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Itoi T. Pancreatobiliary endoscopy: Diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Dig Endosc 2022; 34 Suppl 2:99-101. [PMID: 34611940 DOI: 10.1111/den.14130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takao Itoi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Kinugasa H, Nouso K, Ako S, Dohi C, Matsushita H, Matsumoto K, Kato H, Okada H. Liquid biopsy of bile for the molecular diagnosis of gallbladder cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 19:934-938. [PMID: 29580156 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1456604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tissue sampling of gallbladder cancer (GBCa) is challenging because of the anatomy of the gallbladder. The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of diagnosing GBCa patients by performing a liquid biopsy of bile in addition to current diagnostic methods. METHODS Thirty patients with GBCa were enrolled in this study. Cytological examination was performed in all patients. Using next generation sequencing (NGS), DNA isolated from the bile and tumor tissue was analyzed for mutations in 49 oncogenes. We also compared these mutations with cytology results. RESULTS 57.1% of DNA samples from tumor tissue were positive for a mutation. In these patients, 87.5% of the bile circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) samples had the same mutation. The concordance rate between bile ctDNA and tissue DNA samples was 85.7%, and the mutation frequencies detected in ctDNA were approximately half of what was detected in tumor tissue DNA. On the other hand, the sensitivity of the cytological and bile ctDNA analyses was 45.8% and 58.3%, respectively. The concordance rate between cytology and bile ctDNA analyses was 87.5%. CONCLUSIONS Mutated tumor DNA could be detected in bile by NGS. Liquid biopsy of bile might help us to diagnose GBCa because of higher sensitivity and positive predict value compared to cytology with ERCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kinugasa
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.,b Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital , Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nouso
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.,c Department of Gastroenterology , Okayama City Hospital , 3-20-1 Kitanagase-omotemachi, Kita-ku, Okayama , Japan
| | - Soichiro Ako
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Chihiro Dohi
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsushita
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Matsumoto
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Hironari Kato
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okada
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
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Serum p53 Antibody Is Not Associated with p53 Immunoreactivity in Patients with Pancreatobiliary Cancers. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2013; 2013:170625. [PMID: 24454372 PMCID: PMC3880693 DOI: 10.1155/2013/170625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background. Recent diagnostic imaging tests contribute to improving the diagnosis of pancreatobiliary cancers. However, it is not practical to perform these tests for all patients as screening. Thus, less-invasive and simple screening tests are still required. A method to detect the IgG antibody induced in serum against the p53 protein accumulating due to p53 gene mutation, as a biomarker, was developed around 1990. Method. 35 patients with pancreatic cancer, 12 patients with biliary tract cancer, and 31 patients with benign pancreatobiliary diseases were entered into this study. Measurement of serum anti-p53 antibody was conducted in all patients. In addition, the rate of p53 protein overexpression was examined in those cases that could be examined pathologically. Result. Among all patients in the pancreatic cancer and biliary tract cancer groups, there was no patient with serum anti-p53 antibody positive value that exceeded the standard value. The rate of p53 protein overexpression was 48.0% in the patients with pancreatobiliary cancers and 0% in the benign pancreatobiliary diseases group. Conclusion. Serum anti-p53 antibody measurement does not contribute to the diagnosis of pancreatobiliary cancers. Instead, traditional p53 immunostaining still appears to be valuable in combination with standard procedures.
