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Saleh JS, Subtil A, Hristov AC. Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a review of the most common entities with focus on recent updates. Hum Pathol 2023; 140:75-100. [PMID: 37802757 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas are an heterogeneous group of uncommon lymphoid neoplasms that are challenging to diagnose and require close collaboration between dermatologists, pathologists and hematologists/oncologists. This article reviews the most common cutaneous T-cell lymphomas: mycosis fungoides (both classic and variant forms) as well as its leukemic counterpart Sézary syndrome, CD30+ T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders including the ever-expanding group of lymphomatoid papulosis and primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and primary cutaneous CD4+ small/medium lymphoproliferative disorder. We discuss the classic clinical and histopathologic features of these lymphomas and review how they can be distinguished from reactive entities. In particularly, updates to these diagnostic categories and current controversies in classification are highlighted. Moreover, we review the prognosis and treatment for each entity. These lymphomas exhibit variable prognosis, and therefore it is important to correctly classify atypical cutaneous T-cell infiltrates for appropriate patient treatment and prognosis. Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas are at the interface of several medical specialties; this review seeks to summarize key features of these lymphomas and highlight new and emerging insights into these lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine S Saleh
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Antonio Subtil
- Department of Pathology, Royal Jubilee Hospital, University of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, V8R1J8, Canada
| | - Alexandra C Hristov
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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2
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Saleh JS, Subtil A, Hristov AC. Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a review of the most common entities with focus on recent updates. Hum Pathol 2023; 138:76-102. [PMID: 37307932 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas are an heterogeneous group of uncommon lymphoid neoplasms that are challenging to diagnose and require close collaboration between dermatologists, pathologists and hematologists/oncologists. This article reviews the most common cutaneous T-cell lymphomas: mycosis fungoides (both classic and variant forms) as well as its leukemic counterpart Sézary syndrome, CD30+ T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders including the ever-expanding group of lymphomatoid papulosis and primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and primary cutaneous CD4+ small/medium lymphoproliferative disorder. We discuss the classic clinical and histopathologic features of these lymphomas and review how they can be distinguished from reactive entities. In particularly, updates to these diagnostic categories and current controversies in classification are highlighted. Moreover, we review the prognosis and treatment for each entity. These lymphomas exhibit variable prognosis, and therefore it is important to correctly classify atypical cutaneous T-cell infiltrates for appropriate patient treatment and prognosis. Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas are at the interface of several medical specialties; this review seeks to summarize key features of these lymphomas and highlight new and emerging insights into these lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine S Saleh
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Antonio Subtil
- Department of Pathology, Royal Jubilee Hospital, University of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, V8R1J8, Canada
| | - Alexandra C Hristov
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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3
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LaTour D, Lee MP, Gardner JT, Dao H, Kerstetter J, Elsensohn A. Pseudocarcinomatous Hyperplasia Masquerading as a Well-Differentiated Squamous Cell Carcinoma Associated With Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2022; 44:952-954. [PMID: 36197055 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia (PCH) is a reactive proliferation of the epidermis associated with CD30 + lymphoproliferative disorders. In this article, we report the case of a 42-year-old man who presented with a 10-year history of a solitary erythematous patch on the right thigh that progressed to an ulcerated, crusted plaque. Histologic examination revealed an infiltrate of atypical CD30 + lymphocytes consistent with primary cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma with overlying well differentiated keratinocyte hyperplasia akin to a well-differentiated invasive squamous cell carcinoma. This case demonstrates the phenomenon of pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia mimicking features of invasive squamous cell carcinoma. It highlights the necessity of careful clinical correlation when diagnosing squamous cell carcinomas in younger patients on non-sun-exposed areas and the exclusion of accompanying known causes of pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donn LaTour
- School of Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Michael P Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA; and
| | - Jeffrey T Gardner
- Department of Dermatology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA; and
| | - Harry Dao
- Department of Dermatology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA; and
| | - Justin Kerstetter
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Ashley Elsensohn
- Department of Dermatology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA; and
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA
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4
