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Gomez K, Schiavoni G, Nam Y, Reynier JB, Khamnei C, Aitken M, Palmieri G, Cossu A, Levine A, van Noesel C, Falini B, Pasqualucci L, Tiacci E, Rabadan R. Genomic landscape of virus-associated cancers. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.02.14.23285775. [PMID: 36824731 PMCID: PMC9949223 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.14.23285775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
It has been estimated that 15%-20% of human cancers are attributable to infections, mostly by carcinogenic viruses. The incidence varies worldwide, with a majority affecting developing countries. Here, we present a comparative analysis of virus-positive and virus-negative tumors in nine cancers linked to five viruses. We find that virus-positive tumors occur more frequently in males and show geographical disparities in incidence. Genomic analysis of 1,658 tumors reveals virus-positive tumors exhibit distinct mutation signatures and driver gene mutations and possess a lower somatic mutation burden compared to virus-negative tumors of the same cancer type. For example, compared to the respective virus-negative counterparts, virus-positive cases across different cancer histologies had less often mutations of TP53 and deletions of 9p21.3/ CDKN2 A- CDKN1A ; Epstein-Barr virus-positive (EBV+) gastric cancer had more frequent mutations of EIF4A1 and ARID1A and less marked mismatch repair deficiency signatures; and EBV-positive cHL had fewer somatic genetic lesions of JAK-STAT, NF-κB, PI3K-AKT and HLA-I genes and a less pronounced activity of the aberrant somatic hypermutation signature. In cHL, we also identify germline homozygosity in HLA class I as a potential risk factor for the development of EBV-positive Hodgkin lymphoma. Finally, an analysis of clinical trials of PD-(L)1 inhibitors in four virus-associated cancers suggested an association of viral infection with higher response rate in patients receiving such treatments, which was particularly evident in gastric cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. These results illustrate the epidemiological, genetic, prognostic, and therapeutic trends across virus-associated malignancies.
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Olivos-Gonzales JF, Apumayta-Requena E, Guevara-Jabiles A, Bravo-Taxa M. Intestinal obstruction due to small intestinal metastasis from primary Merkel cell carcinoma of the gluteal region. Ecancermedicalscience 2022; 16:1493. [PMID: 36819794 PMCID: PMC9935056 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2022.1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare neoplasm of unknown multifactorial origin first described in 1972. It occurs most often in older Caucasian males and is typically associated with sun-exposed areas of skin. However, cases have also been reported in other areas, such as the trunk and the gluteal region. Metastatic disease will occur in up to one-third of cases at onset or during the course of the disease, including metastases to the abdominal organs. We present the case of a 53-year-old male with a history of primary MCC of the right buttock and local resection surgery. Eighteen months later, he presented with a small bowel obstruction and had an emergency segmental bowel resection. Pathology examination with immunohistochemistry concluded that findings were consistent with metastatic MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Francisco Olivos-Gonzales
- Fellow in Abdominal Surgical Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima 15038, Peru,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0559-0295
| | - Elily Apumayta-Requena
- Surgical Oncology Resident, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima 15038, Peru,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1828-7009
| | - Andrés Guevara-Jabiles
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima 15038, Peru,https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9427-0068
| | - Mercedes Bravo-Taxa
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima 15038, Peru,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6965-4841
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3
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Pennisi G, Talacchi A, Tirendi MN, Giordano M, Olivi A. Intradural extramedullary cervical metastasis from Merkel cell carcinoma: a case report and literature review. Chin Neurosurg J 2022; 8:38. [PMID: 36461055 PMCID: PMC9716679 DOI: 10.1186/s41016-022-00310-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare aggressive primary skin carcinoma with an incidence of 44 cases per 100,000. The natural course of MCC often results in rapid growth and early metastasis. On the other hand, the spinal cord is rarely affected and frequently features the end stage of the disease. The aim of this paper was to clarify the management of patients with spine metastasis from a skin lesion and showed a case-based update. CASE PRESENTATION A 73-year-old female was admitted to the Neurosurgical Department in December 2021 for a sudden right hemiparesis with bladder dysfunction and a history of cutaneous Merkel cell carcinoma. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the central nervous system (CNS) showed an intradural-extramedullary right-sided C6-C7 tumor with mass effect and edema of the cervical cord. The patient underwent a C6-C7 laminectomy with microsurgical total resection of the intradural extramedullary lesion. The neuropathological examination identified a metastasis from Merkel cell carcinoma. Nowadays, evidence for spinal metastasis from malignities skin cancer is generally lacking, probably because they are extremely rare. The exact time of life expectancy is controversial, and some clinicians use a cutoff of 3 months to determine whether surgical intervention should be offered, while others advocate at least 6 months of life expectancy. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, we showed the first case of solitary intradural extramedullary cervical spine metastasis from MCC. We recommend to consider metastasis of MCC in the differential diagnosis of spinal metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pennisi
- grid.8142.f0000 0001 0941 3192Institute of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Talacchi
- grid.415032.10000 0004 1756 8479Department of Neurosurgery, San Giovanni-Addolorata Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Nunzio Tirendi
- grid.415032.10000 0004 1756 8479Department of Neurosurgery, San Giovanni-Addolorata Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Giordano
- grid.415032.10000 0004 1756 8479Department of Pathology, San Giovanni-Addolorata Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Olivi
- grid.8142.f0000 0001 0941 3192Institute of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Hurley C, ALNafisee D, Jones D, Kelly J, Regan P, Hussey A, McInerney N. Head and Neck Merkel Cell Carcinoma: A 12-Year Single Institutional Experience. JPRAS Open 2022; 33:161-170. [PMID: 36046256 PMCID: PMC9421084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpra.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive malignancy of presumed neuroendocrine origin. Most case series of MCC are limited by low case numbers and are not specific to head and neck tumours. The purpose of this study was to provide a focused review of head and neck MCC diagnosis and management in a single Irish institution. Methods Patient's demographics, tumour characteristics, pathological diagnosis, surgical treatment, adjuvant treatment, subsequent management and clinical course were collected. Estimates of progression-free MCC survival rates were calculated by the Kaplan–Meier statistical model. A Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient examined the association between surgical margins and disease-free follow-up. Results In total, 11 patients were treated for head and neck MCC with a mean age of 79.6 years (range = 69–91 years). The mean average follow-up duration of patients was 18.3 months. Of the cohort, 18% (n=2) had a sentinel node biopsy (SLNB). A selective neck dissection was subsequently performed in 18% (n=2). In total, 72% (n=8) of patients received adjuvant radiotherapy. Median disease-specific survival was 15 months for the SLNB group and 17 months for the non-SLNB group, not statistically significant (p=0.23). There was no significant association between surgical margins and disease-free follow (p=0.65). Conclusions Our case series adds to a limited body of evidence of head and neck MCC. Surgery remains the treatment priority in localized disease, with an increasing role of SLNB for accurate prognostication and staging. Early management of stage I disease results in moderate long-term disease-free survivability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.M. Hurley
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence: Mr Ciaran Hurley, MB BCh BAO MCh, MRCS, Specialist Registrar, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Galway, Co. Galway, Republic of Ireland.