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Nischalke HD, Schmitz V, Luda C, Aldenhoff K, Berger C, Feldmann G, Sauerbruch T, Spengler U, Nattermann J. Detection of IGF2BP3, HOXB7, and NEK2 mRNA expression in brush cytology specimens as a new diagnostic tool in patients with biliary strictures. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42141. [PMID: 22879911 PMCID: PMC3413695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction It is a challenging task to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions in patients with biliary strictures. Here we analyze whether determination of target gene mRNA levels in intraductal brush cytology specimens may be used to improve the diagnosis of bile duct carcinoma. Materials and Methods Brush cytology specimens from 119 patients with biliary strictures (malignant: n = 72; benign: n = 47) were analyzed in a retrospective cohort study. mRNA of IGF-II mRNA-binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3), homeobox B7 (HOXB7), Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1), kinesin family member 2C (KIF2C) and serine/threonine kinase NEK2 was determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR using the ΔCt method. Results IGF2BP3 (p<0.0001), HOXB7 (p<0.0001), and NEK2 (p<0.0001) mRNA expression levels were significantly increased in patients with cholangiocarcinoma or pancreatic cancer. Median ΔCt values differed by 3.5 cycles (IGF2BP3), 2.8 cycles (HOXB7) and 1.3 cycles (NEK2) corresponding to 11-fold, 7-fold and 2.5-fold increased mRNA levels in malignant versus benign samples. Sensitivity to detect biliary cancer was 76.4% for IGF2BP3 (80.9% specificity); 72.2% for HOXB7 (78.7% specificity) and 65.3% for NEK2 (72.3% specificity), whereas routine cytology reached only 43.1% sensitivity (85.4% specificity). Diagnostic precision was further improved, when all three molecular markers were assessed in combination (77.8% sensitivity, 87.2% specificity) and achieved 87.5% sensitivity and 87.2% specificity when molecular markers were combined with routine cytology. Conclusions Our data suggest that measuring IGF2BP3, HOXB7 and NEK2 mRNA levels by RT-PCR in addition to cytology has the potential to improve detection of malignant biliary disorders from brush cytology specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Volker Schmitz
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Carolin Luda
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Cordula Berger
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Feldmann
- Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tilman Sauerbruch
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Spengler
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jacob Nattermann
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Itoi T, Osanai M, Igarashi Y, Tanaka K, Kida M, Maguchi H, Yasuda K, Okano N, Imaizumi H, Yokoyama T, Itokawa F. Diagnostic peroral video cholangioscopy is an accurate diagnostic tool for patients with bile duct lesions. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 8:934-8. [PMID: 20655394 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2010.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We evaluated the diagnostic ability of a newly developed peroral video cholangioscopy (PVCS) in patients with pancreaticobiliary disorders. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated data from 144 patients with pancreaticobiliary disorders, collected from 5 tertiary referral centers. Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) or endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (EPBD) was performed before PVCS. We performed 2 types of PVCS, using a conventional therapeutic duodenoscope. If tissue samples were needed, cholangioscopy-assisted biopsy or fluoroscopy-guided biopsy was performed. RESULTS PVCS was advanced into the bile duct in all cases after patients received EST (n = 134 cases), EPBD (n = 2), a combination of EST and EPBD (n = 1), or without treatment of the major papilla (n = 7). Biopsy samples were collected successfully from 112 of 120 cases in which endoscopists considered tissue sampling necessary. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)/biopsy correctly identified 83 of 96 malignant lesions and 19 of 24 benign lesions (accuracy = 85.0%; sensitivity = 86.5%; specificity = 79.2%; positive predictive value = 94.3%; negative predictive value = 59.4%). Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)/biopsy plus PVCS correctly identified 95 of 96 malignant lesions and 23 of 24 benign lesions (accuracy = 98.3%; sensitivity = 99.0%; specificity = 95.8%; positive predictive value = 99.0%; negative predictive value = 95.8%). Procedure-related complications included pancreatitis (4 cases, 2.8%) and cholangitis (6 cases, 4.3%). CONCLUSIONS PVCS is an accurate diagnostic tool for patients with pancreaticobiliary disorders; resolution was well-defined when combined with biopsy analysis. Prospective multicenter clinical trials should evaluate the clinical utility of PVCS in diagnosis of biliary tract diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Itoi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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Itoi T, Neuhaus H, Chen YK. Diagnostic value of image-enhanced video cholangiopancreatoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2009; 19:557-66. [PMID: 19917461 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We summarized past and present results concerning the observation capability of cholangiopancratoscopy using chromoendoscopy, autofluorescence imaging (AFI), and narrow-band imaging (NBI). New generation peroral and percutaneous transhepatic video cholangiopancreatoscopes provide superior quality images. Pilot studies suggest that chromoendocholangioscopy using methylene blue or cholangioscopy using AFI can distinguish benign from malignant bile duct lesions. On the other hand, the NBI system enhances the imaging of certain features such as mucosal structures and microvessels in pancreatobiliary lesions. In patients with main-duct-type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, peroral pancreatoscopy can be used to determine extent of tumor involvement. Although many technical hurdles still need to be overcome, image-enhanced cholangiopancratoscopy appears to be a promising modality to improve diagnostic accuracy of pancreatobiliary diseases, particularly in distinguishing benign from malignant lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Itoi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Medical University, Nishishinjuku 6-7-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan.
