Ialpha germline transcripts before a class switch may be the cause of selective IgAD. The alpha1 and alpha2 gene expression levels are low in most IgAD patients. Using RT-PCR method in which alpha1 and alpha2 mRNAs can be separately evaluated, we identified the second case of alpha1 gene deletion in Japan. Longitudinal change in the serum IgA of the patient with alpha1 gene deletion showed the pattern of the partial IgAD. Patients with alpha1 gene deletion can be considered as having partial IgAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Kaneko
- Division of Pediatrics, Center for Regional Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Suzuki H, Kaneko H, Fukao T, Jin R, Kawamoto N, Asano T, Matsui E, Kasahara K, Kondo N. Various expression patterns of alpha1 and alpha2 genes in IgA deficiency. Allergol Int 2009; 58:111-7. [PMID: 19153537 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.o-08-549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgA deficiency (IgAD) is the most common immunodeficiency, however the pathogenesis in most cases of IgAD is unknown. There are 2 subclasses of IgA, IgA1 and IgA2, and its heavy chains are encoded by 2 different genes, the alpha1 and alpha2 genes. To investigate the molecular pathogenesis of IgA deficiency, it is important to evaluate each of the expressions of IgA1 and IgA2 separately. METHODS In this study, we report on the reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR method in which alpha1 and alpha2 mRNAs can be separately evaluated. This method is based on electrophoretic separation using the difference of 39 bases between alpha1 and alpha2 mRNAs. Three selective, 5 partial and 2 secondary IgAD patients were examined. RESULTS In the 3 selective IgAD patients, no alpha1 or alpha2 mRNA expression was detected. In the 5 partial IgAD patients, various alpha1 and alpha2 mRNA expression patterns were found. One of the partial IgAD patients showed only alpha2 gene expression, but not alpha1 gene expression, and was found to show an alpha1 gene deletion together with gamma 2 and epsilon gene deletions. His plasma IgA2 level was within the normal range. CONCLUSIONS Patients with an alpha1 gene deletion can be considered as having partial IgAD. Using this method, we identified the second case of alpha1 gene deletion in Japan, and classified IgAD patients on the basis of alpha1 and alpha2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
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Porcine IgG: structure, genetics, and evolution. Immunogenetics 2008; 61:209-30. [PMID: 19048248 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-008-0336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Eleven genomic porcine Cgamma gene sequences are described that represent six putative subclasses that appear to have originated by gene duplication and exon shuffle. The genes previously described as encoding porcine IgG1 and IgG3 were shown to be the IgG1(a) and IgG1(b) allelic variants of the IGHG1 gene, IgG2a and IgG2b are allelic variants of the IGHG2 gene, while "new" IgG3 is monomorphic, has an extended hinge, is structurally unique, and appears to encode the most evolutionarily conserved porcine IgG. IgG5(b) differs most from its putative allele, and its C(H)1 domain shares sequence homology with the C(H)1 of IgG3. Four animals were identified that lacked either IgG4 or IgG6. Alternative splice variants were also recovered, some lacking the C(H)1 domain and potentially encoding heavy chain only antibodies. Potentially, swine can transcribe >20 different Cgamma chains. A comparison of mammalian Cgamma gene sequences revealed that IgG diversified into subclasses after speciation. Thus, the effector functions for the IgG subclasses of each species should not be extrapolated from "same name subclasses" in other species. Sequence analysis identified motifs likely to interact with Fcgamma receptors, FcRn, protein A, protein G, and C1q. These revealed IgG3 to be most likely to activate complement and bind FcgammaRs. All except IgG5(a) and IgG6(a) should bind to FcgammaRs, while all except IgG6(a) and the putative IgG5 subclass proteins should bind well to porcine FcRn, protein A, and protein G.