| | - D. ALNafisee
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D. Jones
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J.L. Kelly
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P.J. Regan
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A.J. Hussey
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - N. McInerney
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, Ireland
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Dudzisz-Sledz M, Sobczuk P, Kozak K, Switaj T, Kosela-Paterczyk H, Czarnecka AM, Falkowski S, Rogala P, Morysinski T, Spalek MJ, Zdzienicki M, Goryn T, Zietek M, Cybulska-Stopa B, Klek S, Kaminska-Winciorek G, Ziolkowska B, Szumera-Cieckiewicz A, Rutkowski P. Treatment of Locally Advanced Merkel Cell Carcinoma-A Multi-Center Study. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:422. [PMID: 35053584 PMCID: PMC8773590 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive skin cancer with a high risk of recurrence and poor prognosis. The treatment of locally advanced disease involves surgery and radiotherapy. To analyze real-life treatment patterns and clinical outcomes, we conducted a retrospective analysis of data from 161 MCC patients treated with curative intent in four oncological centers in Poland. The median age at diagnosis was 72 years (30-94); 49.7% were male. Lymph node (LN) involvement at diagnosis was found in 26.9% of patients. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) was performed in 36.5% of patients (positive in 10.5%), and 51.9% of patients received perioperative treatment. The relapse rate was 38.3%. With the median follow-up of 2.3 years, the median disease-free survival (DFS) was not reached, and the 1-year rate was 65%. The negative independent risk factors for DFS were male gender, metastases in LN at diagnosis, no SLNB in patients without clinical nodal metastases, and no perioperative radiotherapy. The estimated median overall survival (OS) was 6.9 years (95% CI 4.64-9.15). The negative independent risk factors for OS were male gender, age above 70, metastases in LN at diagnosis, and no SLNB in patients without clinical nodal metastases. Our results confirm that the MCC treatment should be conducted in an experienced multidisciplinary team; however, the outcomes are still unsatisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dudzisz-Sledz
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (K.K.); (T.S.); (H.K.-P.); (A.M.C.); (S.F.); (P.R.); (T.M.); (M.J.S.); (M.Z.); (T.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Paweł Sobczuk
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (K.K.); (T.S.); (H.K.-P.); (A.M.C.); (S.F.); (P.R.); (T.M.); (M.J.S.); (M.Z.); (T.G.); (P.R.)
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kozak
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (K.K.); (T.S.); (H.K.-P.); (A.M.C.); (S.F.); (P.R.); (T.M.); (M.J.S.); (M.Z.); (T.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Tomasz Switaj
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (K.K.); (T.S.); (H.K.-P.); (A.M.C.); (S.F.); (P.R.); (T.M.); (M.J.S.); (M.Z.); (T.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Hanna Kosela-Paterczyk
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (K.K.); (T.S.); (H.K.-P.); (A.M.C.); (S.F.); (P.R.); (T.M.); (M.J.S.); (M.Z.); (T.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Anna Malgorzata Czarnecka
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (K.K.); (T.S.); (H.K.-P.); (A.M.C.); (S.F.); (P.R.); (T.M.); (M.J.S.); (M.Z.); (T.G.); (P.R.)
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Slawomir Falkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (K.K.); (T.S.); (H.K.-P.); (A.M.C.); (S.F.); (P.R.); (T.M.); (M.J.S.); (M.Z.); (T.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Paweł Rogala
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (K.K.); (T.S.); (H.K.-P.); (A.M.C.); (S.F.); (P.R.); (T.M.); (M.J.S.); (M.Z.); (T.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Tadeusz Morysinski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (K.K.); (T.S.); (H.K.-P.); (A.M.C.); (S.F.); (P.R.); (T.M.); (M.J.S.); (M.Z.); (T.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Mateusz Jacek Spalek
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (K.K.); (T.S.); (H.K.-P.); (A.M.C.); (S.F.); (P.R.); (T.M.); (M.J.S.); (M.Z.); (T.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Marcin Zdzienicki
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (K.K.); (T.S.); (H.K.-P.); (A.M.C.); (S.F.); (P.R.); (T.M.); (M.J.S.); (M.Z.); (T.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Tomasz Goryn
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (K.K.); (T.S.); (H.K.-P.); (A.M.C.); (S.F.); (P.R.); (T.M.); (M.J.S.); (M.Z.); (T.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Marcin Zietek
- Department of Oncology, Wrocław Medical University, 53-413 Wrocław, Poland;
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Wrocław Comprehensive Cancer Center, 53-413 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bozena Cybulska-Stopa
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Cracow Branch, 31-115 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Stanisław Klek
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Cracow Branch, 31-115 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Grazyna Kaminska-Winciorek
- The Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Onco-Hematology, Skin Cancer and Melanoma Team, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Barbara Ziolkowska
- II Clinic of Radiotherapy & Chemotherapy, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Anna Szumera-Cieckiewicz
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland;
- Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Diagnostic Hematology Department, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (P.S.); (K.K.); (T.S.); (H.K.-P.); (A.M.C.); (S.F.); (P.R.); (T.M.); (M.J.S.); (M.Z.); (T.G.); (P.R.)
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6
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Fife K, Tétu P, Prabhakaran J, Lebbé C, Grignani G. Case Report: Clinical Experience With Avelumab in Patients With Metastatic Merkel Cell Carcinoma and Brain Metastases Treated in Europe. Front Oncol 2021; 11:672021. [PMID: 34123840 PMCID: PMC8194357 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.672021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive skin cancer that can metastasize rapidly. In patients with metastatic MCC (mMCC), brain metastases are uncommon but are associated with poor prognosis; furthermore, there is limited published literature regarding treatment of these patients, and no specific regimens are currently recommended by guidelines. Avelumab, an anti-programmed death ligand 1 monoclonal antibody, was the first approved treatment for patients with mMCC. Here, we present 4 cases of patients with mMCC and brain metastases treated with avelumab. Patient age ranged from 48 to 70 years, and all patients received avelumab as second-line therapy following disease progression with platinum-based chemotherapy. Patient cases 1 and 2 received avelumab alone and experienced rapid disease progression according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 (RECIST 1.1). In patient case 3, avelumab alone resulted in a prolonged complete response by RECIST 1.1 of 1 brain metastasis and partial response by RECIST 1.1 of a second brain metastasis. After 11 months of avelumab treatment, the patient received concurrent stereotactic radiosurgery that resulted in complete response of the second metastasis. Patient case 4 achieved a partial response by RECIST 1.1 with avelumab plus stereotactic radiosurgery. These results suggest that avelumab followed by radiotherapy or with concurrent radiotherapy may be an effective treatment option for patients with mMCC and brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Fife
- Oncology Department, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pauline Tétu
- Department of Dermatology, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris Dermatology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Jessica Prabhakaran
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Celeste Lebbé
- AP-HP Dermatology and CIC, INSERM U976, Saint Louis Hospital, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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Alotaibi FH, Lugo R, Patel SY, Abdulsattar J, Ghali G. Primary Merkel Cell Carcinoma of the parotid gland; unusual location and clinical presentation. ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY CASES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.omsc.2020.100197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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8
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Bleicher J, Asare EA, Flores S, Bowles TL, Bowen GM, Hyngstrom JR. Oncologic outcomes of patients with Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC): A multi-institutional cohort study. Am J Surg 2020; 221:844-849. [PMID: 32878692 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare cutaneous neuroendocrine tumor that primarily affects elderly patients. Despite aggressive treatment, overall survival (OS) remains low. METHODS This study is a multi-institutional, retrospective review of 102 patients with MCC. We evaluated OS, disease-specific survival (DSS), and risk factors for recurrence. RESULTS Median age of patients was 71.46% of patients recurred. Patients with stage I disease had median 5-year OS of 59.3%, compared to 68.1% DSS. For stage III, median 5-year OS was 46.0% vs 58.2% DSS. Disease stage and advanced age were risk factors for recurrence and decreased OS. Immunocompromised status and disease stage were the strongest predictors of DSS. CONCLUSIONS DSS is significantly better than OS for patients with MCC. Many elderly patients with newly diagnosed MCC have low remaining life expectancy, regardless of their MCC diagnosis. Patient age and overall health status should be considered to personalize care plans for patients with MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Bleicher
- Department of Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Elliot A Asare
- Department of Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Surgery, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Shadai Flores
- Department of Dermatology, Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tawnya L Bowles
- Department of Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Surgery, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Glen M Bowen
- Department of Dermatology, Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - John R Hyngstrom
- Department of Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Surgery, George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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9
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García-Oriola G, Real-Peña L, Pastor-Escartín F, Talamantes-Escribá F. Merkel cell carcinoma spinal metastases in an immunosuppressed patient: Clinical case. Neurocirugia (Astur) 2020; 32:44-48. [PMID: 32234286 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucir.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare epidermal malignant tumor arised from neuroendocrine epidermal cells, called Merkel cells. Prognosis is poor when tumor spreads to distant locations. Among metastases sites, spinal is not frequent at all and its management remains controversial. We present the second reported case of spinal metastases from Merkel cell carcinoma in an immunosuppressed patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo García-Oriola
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia. Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, España.