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Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) shows a marked geographical variation in its incidence, with the highest figures being seen in India and Chile and relatively low levels in many Western countries. Risk factors for its development include the presence of gallstones, infection and the presence of an anomalous pancreatobiliary ductal junction. It can arise from either a pathway involving metaplasia or dysplasia or one in which there is a pre-existing adenoma. The former is the more common and, because it is often not associated with a macroscopically recognizable lesion, leads to the recommendation that all gallbladders need to be examined microscopically. Accurate staging of invasive cancers is essential to determine prognosis and treatment, and this requires extensive tumour sampling. A number of genetic alterations have been identified in the preinvasive and invasive stages of GBC and they support the morphological evidence of there being two pathways by which tumours develop. Some of these genetic changes are associated with particular risk factors. For example, cases with anomalous pancreatobiliary ductal junction show a higher frequency of K-ras mutations. Some changes are associated with differences in prognosis. For example, cancers without expression of p21 but with expression for p27 have a better prognosis, whereas those that express c-erb-B2 have a worse one. Work has also been done on identifying clinical, imaging and other factors that indicate that patients have a higher risk of having GBC. This is particularly important in high-incidence areas in which GBC is a significant public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert David Goldin
- Department of Histopathology, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine at St Mary's, London, UK.
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Abstract
The current status of endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of biliary malignancies is discussed. Three ways are now available to approach the bile duct endoscopically. Endoscopic diagnostic modalities are quite useful for the assessment of local changes because of their high spatial resolution and ability in tissue and bile acquisition for histologic, cytologic, and molecular biologic evaluations. Endoscopic biliary drainage is less invasive and beneficial for patients with obstructive jaundice compared with surgical or percutaneous transhepatic drainage. Continuous evolution should expand its indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotaka Fujita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai City Medical Center, 5-22-1 Tsurugaya, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Blechacz
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Abstract
Peroral cholangioscopy (POCS) and percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS) were first developed in the 1970s, and technical developments and clinical applications have taken place gradually ever since. POCS is used to diagnose small mucosal biliary lesions in non-icteric patients and early malignant changes in patients with persistent primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Although PTCS is a more invasive diagnostic procedure than POCS, it has the advantage of precise diagnosis with mapping biopsy in defining the proximal and distal extension of superficially spreading cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) or mucin-producing CCA, which is predominantly found in papillary type CCA. POCS is significantly superior to ERCP in distinguishing between malignant and benign dominant bile duct stenoses in patients with PSC. The positive rate of PTCS biopsy for CCA is 96%, while morbidity and mortality of PTCS are 9% and 0%, respectively. Although magnetic resonance (MR) cholangiography may replace PTCS in determining the longitudinal spread of infiltrating type hilar CCA, the accuracy of MR cholangiography in papillary type hilar CCA is significantly lower than that of PTCS.