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van Zelm MC, Geertsema C, Nieuwenhuis N, de Ridder D, Conley ME, Schiff C, Tezcan I, Bernatowska E, Hartwig NG, Sanders EA, Litzman J, Kondratenko I, van Dongen JJ, van der Burg M. Gross deletions involving IGHM, BTK, or Artemis: a model for genomic lesions mediated by transposable elements. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82:320-32. [PMID: 18252213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Most genetic disruptions underlying human disease are microlesions, whereas gross lesions are rare with gross deletions being most frequently found (6%). Similar observations have been made in primary immunodeficiency genes, such as BTK, but for unknown reasons the IGHM and DCLRE1C (Artemis) gene defects frequently represent gross deletions ( approximately 60%). We characterized the gross deletion breakpoints in IGHM-, BTK-, and Artemis-deficient patients. The IGHM deletion breakpoints did not show involvement of recombination signal sequences or immunoglobulin switch regions. Instead, five IGHM, eight BTK, and five unique Artemis breakpoints were located in or near sequences derived from transposable elements (TE). The breakpoints of four out of five disrupted Artemis alleles were located in highly homologous regions, similar to Ig subclass deficiencies and Vh deletion polymorphisms. Nevertheless, these observations suggest a role for TEs in mediating gross deletions. The identified gross deletion breakpoints were mostly located in TE subclasses that were specifically overrepresented in the involved gene as compared to the average in the human genome. This concerned both long (LINE1) and short (Alu, MIR) interspersed elements, as well as LTR retrotransposons (ERV). Furthermore, a high total TE content (>40%) was associated with an increased frequency of gross deletions. Both findings were further investigated and confirmed in a total set of 20 genes disrupted in human disease. Thus, to our knowledge for the first time, we provide evidence that a high TE content, irrespective of the type of element, results in the increased incidence of gross deletions as gene disruption underlying human disease.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Because a hallmark of congenital immunodeficiency disorders is susceptibility to recurrent, unusual and/or severe infections, an effort was undertaken to identify a subset of these patients with an increased risk for sepsis. DESIGN Literature review. RESULTS Twenty congenital immunodeficiency disorders were identified with increased sepsis susceptibility. CONCLUSION Distinguishing patients with congenital immunodeficiencies from others with sepsis has important implications for the future well-being of the immunodeficient patient because many of the diseases are modified favorably by appropriate treatment. In addition, better understanding of sepsis in the setting of congenital immunodeficiency has numerous implications for both immunodeficiency and sepsis research. As a group, these disorders define components of the human immune system that are essential for defense against severe infection and demonstrate immunologic themes underlying sepsis susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Division of Allergic and Immunologic diseases, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Asano T, Kaneko H, Terada T, Kasahara Y, Fukao T, Kasahara K, Kondo N. Molecular analysis of B-cell differentiation in selective or partial IgA deficiency. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 136:284-90. [PMID: 15086392 PMCID: PMC1809032 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective IgA deficiency is the most common form of primary immunodeficiency, the molecular basis of which is unknown. To investigate the cause of selective IgA deficiency, we examined what stage of B-cell differentiation was blocked. DNA and RNA were extracted from three Japanese patients with selective IgA deficiency and three with a partial IgA deficiency. In selective IgA deficiency patients, Ialpha germline transcript expression levels decreased and alpha circle transcripts were not detected. Stimulation with PMA and TGF-beta1 up-regulated Ialpha germline and alpha circle transcripts. In some patients, IgA secretion was induced by stimulation with anti-CD40, IL-4 and IL-10. In partial IgA deficiency patients, Ialpha germline, alpha circle transcripts and Calpha mature transcripts were detected in the absence of stimulation. Our findings suggest that the decreased expression level of Ialpha germline transcripts before a class switch might be critical for the pathogenesis of some patients with selective IgA deficiency. However, in patients with a partial IgA deficiency, B-cell differentiation might be disturbed after a class switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Asano
- Department of Paediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, 40 Tsukasa-machi, Gifu 500-8705, Japan.
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Kato Z, Watanabe M, Kondo N. IgG2, IgG4 and IgA deficiency possibly associated with carbamazepine treatment. Eur J Pediatr 2003; 162:209-211. [PMID: 12655433 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-002-1146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2002] [Accepted: 11/20/2002] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zenichiro Kato
- Department of Paediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Tsukasa 40, 500-8705, Gifu , Japan.
| | - Mizuho Watanabe
- Department of Paediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Tsukasa 40, 500-8705, Gifu , Japan
| | - Naomi Kondo
- Department of Paediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Tsukasa 40, 500-8705, Gifu , Japan
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