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Shi R, Koh MJA. Two Histologic Patterns of Lymphomatoid Papulosis Occurring in a Child: A Matter of Timing? J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 44:e775-e778. [PMID: 34862355 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There are several histologic patterns seen in lymphomatoid papulosis, with the possibility of different subtypes occurring in the same patient. We report a case of lymphomatoid papulosis presenting with 2 histologic subtypes (types A and B) occurring concomitantly in a 10-year-old child, and postulate that the different subtypes occur dependent on the age of the lesion biopsied. Incidentally, one of the biopsies also shows a rarely seen pattern of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia in a pediatric lymphomatoid papulosis patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Shi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Mark Jean-Aan Koh
- Dermatology Service, KK Women's & Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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5
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Pseudocarcinomatous Hyperplasia, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, and Keratoacanthoma Associated to Lymphomas of the Skin and External Mucous Membranes: A Case Report and Literature Review. Am J Dermatopathol 2021; 42:662-672. [PMID: 31833842 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia (PCH) is a benign reactive epithelial proliferation that may be associated to lymphomas of the skin or external mucous membranes. We present a case of single lesion mycosis fungoides (Woringer-Kollop's reticulosis pagetoid) associated with PCH that was initially misdiagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and review all PubMed-indexed previously reported cases on lymphomas of the skin or external mucous membranes associated to PCH, SCC, and keratoacanthomas. Including our own case, we collected data of 114 cases of cutaneous or mucosal lymphoproliferative disorders associated to PCH, 3 cases associated to SCC, and other 3 cases associated to keratoacanthomas. All cases were tabulated to the following parameters whenever data was available: sex, age, previous medical conditions, number of lesions (single × multiple), site of involvement (mucosa, skin or both), clinical impression, initial equivocal histopathologic diagnosis, final diagnosis, keratinocytic atypia (presence × absence), lymphocytic atypia (presence × absence), CD30-status, and treatment.
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Dermawan JK, Hsi ED, Sethi S, Arrossi AV. Endobronchial pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia mimicking squamous cell carcinoma associated with primary pulmonary ALK‐negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Histopathology 2020; 76:781-784. [DOI: 10.1111/his.14032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josephine K. Dermawan
- Department of Pathology R.J. Tomisch Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland OH USA
| | - Eric D. Hsi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine R.J. Tomisch Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland OH USA
| | - Sonali Sethi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine Cleveland Clinic Cleveland OH USA
| | - Andrea V. Arrossi
- Department of Pathology R.J. Tomisch Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland OH USA
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Wipf A, Wipf H, Miller D. Sweet syndrome with pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia: A case report and review of the literature. J Cutan Pathol 2019; 46:520-527. [DOI: 10.1111/cup.13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Wipf
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Heidi Wipf
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Daniel Miller
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota
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Kreuter A, Pantelaki I, Michalowitz AL, Wieland U, Cerroni L, Oellig F, Tigges C. CD30-positive primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma with coexistent pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia. Clin Exp Dermatol 2018; 43:585-588. [DOI: 10.1111/ced.13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Kreuter
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology; HELIOS St. Elisabeth Hospital Oberhausen; University Witten-Herdecke; Oberhausen Germany
| | - I. Pantelaki
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology; HELIOS St. Elisabeth Hospital Oberhausen; University Witten-Herdecke; Oberhausen Germany
| | - A.-L. Michalowitz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology; HELIOS St. Elisabeth Hospital Oberhausen; University Witten-Herdecke; Oberhausen Germany
| | - U. Wieland
- National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses; Institute of Virology; University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - L. Cerroni
- Dermatopathology Unit; Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Graz; Graz Austria
| | - F. Oellig
- Institute of Pathology; Mülheim an der Ruhr; Mülheim Germany
| | - C. Tigges
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology; HELIOS St. Elisabeth Hospital Oberhausen; University Witten-Herdecke; Oberhausen Germany