| | - Luis Real-Peña
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia. Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, España
| | - Félix Pastor-Escartín
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia. Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, España
| | - Fernando Talamantes-Escribá
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia. Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, España
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10
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Costa A, Mackelfresh J, Gilbert L, Bonner MY, Arbiser JL. Activation of Protein Kinase C ε in Merkel Cell Polyomavirus-Induced Merkel Cell Carcinoma. JAMA Dermatol 2019; 153:931-932. [PMID: 28564697 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adilson Costa
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jamie Mackelfresh
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Linda Gilbert
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael Y Bonner
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jack L Arbiser
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia
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11
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Guanziroli E, Venegoni L, Fanoni D, Berti E. Merkel cell carcinoma: a single-institution retrospective case series analyzing CD271 expression with a focus on its prognostic role. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2018; 155:518-520. [PMID: 29963808 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.18.06074-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Guanziroli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Physiopathology and Transplantation, Maggiore Polyclinic Hospital, IRCCS Ca' Granda Foundation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy -
| | - Luigia Venegoni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Fanoni
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Medical and Surgical Physiopathology and Transplantation, Maggiore Polyclinic Hospital, IRCCS Ca' Granda Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilio Berti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Physiopathology and Transplantation, Maggiore Polyclinic Hospital, IRCCS Ca' Granda Foundation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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12
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Papadiochos I, Patrikidou A, Patsatsi A, Mangoudi D, Thuau H, Vahtsevanos K. Head and neck Merkel cell carcinoma: a retrospective case series and critical literature review with emphasis on treatment and prognosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2018; 125:126-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Bob A, Nielen F, Krediet J, Schmitter J, Freundt D, Terhorst D, Röwert-Huber J, Kanitakis J, Stockfleth E, Ulrich C, Weichenthal M, Egberts F, Lange-Asschenfeldt B. Tumor vascularization and clinicopathologic parameters as prognostic factors in merkel cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017. [PMID: 28639083 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2455-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare but aggressive neuroendocrine tumor of the skin with an increasing incidence. The clinical course is variable and reliable prognostic factors are scarce. Tumor angiogenesis has been shown to have prognostic impact in different types of cancer. The aim of our study was to determine potential prognostic factors, including tumor vascularization, for clinical outcome of MCC. METHODS The medical records of 46 patients with MCC diagnosed between 1997 and 2010 were analyzed retrospectively. Tissue samples were immune-stained for the lymphatic endothelial vessel marker podoplanin/D2-40 and the panvascular marker CD31. These immunostained sections were analyzed using computer-assisted morphometric image analyses. Aside from the parameters of tumor vascularization, clinicopathologic features were investigated, and progression-free survival (PFS) and tumor-specific survival (TSS) were assessed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine prognostic factors. RESULTS Male sex of the MCC patients and a high cross-sectional whole vessel area (WVA) in relation to the entire tumor area as determined on CD31-stained tumor sections were found to be negative prognostic factors for PFS in a univariate and multivariate regression analysis. Ulceration of the primary tumor was significantly associated with both impaired PFS and TSS. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate a high prognostic impact of tumor vascularization on the clinical outcome of MCC patients. Male sex and ulceration of the primary MCC were identified as independent unfavorable prognostic markers for the clinical outcome. As an outlook, MCC patients with increased angiogenesis might be identified and subjected to a targeted anti-angiogenic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bob
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Nielen
- Department of Dermatology, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospital, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - J Krediet
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Schmitter
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospital, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - D Freundt
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Terhorst
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Röwert-Huber
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Kanitakis
- Department of Dermatology and Pathology, Edouard Herriot Hospital Group, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - E Stockfleth
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ch Ulrich
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Weichenthal
- Department of Dermatology, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospital, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - F Egberts
- Department of Dermatology, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospital, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - B Lange-Asschenfeldt
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Dermatology, State Hospital Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt Am Wörthersee, Austria.
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14
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Eluri M, Feneran A, Bordeaux JS, Ruben B, Ostrowski S, Bastian BC, Honda K. Multiple Merkel cell carcinomas: Late metastasis or multiple primary tumors? A molecular study. JAAD Case Rep 2017; 3:131-134. [PMID: 28367486 PMCID: PMC5361867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Madhulika Eluri
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ashley Feneran
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jeremy S Bordeaux
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Beth Ruben
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Stephen Ostrowski
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Boris C Bastian
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Kord Honda
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
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15
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Update on Merkel Cell Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Staging. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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16
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Llombart B, Requena C, Cruz J. Update on Merkel Cell Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Staging. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2016; 108:108-119. [PMID: 27770997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, highly aggressive tumor, and local or regional disease recurrence is common, as is metastasis. MCC usually develops in sun-exposed skin in patients of advanced age. Its incidence has risen 4-fold in recent decades as the population has aged and immunohistochemical techniques have led to more diagnoses. The pathogenesis of MCC remains unclear but UV radiation, immunosuppression, and the presence of Merkel cell polyomavirus in the tumor genome seem to play key roles. This review seeks to update our understanding of the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of MCC. We also review histologic and immunohistochemical features required for diagnosis. MCC staging is discussed, given its great importance in establishing a prognosis for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Llombart
- Servicio de Dermatología, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, España.