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Itoi T, Shinohara Y, Takeda K, Nakamura K, Takei K. IMPROVEMENT OF CHOLEDOCHOSCOPY: CHROMOENDOCHOLEDOCHOSCOPY, AUTOFLUORESCENCE IMAGING, OR NARROW-BAND IMAGING. Dig Endosc 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1443-1661.2007.00713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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Abstract
Malignancies arising from biliary tract epithelia, or cholangiocarcinoma, are rare tumors that have a poor prognosis. The incidence of these tumors is gradually increasing in many countries. Recent advances have been made in identifying some of the risk factors, and the need for appropriate classification is emerging. The diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma is often difficult and requires multiple complementary studies. The use of molecular approaches may improve the diagnostic utility of biliary cytology. Treatment of these tumors is complex, and there are many different treatment options. Although surgical resection can be curative, many patients with cholangiocarcinoma are diagnosed at an advanced stage when only palliative approaches can be used. Photodynamic therapy is emerging as a useful modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh B Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Scott and White Memorial Hospital and Clinic, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 2401 South 31st Street, Temple, TX 76508, USA
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Johnson GK, Saeian K, Geenen JE. Primary sclerosing cholangitis treated by endoscopic biliary dilation: review and long-term follow-up evaluation. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2006; 8:147-55. [PMID: 16533478 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-006-0011-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is an important cause of chronic liver disease. We review the management of PSC and report a 20-year follow-up of our initial 10 patients. This is the longest detailed follow-up of a group of PSC patients to date. We discuss the clinical course and results of endoscopic management in these patients and relate these data to management of PSC in general. We compare the actual survival of these patients to predicted survival scores based on the Mayo multicenter survival model. Although our patients presented with cholangitis, which typically reflects advanced stages of liver disease, their survival compares favorably with expected survival in unselected PSC patients. Endoscopic balloon dilation of PSC patients presenting with biliary strictures and cholangitis may have long-term benefit in addition to short-term symptomatic relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kenneth Johnson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Froedtert Memorial Lutheran Hospital, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Uchida N, Tsutsui K, Kamada H, Ogawa M, Hirabayashi S, Nakatsu T, Kuriyama S. ENDOSCOPIC TRANSPAPILLARY CATHETERIZATION INTO THE GALLBLADDER FOR DIAGNOSIS OF GALLBLADDER CARCINOMA. Dig Endosc 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1443-1661.2006.00589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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Mishra G, Zhao Y, Sweeney J, Pineau BC, Case D, Ho C, Blackstock AW, Geisinger K, Howerton R, Levine E, Shen P, Ibdah J. Determination of qualitative telomerase activity as an adjunct to the diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma by EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration. Gastrointest Endosc 2006; 63:648-54. [PMID: 16564867 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2005.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomerase activity is up-regulated in pancreatic cancer. Hence, measurement of telomerase activity in pancreatic needle-biopsy specimens could assist in establishing a positive diagnosis in specimens that are inadequate for cytology. OBJECTIVE To determine the sensitivity and specificity of telomerase activity for neoplasia in a series of EUS-guided fine-needle aspirate (EUS-FNA) biopsies of pancreatic mass lesions. DESIGN Prospective, consecutive, non-randomized cohort. SETTING Academic hospital, tertiary referral center. PATIENTS Seventy-one patients with a pancreatic mass diagnosed by cross-sectional imaging. INTERVENTIONS EUS-FNA of 52 solid and 18 cystic pancreatic lesions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS (1) Cytologic diagnosis; (2) tissue telomerase activity by semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction; (3) patient demographics; (4) clinical outcomes. RESULTS Cytology results were positive for adenocarcinoma in 40 patients with a solid pancreatic mass; of these, telomerase activity was detected in 31. There were no telomerase false-positive results. Telomerase results were positive in 6 of the 7 patients (86%) who had negative cytology results and who eventually were found to have biopsy-proven adenocarcinoma. The sensitivity and specificity of telomerase activity for detecting pancreatic adenocarcinoma in solid masses was 79% (95% CI, 64%-89%) and 100% (95% CI, 55%-100%). LIMITATIONS Extremely high sensitivity and specificity of EUS-FNA cytology in solid lesions minimized the incremental benefit of telomerase. CONCLUSIONS Telomerase activity can be measured readily in specimens obtained at EUS-FNA and accurately predicts malignancy. Used in combination with cytology, telomerase increased the sensitivity from 85% to 98% while maintaining the specificity at 100%. Lesions with negative cytology result and positive telomerase activity should be evaluated aggressively to exclude malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Mishra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Yamagiwa Y, Meng F, Patel T. Interleukin-6 decreases senescence and increases telomerase activity in malignant human cholangiocytes. Life Sci 2005; 78:2494-502. [PMID: 16336976 PMCID: PMC1524874 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Cellular senescence results in irreversible growth arrest. In malignant cells, senescence is prevented by maintenance of chromosomal length by telomerase activity. Telomerase activity is increased in malignant, but not in normal cholangiocytes. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an autocrine promoter of cholangiocarcinoma growth. Our aims were to assess the relationship between IL-6 activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and senescence in malignant cholangiocytes. METHODS Cell senescence and telomerase activity was assessed in Mz-ChA-1 malignant human cholangiocytes. The effect of inhibitors of p38 MAPK and telomerase activity on cell proliferation was assessed, and the interaction between these inhibitors was quantitated by median effects analysis. RESULTS Mz-ChA-1 cells rapidly underwent senescence during repeated passaging. IL-6 increased telomerase activity and decreased cellular senescence during repeated passaging. However, basal telomerase activity was increased by inhibition of p38 MAPK. Inhibition of telomerase activity decreased IL-6 induced proliferation and had a synergistic effect with p38 MAPK inhibitors. Thus, IL-6 increases telomerase activity independent of p38 MAPK signaling and maintenance of telomerase activity promotes cholangiocarcinoma growth. CONCLUSION Enhanced telomerase activity in response to IL-6 stimulation can prevent cellular senescence and thereby contribute to cholangiocarcinoma growth. Inhibition of telomerase activity may therefore be therapeutically useful in biliary tract malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tushar Patel
- Address for correspondence: Tushar Patel, MD, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White Clinic, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 2401 South 31st Street, Temple, TX 76508, Tel: 254 724 2237 or 254 724 6267, Fax: 254 724 8276 or 254 742 7181, e-mail:
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Luzar B, Poljak M, Cör A, Klopcic U, Ferlan-Marolt V. Expression of human telomerase catalytic protein in gallbladder carcinogenesis. J Clin Pathol 2005; 58:820-5. [PMID: 16049283 PMCID: PMC1770891 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2004.023143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT) gene re-expression is a rate limiting step for the activity of telomerase, a key enzyme implicated in cellular immortalisation and transformation. AIMS To determine the potential role of hTERT protein in gallbladder carcinogenesis. MATERIAL/METHODS hTERT protein was analysed by means of immunohistochemistry in 89 gallbladder tissue samples: 16 normal epithelia, 14 reactive hyperplasias, 15 low grade dysplasias, 16 high grade dysplasias, and 28 adenocarcinomas. At least 200 nuclei were assessed for each slide and the mean number of positive signals for each nucleus was expressed as the hTERT index. RESULTS The mean hTERT index increased progressively with the degree of gallbladder epithelial abnormalities: from 0.03 in normal epithelia, 0.04 in hyperplastic epithelia, 0.25 in low grade dysplasia, 0.82 in high grade dysplasia, to 0.93 in adenocarcinoma. Statistical analysis revealed that three different groups of gallbladder epithelial changes can be distinguished according to the number of hTERT signals for each nucleus: (1) normal and regenerative gallbladder epithelium, (2) low grade dysplasia, and (3) high grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The occasional presence of hTERT protein in normal and regenerative gallbladder mucosa reflects their regenerative capacity. Nevertheless, significantly higher hTERT indices in low and high grade dysplastic epithelia and in gallbladder adenocarcinomas are probably a consequence of hTERT re-expression--an early event in the multistep process of gallbladder carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Luzar
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos N Lazaridis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for the Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Abstract
Telomeres, located at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, are synthesized by the enzyme telomerase and are responsible for maintaining chromosome length. The absence of telomerase in most somatic cells has been associated with telomere shortening and aging of these cells. In contrast, high levels of telomerase activity are observed in over 90% of human cancer cells. The absence of telomerase in normal and aging cells is considered a natural defense against development of cancer. However, we do not know what triggers the reappearance of telomerase in cancer cells. Telomerase activity is directly correlated with the expression of its active catalytic component, the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), which is believed to be controlled primarily at the level of transcription. Elucidation of the control of telomerase in aging and in cancer as an age-related disease has considerable potential in leading to novel approaches in anti-aging medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ahmed
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.