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Bellafiore S, Grenzi L, Simonetti V, Piana S. Pseudocarcinomatous Hyperplasia Hiding Lymphomatoid Papulosis. Int J Surg Pathol 2015; 24:232-6. [DOI: 10.1177/1066896915623364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia (PCH) is a reactive proliferation of the epidermis that can be associated with many inflammatory and neoplastic conditions. Histologically, it is characterized by irregular strands of epidermis, usually at the level of the follicular infundibulum, projecting downward into the dermis. The differentiation between a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and PCH can be particularly challenging when the biopsy is superficial and the causing lesion is dermal-based. Lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) is an uncommon, self-healing, recurrent, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, included among the primary cutaneous CD30-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. LyP is characterized by a chronic course of years to decades that does not compromise survival, even if patients with LyP are at risk for second cutaneous or nodal lymphoid malignancies. LyP and other lymphomas are major neoplastic causes of PCH and can be misdiagnosed or completely overlooked if the PCH is particularly exuberant. We describe the case of an otherwise healthy 55-year-old man who presented with a 3-month history of erythematous papules on upper and lower limbs. A diagnosis of LyP associated with PCH was made after 3 skin biopsies. The propensity of the CD30+ cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders to an incognito growth pattern is well recognized, and a low-magnification scanning of the histological slides can be an inappropriate approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Grenzi
- Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Vito Simonetti
- Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Xiong J, Ma Y, Chen H, Xu X, Sun J. Lymphomatoid papulosis with pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia in a 7-year-old girl: a case report. J Cutan Pathol 2015; 43:430-3. [DOI: 10.1111/cup.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Xiong
- Institute of Dermatology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Nanjing China
| | - Yiping Ma
- Institute of Dermatology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Nanjing China
| | - Hao Chen
- Institute of Dermatology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Nanjing China
| | - Xiulian Xu
- Institute of Dermatology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Nanjing China
| | - Jianfang Sun
- Institute of Dermatology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Nanjing China
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11
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Price A, Miller JH, Junkins-Hopkins JM. Pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia in anaplastic large cell lymphoma, a mimicker of poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma: report of a case and review of the literature. J Cutan Pathol 2015; 42:863-9. [PMID: 26040921 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia can occasionally be observed in biopsies of CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disorders. It is important to be cognizant of this association, because epithelial hyperproliferation can overshadow large atypical lymphoid cells, leading to an erroneous diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or keratoacanthoma. Herein, we present a case of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) with pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia simulating a poorly differentiated carcinoma and review the literature on this subject. Immunohistochemical staining with p63 helped delineate the infiltrating tongues of pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia from the malignant infiltrate. We present this case to raise awareness of the potential for pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia to occur in the setting of CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders. Clinicians and dermatopathologists should consider the possibility of ALCL or lymphomatoid papulosis when examining lesions with features of inflamed SCC, especially if the tumor presents on a site or in a patient that is not typical of SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason H Miller
- Rutgers/Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, New York, NY, USA
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12
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CD30+ cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders with pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia are associated with a T-helper-17 cytokine profile and infiltrating granulocytes. J Am Acad Dermatol 2015; 72:508-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Ginsberg D, Hill H, Wilson B, Plaza JA, Schieke SM. Pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia mimicking squamous cell carcinoma in a case of CD56-positive cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma. J Cutan Pathol 2014; 42:194-198. [PMID: 25370871 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We present the case of an 84-year-old patient with a cutaneous CD56 positive cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma associated with substantial pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia mimicking squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The patient presented with a 7-month history of several progressive, ulcerated plaques on his right forearm. An initial biopsy showed changes consistent with a diagnosis of SCC for which the patient underwent surgical treatment. Several months later, the patient developed recurrent ulcerated plaques on the right forearm of which several biopsies were performed. The biopsies repeatedly showed marked pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia resembling SCC. Deeper punch biopsies, however, showed a dense superficial and deep infiltrate of markedly atypical lymphocytes. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed strong positive staining for CD3, CD8, CD56 with negative stains for CD30 and Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small non-polyadenylated RNAs (EBER). Staining for beta F1 and gamma-delta T-cell receptor (γδ TCR) were both negative. This constellation was most consistent with a diagnosis of cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified in association with marked pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia. Our case adds cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified to the list of conditions associated with pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia (PCH) and illustrates once again the potential pitfalls of distinguishing marked pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia from SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ginsberg