| | - C Requena
- Servicio de Dermatología, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, España
| | - J Cruz
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, España
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17
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Harms KL, Healy MA, Nghiem P, Sober AJ, Johnson TM, Bichakjian CK, Wong SL. Analysis of Prognostic Factors from 9387 Merkel Cell Carcinoma Cases Forms the Basis for the New 8th Edition AJCC Staging System. Ann Surg Oncol 2016; 23:3564-3571. [PMID: 27198511 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-016-5266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first consensus Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) staging system was published in 2010. New information on the clinical course prompts review of MCC staging. METHODS A total of 9387 MCC cases from the National Cancer Data Base Participant User File with follow-up and staging data (1998-2012) were analyzed. Prognostic differences based on clinical and pathological staging were evaluated. Survival estimates were compared by disease extent. RESULTS Sixty-five percent of cases presented with local disease, whereas 26 and 8 % presented with nodal and distant disease. Disease extent at presentation was predictive of 5-year overall survival (OS) with estimates of 51, 35, and 14 % for local, nodal, and distant disease. Tumor burden at the regional nodal basin was predictive of 5-year OS with estimates of 40 and 27 % for clinically occult and clinically detected nodal disease. For local disease, we confirm improved prognosis when the regional nodal basin was negative by pathological compared with clinical staging. We identified 336 cases with clinically detected nodal disease and unknown primary tumor and showed improved prognosis over cases presenting with concurrent primary tumor (OS estimates of 42 vs. 27 %). CONCLUSIONS Analysis of a national dataset of MCC cases validates the predictive value of disease extent at presentation. Separation of clinical and pathological stage groups and regrouping of unknown primary tumors are supported by the analysis. The revised staging system provides more accurate prognostication and has been formally accepted by the AJCC staging committee for inclusion in the 8th edition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Harms
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Health System and Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Mark A Healy
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System and Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Center for Healthcare Outcomes & Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Paul Nghiem
- Department of Medicine/Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Arthur J Sober
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy M Johnson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Health System and Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System and Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Health System and Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christopher K Bichakjian
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Health System and Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sandra L Wong
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System and Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Center for Healthcare Outcomes & Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
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18
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Brummer GC, Bowen AR, Bowen GM. Merkel Cell Carcinoma: Current Issues Regarding Diagnosis, Management, and Emerging Treatment Strategies. Am J Clin Dermatol 2016; 17:49-62. [PMID: 26596990 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-015-0163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare but aggressive cutaneous tumor with a predilection for the head and neck of elderly Caucasian patients. Although much less common than melanoma, MCC has higher rates of sentinel lymph node involvement, local and regional recurrences, and mortality. The majority of MCC cases have been linked to the relatively newly discovered Merkel cell polyomavirus, which is a ubiquitous constituent of the skin flora. Recent discoveries regarding viral integration and carcinogenesis and the immunologic features of MCC have expanded the understanding of MCC. These discoveries have led to the development and application of emerging therapies such as somatostatin analogs, immune checkpoint inhibition, adoptive cell therapy, and other exciting possibilities for targeted therapy.
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19
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Goodwin CR, Sankey EW, Liu A, Elder BD, Kosztowski T, Lo SFL, Fisher CG, Clarke MJ, Gokaslan ZL, Sciubba DM. A systematic review of clinical outcomes for patients diagnosed with skin cancer spinal metastases. J Neurosurg Spine 2015; 24:837-49. [PMID: 26544595 DOI: 10.3171/2015.4.spine15239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Surgical procedures and/or adjuvant therapies are effective modalities for the treatment of symptomatic spinal metastases. However, clinical results specific to the skin cancer spinal metastasis cohort are generally lacking. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature for treatments, clinical outcomes, and survival following the diagnosis of a skin cancer spinal metastasis and evaluate prognostic factors in the context of spinal skin cancer metastases stratified by tumor subtype. METHODS The authors performed a literature review using PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science to identify articles since 1950 that reported survival, clinical outcomes, and/or prognostic factors for the skin cancer patient population with spinal metastases. The methodological quality of reviews was assessed using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) tool. RESULTS Sixty-five studies met the preset criteria and were included in the analysis. Of these studies, a total of 25, 40, 25, and 12 studies included patients who underwent some form of surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or observation alone, respectively. Sixty-three of the 65 included studies were retrospective in nature (Class of Evidence [CoE] IV), and the 2 prospective studies were CoE II. Based on the studies analyzed, the median overall survival for a patient with a spinal metastasis from a primary skin malignancy is 4.0 months; survival by tumor subtype is 12.5 months for patients with basal cell carcinoma (BCC), 4.0 months for those with melanoma, 4.0 months for those with squamous cell carcinoma, 3.0 months for those with pilomatrix carcinoma, and 1.5 months for those with Merkel cell carcinoma (p < 0.0001). The overall percentage of known continued disease progression after spine metastasis diagnosis was 40.1% (n = 244/608, range 25.0%-88.9%), the rate of known recurrence of the primary skin cancer lesion was 3.5% (n = 21/608, range 0.2%-100.0%), and the rate of known spine metastasis recurrence despite treatment for all skin malignancies was 2.8% (n = 17/608, range 0.0%-33.3%). Age greater than 65 years, sacral spinal involvement, presence of a neurological deficit, and nonambulatory status were associated with decreased survival in patients diagnosed with a primary skin cancer spinal metastasis. All other clinical or prognostic parameters were of low or insufficient strength. CONCLUSIONS Patients diagnosed with a primary skin cancer metastasis to the spine have poor overall survival with the exception of those with BCC. The median duration of survival for patients who received surgical intervention alone, medical management (chemotherapy and/or radiation) alone, or the combination of therapies was similar across interventions. Age, spinal region, and neurological status may be associated with poor survival following surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rory Goodwin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eric W Sankey
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ann Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Benjamin D Elder
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas Kosztowski
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sheng-Fu L Lo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles G Fisher
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | | | - Ziya L Gokaslan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel M Sciubba
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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20
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Davidson M, Collard B, Huston M, Ingham J, Merrick G. Merkel cell carcinoma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2015.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Goodwin CR, Mehta AI, Adogwa O, Sarabia-Estrada R, Sciubba DM. Merkel Cell Spinal Metastasis: Management in the Setting of a Poor Prognosis. Global Spine J 2015; 5. [PMID: 26225292 PMCID: PMC4516752 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1398488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Study Design Case report. Objective Merkel cell carcinoma is an aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma with a poor prognosis. Metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC) is a debilitating disease causing neurologic deficits. The surgical management for MESCC depends on pathology. Methods We report a case of Merkel cell carcinoma of the spine and evaluate the treatment paradigms utilized in the prior reports. Result A 76-year-old man with a history of Merkel cell carcinoma presented with 2-week history of progressive difficulty ambulating and a solitary T5 epidural mass encasing the spinal cord. The patient underwent a T5 corpectomy with cage placement and T3 to T7 posterior fusion with postoperative neurologic improvement and a return to ambulation. Three weeks postoperatively, the patient re-presented with new-onset weakness and widespread metastatic spinal disease with epidural compression at the T8 level. Six weeks postoperatively, he was placed in hospice care. Conclusion Prior reports in the literature demonstrated a poor prognosis for Merkel cell carcinoma metastasis to the spine with survival ranging from 1 to 9 months after diagnosis. Although neurologic decline necessitates a surgical intervention, the assessment of operative benefit should take into account the prognosis associated with the primary tumor subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Rory Goodwin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Ankit I. Mehta