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Uchida N, Tsutsui K, Ezaki T, Fukuma H, Kobara H, Kamata H, Aritomo Y, Masaki T, Watanabe S, Kobayashi S, Nakatsu T, Nakano H, Kuriyama S. Combination of assay of human telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA and cytology using bile obtained by endoscopic transpapillary catheterization into the gallbladder for diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98:2415-9. [PMID: 14638342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is difficult to make accurate diagnoses of polypoid lesions in the gallbladder. To increase the diagnostic accuracy, we have developed an endoscopic technique to obtain gallbladder bile, termed endoscopic transpapillary catheterization into the gallbladder (ETCG). We evaluated the usefulness of a molecular biological approach to the diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma, in which gallbladder bile obtained by the ETCG technique is used. METHODS Twenty patients undergoing an operation because of suspicion of gallbladder carcinoma were enrolled. Twelve patients were confirmed to have gallbladder carcinoma, and four were found to have chronic cholecystitis. Two patients with polypoid lesion were diagnosed as having an inflammatory polyp and a hyperplastic polyp, respectively. The remaining two patients with polypoid lesions were diagnosed as having a cholesterol polyp. Gallbladder bile collected by the ETCG technique was evaluated cytologically and also analyzed for telomerase activity and mRNA for human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the catalytic subunit of telomerase. In 14 patients, hTERT mRNA in resected specimens (fixed in 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin) was also examined. RESULTS Cytology of gallbladder bile was positive in eight of 11 examined patients (72.7%) with gallbladder carcinoma. hTERT mRNA was detectable in gallbladder bile as well as in resected neoplastic tissues in four of 12 patients (33.3%) with carcinoma. Conversely, telomerase activity was negative in all eight examined patients with carcinoma. Overall, either cytology or hTERT mRNA of gallbladder bile was positive in 10 of 12 patients (83.3%) with gallbladder carcinoma. Cytology, hTERT mRNA, and telomerase activity were negative in eight patients with benign disease. CONCLUSIONS The combination of cytology and hTERT mRNA analysis of gallbladder bile might be helpful for the preoperative diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohito Uchida
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kagawa Medical University, Kagawa, Japan
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Medical School, Clinic, and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- John Baillie
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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23
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Ahmed A, Tollefsbol T. Telomeres, telomerase, and telomerase inhibition: clinical implications for cancer. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51:116-22. [PMID: 12534855 DOI: 10.1034/j.1601-5215.2002.51019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres are located at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. The enzyme telomerase synthesized them, and they are responsible for maintaining the lengths of chromosomes. Absence of telomerase is associated with telomere shortening and aging of somatic cells, but high telomerase activity is observed in over 90% of human cancer cells. Although the disappearance of telomerase with aging is considered a natural defense against development of cancer, it is not known what triggers the reappearance of telomerase in cancer cells. Telomerase activity is directly correlated with the expression of its active catalytic component, the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), which is controlled primarily at the level of transcription. An earlier paper discussed the relationship of telomerase with aging. In this article, the contemporary literature is reviewed to explore the associations between telomerase, telomerase inhibition, and cancer. Because most cancers occur in old age, with the aging of the population, the number of people suffering from cancer is expected to increase in the coming decades. It is not known what roles telomerase and hTERT play in the complex relationship between aging and cancer. Data from experimental studies suggest that telomerase assay could potentially play a role in the diagnosis and prognosis of cancers. There is also evidence that telomerase inhibitors might be used as anticancer agents. As the knowledge of the relationships between telomerase and cancer and between telomerase and aging advances, it is hoped that more about the interacting relationships between telomerase, aging, and cancer will be learned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ahmed
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Heart Failure Clinic and Section of Gerontology, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-2041, USA.
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24
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Bulajic M, Maisonneuve P, Schneider-Brachert W, Müller P, Reischl U, Stimec B, Lehn N, Lowenfels AB, Löhr M. Helicobacter pylori and the risk of benign and malignant biliary tract disease. Cancer 2002; 95:1946-53. [PMID: 12404289 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.10893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of tumors arising in the biliary tract remains unclear. Several previous studies have detected Helicobacter pylori organisms in bile from patients with gallstones or cholecystitis. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is an association between H. pylori in bile and biliary tract carcinoma. METHODS The authors used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to detect the presence of H. pylori in the stomach and bile from 89 patients: Sixty-three disease free patients had biliary calculi, 15 patients had carcinoma of the biliary tract, and 11 patients had neither gallstones nor carcinoma. Bile was considered to contain H. pylori only if the results of PCR determinations were positive in two or more samples assayed independently in two separate laboratories. RESULTS There was a strong association between the presence of H. pylori in the stomach and in the bile (P < or = 0.01). Biliary H. pylori was associated with age but not with gender, and it was associated strongly with the clinical diagnosis. Patients with gallstones were 3.5 times as likely to have H. pylori in the bile compared with patients in a control group (95% confidence interval [95%CI], 0.8-15.8; P = 0.100), and H. pylori was 9.9 times more frequent in patients with biliary tract carcinoma compared with patients in the control group (95%CI, 1.4-70.5; P = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS There is a strong association between biliary tract carcinoma and H. pylori in bile. If these results are confirmed by prospective studies, H. pylori may be responsible for a significant proportion of malignant biliary tract disease.