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Wang T, Guo C, Xu CC, Zhou XP, Liu YH, Zheng HY. Regional lymphomatoid papulosis in association with pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia: 13 years follow-up. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014; 29:1853-4. [PMID: 24841636 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Wang
- Department of Dermatology; Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - C.L. Guo
- Program in Dermatopathology; Department of Pathology; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
| | - C.-C. Xu
- Department of Dermatology; Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - X.-P. Zhou
- Department of Dermatology; Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Y.-H. Liu
- Department of Dermatology; Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - H.-Y. Zheng
- Department of Dermatology; Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing China
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Simulators of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: diagnostic challenges on small biopsies and clinicopathological correlation. J Skin Cancer 2013; 2013:752864. [PMID: 23878739 PMCID: PMC3708441 DOI: 10.1155/2013/752864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common and important primary cutaneous malignancy. On skin biopsies, SCC is characterized by significant squamous cell atypia, abnormal keratinization, and invasive features. Diagnostic challenges may occasionally arise, especially in the setting of small punch biopsies or superficial shave biopsies, where only part of the lesion may be assessable by the pathologist. Benign mimics of SCC include pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, eccrine squamous syringometaplasia, inverted follicular keratosis, and keratoacanthoma, while malignant mimics of SCC include basal cell carcinoma, melanoma, and metastatic carcinoma. The careful application of time-honored diagnostic criteria, close clinicopathological correlation and a selective request for a further, deeper, or wider biopsy remain the most useful strategies to clinch the correct diagnosis. This review aims to present the key differential diagnoses of SCC, to discuss common diagnostic pitfalls, and to recommend ways to deal with diagnostically challenging cases.
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Ra S, Su A, Ellison D, Koperski J, Bonilla M, Robbins B. Leukemia cutis in association with cutaneous epidermal malignancies. J Cutan Pathol 2012; 39:971-6. [PMID: 22845783 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2012.01978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal malignancies developing in association with hematolymphoid malignancies are exceptional. Only one prior case of myeloid leukemia cutis with a cutaneous epidermal malignancy has been reported. METHODS We report two cases; one occurred in association with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and another with basal cell carcinoma (BCC). RESULTS Both patients were 83-year-old males without established histories of systemic hematopoietic disorders; one presented with an erythematous papule on the right upper back and the other with a nodule on the left wrist. One biopsy revealed nodular BCC with an associated perivascular myeloid leukemic infiltrate showing immunohistochemical positivity for CD43 and CD45. The other biopsy showed SCC associated with a leukemic infiltrate in sheets with myeloid blasts, eosinophilic myelocytes and maturing myeloid precursors. The myeloid cells showed immunohistochemical expression of CD43, CD68, CD33, CD117 and myeloperoxidase. Both patients had myeloblasts on peripheral blood smear. One patient declined further treatment and died of disease 5 weeks after the initial biopsy. The other patient underwent chemotherapy and is alive after 6 months. CONCLUSION Although most inflammatory infiltrates associated with cutaneous epidermal malignancies are reactive, careful examination is necessary to exclude systemic hematopoietic disease, especially in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Ra
- San Diego Pathologists Medical Group, San Diego, CA 92108, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Cutaneous pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia is a benign proliferation that can be associated with many nontumoral and tumoral conditions. In the literature, squamous proliferations of different types have been associated with several types of adnexal adenomas. However, we found no reported case of association of hidradenoma papilliferum with pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia. We had the opportunity of studying this type of an association in a 38-year-old man. The hidradenoma was located deep in the corion of the biopsy and the uppermost squamous epithelium showed a pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia that focally contacted with the hidradenoma. No atypia was noted in the squamous proliferation. E-cadherin was diffusely expressed by the squamous nests, whereas p53 and Ki-67 were restricted to the basal layer. Cyclin D-1 was expressed in the parabasal layer. Immunohistochemistry of the squamous proliferation was negative for human papillomavirus.
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Abstract
Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia (PEH) is a benign condition, characterized by hyperplasia of the epidermis and adnexal epithelium, closely simulating squamous cell carcinoma. PEH may be present in a number of conditions characterized by prolonged inflammation and/or chronic infection, as well as in association with many cutaneous neoplasms. Herein, we review different inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic skin diseases, in which florid epidermal hyperplasia is a prominent histopathologic feature, and introduce a systematic approach in the interpretation of PEH.