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Owoicho Adogwa
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Rachel Sarabia-Estrada
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Daniel M. Sciubba
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States,Address for correspondence Daniel M. Sciubba, MD Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 7-109, Baltimore, MD 21287United States
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22
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Rekhi B, Kane SV, Jambhekar NA. Clinicopathological spectrum of a series of Merkel cell carcinomas diagnosed at a tertiary cancer referral center in India, with current concepts. Ann Diagn Pathol 2015; 19:341-6. [PMID: 26254510 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, clinically aggressive primary cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma. The present series describes clinicopathological features of 16 MCCs diagnosed at a tertiary cancer referral center. Sixteen MCCs occurred in 10 men and 6 women (M/F = 1.6:1), between the ages 37 and 74 years (mean, 58.3; median, 58.6), commonly in lower extremities (7) (43.7%) and head and neck sites (5) (31.2%), followed by upper extremities (3) (18.7%) and abdominal wall (1). Tumor size varied from 0.5 to 9.9 cm. Histopathologically, most tumors were composed of round to oval cells, mostly arranged diffusely with hyperchromatic nuclei, including "sudden" pleomorphism in some tumors. Variable features included coexisting Bowen disease (2/16), along with squamous, pseudoglandular, and rhabdomyoblastic dedifferentiation, all in a single tumor. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were positive for at least a single epithelial marker in all 16 cases (100%) cases, including CK20, mostly paranuclear "dot-like" (12/13, 92.3%); CK (8/9, 88.8%), AE1/AE3 (3/3, 100%), and CK7 (1/6, 16.6%), along with neuroendocrine markers (16/16, 100%), including synaptophysin (11/13, 84.6%), chromogranin (12/15, 80%), and CD56 (4/4, 100%). Among other immunohistochemical markers, positive CKIT/CD117 was positive in 3 of 3 tumors. Surgical resection was performed in 11 (100%) of 11 cases, with adjuvant chemotherapy offered in a single case. Two cases with large-sized tumors, along with another case developed lymph node metastasis, including 1 who later developed pulmonary metastasis. Two patients were free of disease and 2 were alive with disease. Merkel cell carcinomas exhibit a diverse histopathological spectrum, including coexisting Bowen disease and, rarely, rhabdomyoblastic dedifferentiation, in some cases. Optimal immunohistochemical markers include CK20, synaptophysin, chromogranin, and CD56 for a timely diagnosis. Surgical resection is the treatment mainstay. Large-sized tumors and MCCs showing dedifferentiation portend a relatively more aggressive clinical course. Other recent developments in this tumor are discussed herewith.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Rekhi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India.
| | - Shubada V Kane
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
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23
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Merkel Cell Carcinoma of the Axilla and Adrenal Gland: A Case Report with Imaging and Pathologic Findings. Case Rep Med 2015; 2015:931238. [PMID: 26074970 PMCID: PMC4449922 DOI: 10.1155/2015/931238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. MCC is characterized by a high incidence of locoregional recurrence, and distant metastasis, and often requires short-term follow-up after treatment. In this present paper, we describe a rare case of MCC, which presented as a palpable axillary mass and an incidental adrenal mass, and report on the ultrasonography, computed tomography, and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography findings. The patient underwent surgery and adjuvant radiation therapy. Seven months after the initial diagnosis, distant metastasis was detected during a follow-up examination.
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24
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Grandhaye M, Teixeira PG, Henrot P, Morel O, Sirveaux F, Verhaeghe JL, Blum A. Focus on Merkel cell carcinoma: diagnosis and staging. Skeletal Radiol 2015; 44:777-86. [PMID: 25631356 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-015-2104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare lymphophilic skin tumor of neuroendocrine origin with the potential for rapid progression. Small, localized lesions are diagnosed and treated clinically, but advanced tumors often undergo imaging evaluation. Due to its rarity, radiologists are unaware of evocative imaging features and usually do not consider Merkel cell carcinoma in the differential diagnosis of soft tissue tumors. Appropriate staging is important to determine appropriate treatment and has an impact on patient prognosis. Multimodality imaging is usually needed, and there is no consensus on the optimal imaging strategy. The purpose of this article is to review various aspects of Merkel cell carcinoma imaging and look in detail at how optimal multimodality staging should be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Grandhaye
- Imagerie Guilloz CHU de Nancy Hôpital Central, 29 Avenue de Lattre de Tassigny, 54000, Nancy, France,
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25
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Green B, Godden D, Brennan PA. Malignant cutaneous adnexal tumours of the head and neck: an update on management. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 53:485-90. [PMID: 25911053 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Adnexal tumours form a heterogeneous group of relatively rare neoplasms. Many of them have a poor prognosis and treatment can sometimes be difficult and controversial. We summarise the latest publications relating to malignant cutaneous adnexal tumours of the head and neck, and give an update on their management. We discuss Merkel cell carcinoma and other rare malignant adnexal tumours including dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and atypical fibroxanthoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Green
- Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
| | - D Godden
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, UK.
| | - P A Brennan
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK.
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26
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Yin VT, Merritt HA, Sniegowski M, Esmaeli B. Eyelid and ocular surface carcinoma: Diagnosis and management. Clin Dermatol 2015; 33:159-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Lezcano C, Kleffel S, Lee N, Larson AR, Zhan Q, DoRosario A, Wang LC, Schatton T, Murphy GF. Merkel cell carcinoma expresses vasculogenic mimicry: demonstration in patients and experimental manipulation in xenografts. J Transl Med 2014; 94:1092-102. [PMID: 25111691 PMCID: PMC4236190 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a highly virulent cutaneous neoplasm that, like melanoma, is a frequent cause of patient morbidity and mortality. The cellular mechanisms responsible for the aggressive behavior of MCC remain unknown. Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is a phenomenon associated with cancer virulence, including in melanoma, whereby anastomosing laminin networks form in association with tumor cells that express certain endothelial genes. To determine whether VM is a factor in MCC, we employed a relevant xenograft model using two independent human MCC lines. Experimentally induced tumors were remarkably similar histologically to patient MCC, and both contained laminin networks associated with vascular endothelial-cadherin (CD144) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, as well as Nodal expression typical of VM in melanoma. Moreover, two established chemotherapeutic agents utilized for human MCC, etoposide and carboplatin, induced necrosis in xenografts on systemic administration while enriching for laminin networks in apparently resistant viable tumor regions that persisted. These findings for the first time establish VM-like laminin networks as a biomarker in MCC, demonstrate the experimental utility of the MCC xenograft model, and suggest that VM-rich regions of MCC may be refractory to conventional chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Lezcano
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center,
Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sonja Kleffel
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nayoung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Allison R. Larson