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25
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Liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis: screening for biliary malignancy and the role of preemptive transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2002. [DOI: 10.1097/00075200-200206000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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26
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Keith WN, Jeffry Evans TR, Glasspool RM. Telomerase and cancer: time to move from a promising target to a clinical reality. J Pathol 2001; 195:404-14. [PMID: 11745671 DOI: 10.1002/path.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The past 25 years have seen unparalleled advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of cancer. As a result, novel molecular targets have been identified that provide great potential for the development of new cancer diagnostics and therapies. Four key features of cancer cells distinguish them from their normal counterparts: loss of cell-cycle regulation, loss of control over invasion and metastasis, failure of apoptotic mechanisms, and bypass of senescence. This review examines our understanding of the bypass of senescence and the process of immortalization during carcinogenesis. In addition, the realistic opportunities for telomerase in cancer diagnostics and the challenges faced in clinical trial design for telomerase therapeutics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W N Keith
- CRC Department of Medical Oncology, University of Glasgow, CRC Beatson Laboratories, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
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27
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Abstract
Advances in cellular and molecular biology of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder adenocarcinoma are providing innovative means for the diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract cancer. Similarly, refinements in noninvasive studies--including helical computed tomography, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, and endoscopic ultrasonography--are enabling more accurate diagnosis, staging, and treatment planning for these tumors. Complete resection remains the only means for cure, and recent reports from major hepatobiliary centers support aggressive wide resection for bile duct and gallbladder cancer. Palliation of malignant strictures has improved with advanced endoscopic techniques, newer polyurethane-covered stents, endoscopic microwave coagulation therapy, and radiofrequency intraluminal endohyperthermia. The preliminary data on such minimally invasive techniques suggest an improvement in quality of life and survival for selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Abdalla
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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28
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Balcom JH, Keck T, Warshaw AL, Antoniu B, Graeme-Cook F, Fernández-del Castillo C. Telomerase activity in periampullary tumors correlates with aggressive malignancy. Ann Surg 2001; 234:344-50; discussion 350-1. [PMID: 11524587 PMCID: PMC1422025 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-200109000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the presence of telomerase activity in a variety of periampullary malignancies and pancreatic diseases and quantify its activity to establish any association with the stage or aggressiveness of malignancy. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Progressive shortening of telomeres, repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes, plays a role in cell senescence. Telomerase catalyzes conservation of telomeric repeats and may promote cell immortality and hence malignancy. It is absent in normal tissues but upregulated in more than 80% of cancers. METHODS Fresh specimens of 62 periampullary tumors were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and adjacent tissue was formalin-fixed for histopathology. The telomerase repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) was used to obtain telomerase DNA products. These were separated with gel electrophoresis, stained with SYBR green, and quantified by densitometry. Findings were confirmed with a fluorometric TRAP assay in which fluorescent primers specific for telomerase were selectively amplified in its presence. RESULTS Telomerase activity was upregulated in 26 of 33 periampullary malignancies (79%): 17 of 21 pancreatic adenocarcinomas (81%), 2 of 2 cholangiocarcinomas, 2 of 2 duodenal carcinomas, and 5 of 8 ampullary carcinomas (63%). Poorly differentiated periampullary tumors had significantly higher telomerase activity than well-differentiated tumors, and tumors larger than 2 cm had significantly higher telomerase activity than those 2 cm or smaller. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas with lymph node metastases had significantly greater activity than node-negative cancers. Two of 11 intraductal papillary mucinous tumors were positive for telomerase activity, but only in foci of invasive carcinoma. Chronic pancreatitis (n = 7), serous cystadenomas (n = 5), benign mucinous cystic neoplasms (n = 4), neuroendocrine cancer (n = 1), and acinar cell carcinoma (n = 1) had no detectable telomerase activity. CONCLUSION Telomerase activity is common in periampullary carcinomas. The magnitude of activity correlates with aggressiveness in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and may prove useful as a molecular index for biologic staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Balcom
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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