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Qian Zhan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
Boston, MA
| | - Andrew DoRosario
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Center for Cutaneous Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and
Women’s Cancer Center, Boston, MA
| | - Linda C. Wang
- Institute for Cancer Care, Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore,
MD
| | - Tobias Schatton
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Transplantation Research Center, Children’s Hospital
Boston, MA
| | - George F. Murphy
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
Boston, MA
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Parikh MP, Samo S, Ganipisetti V, Krishnan S, Dhandha M, Yungbluth M, Glaws WR. Gastric metastasis of Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding: case report and review of the literature. J Gastrointest Oncol 2014; 5:E68-72. [PMID: 25083309 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2014.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a highly aggressive cutaneous tumor of neuroendocrine origin. It is usually seen in elderly Caucasian males and occurs in sun exposed areas of the body. Diagnosis of MCC can be challenging and requires confirmation by immunohistochemical studies. It has an aggressive biological behavior with early local and distant metastasis and carries a dismal prognosis. However, metastasis of MCC to the stomach is very uncommon and rarely reported in the literature. We hereby describe a patient with gastric metastasis of MCC, who presented with upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malav P Parikh
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, 2 Department of Pathology, Presence Saint Francis Hospital, University of Illinois at Chicago, Evanston, IL-60202, USA
| | - Salih Samo
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, 2 Department of Pathology, Presence Saint Francis Hospital, University of Illinois at Chicago, Evanston, IL-60202, USA
| | - Venu Ganipisetti
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, 2 Department of Pathology, Presence Saint Francis Hospital, University of Illinois at Chicago, Evanston, IL-60202, USA
| | - Sathish Krishnan
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, 2 Department of Pathology, Presence Saint Francis Hospital, University of Illinois at Chicago, Evanston, IL-60202, USA
| | - Maulik Dhandha
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, 2 Department of Pathology, Presence Saint Francis Hospital, University of Illinois at Chicago, Evanston, IL-60202, USA
| | - Margaret Yungbluth
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, 2 Department of Pathology, Presence Saint Francis Hospital, University of Illinois at Chicago, Evanston, IL-60202, USA
| | - Walter R Glaws
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, 2 Department of Pathology, Presence Saint Francis Hospital, University of Illinois at Chicago, Evanston, IL-60202, USA
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Madden NA, Thomas PA, Johnson PL, Anderson KK, Arnold PM. Thoracic spinal metastasis of merkel cell carcinoma in an immunocompromised patient: case report. EVIDENCE-BASED SPINE-CARE JOURNAL 2014; 4:54-8. [PMID: 24436699 PMCID: PMC3699249 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1341597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Study Design Case report. Objective Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), an uncommon cutaneous neuroendocrine malignancy, is a rare cause of spinal metastasis, with only five cases previously reported. We report a rare case of MCC metastatic to the spine in an immunocompromised patient. Methods A 55-year-old male with previously resected MCC, immunocompromised due to cardiac transplant, presented with sharp mid-thoracic back pain radiating around the trunk to the midline. Computed tomography of the thoracic spine showed a dorsal epidural mass from T6 to T8 with compression of the spinal cord. Laminectomy and subtotal tumor resection were performed, and pathology confirmed Merkel cell tumor through immunohistochemistry staining positive for cytokeratin 20 and negative for thyroid transcription factor-1. Results Further treatment with radiation therapy was initiated, and the patient did well for 4 months after surgery, but returned with a lesion in the cervical spine. He then opted for hospice care. Conclusions With an increasing number of immunocompromised patients presenting with back pain, MCC should be considered in the differential diagnosis of spinal metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Madden
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
| | - Patricia A Thomas
- Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Philip L Johnson
- Department of Radiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Karen K Anderson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Paul M Arnold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
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Kachare SD, Wong JH, Vohra NA, Zervos EE, Fitzgerald TL. Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy is Associated with Improved Survival in Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 21:1624-30. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-3434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hasan S, Liu L, Triplet J, Li Z, Mansur D. The role of postoperative radiation and chemoradiation in merkel cell carcinoma: a systematic review of the literature. Front Oncol 2013; 3:276. [PMID: 24294591 PMCID: PMC3827544 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to investigate whether adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapeutics offered any additional benefit than surgery alone in the treatment of Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC). METHODS A PubMed, MEDLINE search was conducted between 1995 and 2013, to identify reported cases of surgically treated MCC followed by either observation, radiation, or chemoradiation. Patient demographics and outcomes were recorded and compared in a systematic fashion. RESULTS Thirty-four studies (n = 4475) were included. The median age was 73 years, median follow up was 36 months and there was a 1.5:1 ratio of men to women. All 4475 patients had surgery, 1975 had no further treatment, 1689 received postoperative RT, and 301 received postoperative chemoRT. The most common site was face/head/neck, 47.8%. Stage 1 was the most common clinical stage at diagnosis (57%). Three-year local control was 20% (median 10%) in the observation cohort, compared to 65% (62%) with postoperative RT, and 67% (75%) with postoperative chemoRT; these findings were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Recurrence was found to be 38% (60%) in the observation cohort, compared to 23% (20%) with postoperative RT (P < 0.001). Three-year overall survival (OS) was found to be 56% (57%) in the observation cohort, compared to 70% (78%) with postoperative RT and 73% (76%) with postoperative chemoRT (P < 0.001). The observation cohort had a median OS of 44 months compared with 64 months (P < 0.001) in the postoperative RT cohort. There was no statistically significant difference in any parameters assessed between postoperative radiation and postoperative chemoradiation arms. CONCLUSION The comprehensive collection of retrospective data suggests a survival and control benefit for postoperative radiation in MCC. No differences were noted between adjuvant radiation and chemoradiation. This analysis indicates the need for prospective trials with patients stratified by known prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaakir Hasan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University , Fort Lauderdale, FL , USA
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Soltani AM, Allan BJ, Best MJ, Panthaki ZJ, Thaller SR. Merkel cell carcinoma of the hand and upper extremity: current trends and outcomes. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2013; 67:e71-7. [PMID: 24125874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2013.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinomas represent an uncommon yet aggressive skin cancer. We sought to identify changes in incidence and predictors of outcomes and survival of patients with Merkel cell carcinomas of the hand and upper extremity. The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database was used to identify all patients with Merkel cell carcinomas of the skin located specifically in the hand and upper extremity. Overall, 5211 cases were identified in the period from 1986 through 2009. The age-adjusted incidence of Merkel cell carcinoma of the hand and upper extremity increased from 0.02 cases per 100,000 in 1986 to 0.14 cases per 100,000 in 2009. The mean age of these patients was 75 years and positive regional lymph nodes were identified in 33%. Rate of metastasis was 4.1%. Overall survival for the study cohort was 49%. Multivariate analysis identified tumor size >5 cm, positive regional lymph nodes and metastasis at diagnosis as independent predictors of mortality. The incidence of Merkel cell carcinomas has increased substantially over the study period. Overall survival for Merkel cell carcinomas of the body and hand and upper extremity is related to tumor size and extent of disease at time of clinical presentation. Merkel cell carcinomas of the hand and upper extremity tend to be diagnosed at an earlier stage with lower rates of regional and systemic spread, and subsequently have a higher overall survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Soltani
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, USA.
| | - Bassan J Allan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, USA
| | - Matthew J Best
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, USA
| | - Zubin J Panthaki
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, USA
| | - Seth R Thaller
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, USA
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Rossini D, Caponnetto S, Lapadula V, De Filippis L, Del Bene G, Emiliani A, Longo F. Merkel cell carcinoma of the retroperitoneum with no identifiable primary site. Case Rep Oncol Med 2013; 2013:131695. [PMID: 24073348 PMCID: PMC3773894 DOI: 10.1155/2013/131695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an extremely rare primary neuroendocrine neoplasm of the skin that shows aggressive behavior and a poor prognosis. We report a case of a 67-year-old male with a Merkel cell carcinoma which initially presented itself as a large retroperitoneal mass. Pathological and immunohistochemical analysis revealed tissue consistent with neuroendocrine carcinoma. Despite complete medical workup, no other primary MCC could be detected. While being an atypical presentation, the tumor mass showed an excellent response to the combination of chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Rossini
- Department of Clinical Oncology A, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto Primo, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Caponnetto
- Department of Clinical Oncology A, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto Primo, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Vittoria Lapadula
- Department of Clinical Oncology A, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto Primo, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucilla De Filippis
- Department of Clinical Oncology A, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto Primo, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Del Bene
- Department of Clinical Oncology A, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto Primo, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Emiliani
- Department of Clinical Oncology A, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto Primo, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Longo
- Department of Clinical Oncology A, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto Primo, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Chen KT, Papavasiliou P, Edwards K, Zhu F, Perlis C, Wu H, Turaka A, Berger A, Farma JM. A better prognosis for Merkel cell carcinoma of unknown primary origin. Am J Surg 2013; 206:752-7. [PMID: 23835211 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited evidence that Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) arising from a nodal basin without evidence of a primary cutaneous (PC) site has better prognosis. We present our experience at 2 tertiary care referral centers with stage III MCC with and without a PC site. METHODS Fifty stage III MCC patients were identified between 1996 and 2011. Clinical data were analyzed, with primary endpoints being disease-free survival and overall survival. RESULTS Of stage III patients, 34 patients presented with a PC site and 16 patients with an unknown primary (UP) site. Treatment strategies varied; of patients with UP vs. PC sites, 25% vs. 44% underwent combined regional lymphadenectomy and radiation, with an additional 25% vs. 15% receiving chemotherapy. The median disease-free survival for a UP site was not reached vs. 15 months for a PC site (hazards ratio = .48, P = .18). The median overall survival for a UP site was not reached vs 21 months for a PC site (hazards ratio = .34, P = .03). Multivariate analysis showed that UP status was a significant factor in overall survival (P = .002). CONCLUSIONS Stage III MCC with a UP site portends a better prognosis than MCC with a PC site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn T Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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Tirumani SH, Shinagare AB, Sakellis C, Saboo SS, Jagannathan JP, Krajewski KM, Ramaiya NH. Merkel Cell Carcinoma: A Primer for the Radiologist. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2013; 200:1186-1196. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.12.9884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sree Harsha Tirumani
- Department of Imaging, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Atul B. Shinagare
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christopher Sakellis
- Department of Imaging, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sachin S. Saboo
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jyothi P. Jagannathan
- Department of Imaging, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Katherine M. Krajewski
- Department of Imaging, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nikhil H. Ramaiya
- Department of Imaging, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Schwartz JL, Bichakjian CK, Lowe L, Griffith KA, Frohm ML, Fullen DR, Hayman JA, Lao CD, Shah KS, McLean SA, Bradford CR, Johnson TM, Wong SL. Clinicopathologic features of primary Merkel cell carcinoma: a detailed descriptive analysis of a large contemporary cohort. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39:1009-16. [PMID: 23551620 DOI: 10.1111/dsu.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little uniformity exists in the clinical and histologic variables reported with primary Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). OBJECTIVE To provide a rigorous descriptive analysis of a contemporary cohort and promote the prospective collection of detailed data on MCC for future outcome studies. METHODS AND MATERIALS A detailed descriptive analysis was performed for clinical and histologic features of 147 patients with 150 primary MCC tumors in a prospectively collected database from 2006 to 2010. RESULTS The majority (73.5%) of patients were at American Joint Committee on Cancer clinical stage I or II at presentation, 20.4% at stage III, and 6.1% at stage IV. Detailed descriptive clinical and histologic findings are presented. CONCLUSION Clinical and histologic profiling of primary MCC in the literature is variable and limited. Systematic prospective collection of MCC data is needed for future outcome studies and the ability to compare and share data from multiple sources for this relatively rare tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Schwartz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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Expression of CXCR4, E-cadherin, Bcl-2, and survivin in Merkel cell carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study using a tissue microarray. Am J Dermatopathol 2013; 34:592-6. [PMID: 22814318 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e31823e25d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare but highly aggressive cutaneous malignancy with a mortality rate exceeding that of melanoma. Although smaller studies of markers of progression have been performed, large-scale investigation has been difficult due to the rarity of this tumor. Investigation of 4 potential immunohistochemical progression markers using an MCC tissue microarray was performed. An immunohistochemical analysis of CXCR4, E-cadherin, Bcl-2, and Survivin was performed on a tissue microarray of two hundred twenty-seven 0.6-mm tumor cores-110 primary, 73 local/regional metastatic, and 44 distant metastatic-from 87 patients, 23 of which were sampled 2 or more times. There was a statistically significant increase in immunoreactivity to CXCR4 and Survivin in local/regional nodal MCC metastases compared with primary and distant metastatic lesions. No significant differences by disease location were found for either Bcl-2 or E-cadherin. These results suggest a potential role for CXCR4 and Survivin in MCC tumor progression. However, previous data from other studies suggesting a role for Bcl-2 and E-cadherin in MCC progression are not confirmed in this larger sample. Further discovery of additional markers are needed to better characterize this rare but deadly malignancy.
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Tumor-Like Lesions Grouped on a Patient's Leg. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Bechert CJ, Schnadig V, Nawgiri R. The Merkel cell carcinoma challenge: a review from the fine needle aspiration service. Cancer Cytopathol 2012; 121:179-88. [PMID: 23225406 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a highly aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin that occurs primarily in elderly or immunocompromised patients. For this report, the authors reviewed the diagnostic challenges associated with MCC encountered on their fine-needle aspiration (FNA) service and also conducted an in-depth review of the literature on MCC. A computer search for patients who were diagnosed with MCC by FNA at the authors' institution from 2006 to 2010 was conducted, and 5 patients were selected for cytologic and immunochemical analyses based on their varied and diagnostically challenging clinical presentations. The 5 selected patients had clinical findings commonly associated with MCC, including advanced age (4 of the 5 patients were ages 75-85 years) and a history of previous malignancies (3 of the 5 patients had a history of previous malignancy), and 1 patient was diagnosed with a concomitant low-grade lymphoma. The patients and their disease illustrated the protean clinical presentation of MCC and the clinical and cytologic challenges associated with this neoplasm. The current findings indicate the need for cytopathologists to be aware of the deceptive presentation of this neoplasm and its cytologic and immunochemical features to correctly diagnose this insidious neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Bechert
- Division of Cytopathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0548, USA
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40
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Mota-Burgos A, Castillo-Muñoz R, Herrera-Ceballos E. Tumor-like lesions grouped on a patient's leg. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2012. [PMID: 23194890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Mota-Burgos
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Málaga, España.
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Reinstadler DR, Sinha UK. Uncommon cutaneous neoplasms of the head and neck. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2012; 20:483-91. [PMID: 23084300 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsc.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This article concentrates on the less-common cutaneous malignancies such as merkel cell, atypical fibroxanthoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, microcystic adnexal carcinoma, and sebaceous carcinoma. The clinical and histopathologic descriptions of each, most current and emerging etiologies, diagnosis, staging, treatment, and prognosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Reinstadler
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Radiotherapy for metastatic merkel cell carcinoma: a review of the literature. J Skin Cancer 2012; 2012:654981. [PMID: 22811917 PMCID: PMC3395140 DOI: 10.1155/2012/654981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare form of non-melanoma skin cancer of neuroendocrine origin. Optimal management of patients is controversial and the role of radiotherapy is unclear.
Purpose. The purpose of this study was to review the efficacy of RT in the treatment of both local and distant metastatic disease from MCC. Methods. A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE (1946—January Week 1 2012) and Embase (1980–2012 Week 2). Articles of interest analyze the efficacy of radiotherapy for treatment of metastatic MCC and did not exclude case reports. Results. All articles except one focusing on the role of radiotherapy were of retrospective origin or case series. Significant limitations applied in all studies due to limited sample sizes and the retrospective nature of these studies. Radiotherapy improves locoregional control in the adjuvant setting, and many series suggest an improvement in overall survival. In cases where surgery is not possible, definitive radiotherapy may be an as-efficacious alternative. The radiosensitive nature of MCC coupled with existing reports suggests that treatment via current protocols for other primary tumors is adequate. Conclusion. Further studies should be conducted prospectively to clarify the true role of radiotherapy in metastatic MCC.
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Ilyas EN, Leinberry CF, Ilyas AM. Skin cancers of the hand and upper extremity. J Hand Surg Am 2012; 37:171-8. [PMID: 22196297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Skin cancers represent the most common primary malignancies of the hand. They typically present as painless lesions on areas of high sun exposure, such as the dorsum of the hand and upper extremity. The most common malignancy is squamous cell carcinoma, followed by basal cell carcinoma and melanoma. The key to successful treatment is early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. Unlike open biopsies, which are indicated for deep soft tissue and bone lesions, biopsies for skin cancer can be performed under local anesthesia in the office setting in the form of shave or punch biopsies. A number of nonsurgical treatment options are available for treatment. However, when surgical excision is indicated, appropriate margin resections are dictated by the grade and stage of the malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erum N Ilyas
- Montgomery Dermatology, LLC, King of Prussia, PA, USA
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OKAMOTO O, ITO Y, KAI Y, GOTO M, FUJIWARA S. Small nuclear size of Merkel cell tumors is a useful indicator of poor prognosis. J Dermatol 2011; 39:875-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2011.01445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Howle JR, Hughes TM, Gebski V, Veness MJ. Merkel cell carcinoma: an Australian perspective and the importance of addressing the regional lymph nodes in clinically node-negative patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 67:33-40. [PMID: 21996296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2011.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Revised: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive cutaneous malignancy. Nodal status has prognostic significance. OBJECTIVE We sought to analyze for factors predictive of survival and explore the significance of lymph node status and indication for sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with MCC. METHODS A review was undertaken of 136 patients presenting with MCC at our institution between 1980 and 2008. Patient and tumor characteristics, treatment, and patterns of relapse were analyzed. RESULTS Ninety patients presented with stage I disease, and 46 presented with stage II disease. The median follow-up time was 21 months. In all, 74 patients developed relapse with the commonest site of relapse in the regional lymph nodes. A total of 24 patients developed nodal relapse without prior treatment of the nodal basin. The 5-year survival was 62% and the median disease-free interval was 16 months. Radiotherapy was associated with a better disease-free survival (P < .001) and overall survival was worse as the number of involved lymph nodes increased (P = .03). LIMITATIONS This was a retrospective review with a prolonged accrual time. CONCLUSION A high rate of nodal relapse occurred in patients with stage I disease who had undergone treatment of the primary site only. These patients may have benefited from sentinel lymph node biopsy and subsequent treatment of the nodal basin if micrometastatic disease was present, as the number of involved nodes impacted negatively on survival. Conversely, sentinel lymph node biopsy may be used to select those patients with clinical stage I disease who may avoid elective nodal treatment. Radiotherapy should have a routine role in the management of MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie R Howle
- Head and Neck Cancer Service, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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Abstract
Cutaneous malignancies are the most common malignancies in Whites; traditionally considered rare among Blacks, their occurrence in sub-Saharan Africa is yet to be fully characterized.Data on specimens submitted between 1992 and April 2008 on all histologically proven primary cutaneous malignancies were collected from the Pathology Department, including patient age, sex, anatomic site of malignancy, and histologic diagnosis. There were 1900 patients with primary cutaneous malignancies, aged between 8 months and 110 years, with a mean age of 49 years. There were 14 different types of malignancies found, with squamous cell carcinoma representing 45% of the total. A number of the rarer types have not been reported previously, from this region.Cutaneous malignancies in Africa present a number of management challenges including the following: difficulties in early diagnosis in the dark skin, late presentation, access to treatment, and the ability to pay for the appropriate treatment. The current human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome scourge on the continent may lead a significant increase in cutaneous malignancies, posing even bigger challenges.
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Pellitteri PK, Takes RP, Lewis JS, Devaney KO, Harlor EJ, Strojan P, Rodrigo JP, Suárez C, Rinaldo A, Medina JE, Woolgar JA, Ferlito A. Merkel cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck 2011; 34:1346-54. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.21787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Boccara O, Girard C, Mortier L, Bens G, Saiag P, Guillot B. Recommandations du groupe de cancérologie cutanée de la Société française de dermatologie pour la prise en charge diagnostique et thérapeutique du carcinome à cellules de Merkel. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2011; 138:475-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2011.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Fields RC, Busam KJ, Chou JF, Panageas KS, Pulitzer MP, Kraus DH, Brady MS, Coit DG. Recurrence and survival in patients undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy for merkel cell carcinoma: analysis of 153 patients from a single institution. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 18:2529-37. [PMID: 21431988 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-011-1662-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a cutaneous neuroendocrine neoplasm with propensity for lymphatic spread. The rarity of MCC has limited analysis of factors associated with a positive sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and survival. METHODS Review of a prospective MCC database was performed. Factors associated with SLNB positivity were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analyses of factors associated with recurrence and survival were performed using the cumulative incidence (CI) function, treating death from other causes as a competing risk. RESULTS From 1996 to 2010, a total of 153 patients with localized MCC underwent SLNB, of whom 45 (29%) were positive. Factors associated with SLNB positivity were primary tumor size (25% ≤2 cm vs. 45% >2 cm; P = 0.02) and presence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (55% LVI positive vs. 4% LVI negative; P < 0.01). SLNB-positive patients were more likely to receive radiation or chemotherapy (60% vs. 7%, P < 0.01). With median follow-up of 41 months, there were 16 nodal/distant recurrences (10%), 11 deaths from MCC (7%), and 27 death from other causes (18%). The 2-year CIs of recurrence or death from MCC were 12% and 6%, respectively. There was no difference in recurrence or death from MCC between SLNB-positive and -negative patients. The 2-year CIs of recurrence or death from MCC for LVI-positive patients were 30% and 15%, respectively. No LVI-negative patient experienced recurrence of disease or died of MCC. DISCUSSION SLNB identifies occult nodal metastases in 29% of patients with localized MCC. Predictors of SLNB positivity are tumor size and presence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI). Patients with SLNB-positive disease are more likely to receive further treatment; however, sentinel lymph node (SLN) status is not associated with recurrence or survival. In contrast, LVI is strongly associated with both recurrence and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Fields
- Gastric and Mixed Tumor Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Tse DT, Hui JI. Malignant Eyelid Tumors. Cornea 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06387-6.00039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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