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Fernandez-Flores A. CD30 role in the progression of epithelial tumors? Am J Dermatopathol 2010; 32:315. [PMID: 20182340 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3181bbd430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Guitart J, Querfeld C. Cutaneous CD30 lymphoproliferative disorders and similar conditions: a clinical and pathologic prospective on a complex issue. Semin Diagn Pathol 2010; 26:131-40. [PMID: 20043512 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We elaborate on the diagnosis of CD30 positive cutaneous lymphoproliferative conditions including the various clinical and pathological presentations, our understanding of its pathomechanisms and prognostic implications. The most common reactive conditions that can simulate CD30 lymphoproliferative conditions, including arthropod bite reactions, various viral infections, pityriasis lichenoides and lymphocytic papules in myelodysplastic syndrome, are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Guitart
- Cutaneous Lymphoma Clinic and Dermatopathology Laboratory, Northwestern University, Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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Yanagi T, Shimizu T, Kodama K, Nemoto-Hasebe I, Kasai M, Shimizu H. CD30-positive primary cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma and definite squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009; 34:e293-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Jiang DY, Fu XB, Zong XL, Chen B, Wang JC, Shan F. Focal injection of vancomycin combined with surgical debridement-dermatoplasty in the treatment of pseudo-epitheliomatous granuloma. Burns 2009; 36:552-7. [PMID: 19767150 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2009.06.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudo-epitheliomatous granuloma (PEG) can occur in some small skin wounds with secondary infections resulting from improper treatments. It is difficult to heal and can easily relapse. OBJECTIVES This study explores the clinical and pathological characteristics of PEG and effective treatments. PATIENTS AND METHODS Tissue specimens of PEG obtained from 11 patients (age range: 2-67 years) were sent for microbial examination and histological observation. The local lesions were treated by focal injection of vancomycin combined with surgical debridement-dermatoplasty. RESULTS The diagnosis of PEG was based on histological examination, which revealed long epithelial peduncle encapsulated granulation tissue-like honeycomb in which more vessels, macrophages, lymphocytes and mast cells and less extracellular matrix were distributed. Bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus pyocyaneus, ethylene-type Streptococcus, stool Streptococcus and F-citric acid Bacillus were found in the microbial culture of the specimens. They were tolerant to celbenin but sensitive to vancomycin. PEG could be cured by focal application of vancomycin combined with free skin or skin flap after thorough debridement. The relapse of PEG could be prevented by the therapy. CONCLUSION Focal injection of vancomycin combined with surgical debridement-dermatoplasty is an effective therapy for PEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du-yin Jiang
- Institute of Tissue Engineering of Shandong University, 247 Bei Yuan Road, Jinan 250033, PR China.
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24
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Sangueza M. Tumor proliferation in the right arm. An Bras Dermatol 2009; 84:270-4. [PMID: 19668941 DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962009000300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a case of fast growth tumor lesion on the posterior region of the right arm of a 37-year-old female patient. Dermatopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics are discussed to support the definite diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sangueza
- Servicio de Patología, Hospital Obrero Nro 1, Caja Nacional de Salud, La Paz, Bolivia.
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25
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A Distinct Entity in the Spectrum of the CD30+ Cutaneous Lymphoproliferative Diseases: Oligolesional Nodules With Pseudoepitheliomatous Hyperplasia Followed by Spontaneous Resolution. Am J Dermatopathol 2009; 31:37-43. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e31818779de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Kawachi Y, Taguchi S, Fujisawa Y, Furuta J, Nakamura Y, Ishii Y, Takahashi T, Otsuka F. Epidermal pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia with underlying epidermal growth factor-producing cutaneous CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disorder. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 23:181-3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.02758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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27
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Resnik KS, Kutzner H. Mimicry Illuminating Pitfalls in Histopathologic Diagnosis: Nutritional Deficiency-Like Dermatitis Secondary to Topical Tazarotene and Keratoacanthomatous Pseudocarcinomatous Hyperplasia in CD30+ Lymphoproliferative Disorder As Illustrative. Am J Dermatopathol 2009; 31:22-5. [DOI: 10.1097/01.dad.0000246796.06992.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Biswas A, van Pittius DG, Stephens M, Smith AG. Recurrent primary cutaneous lymphoma with florid pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia masquerading as squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathology 2008; 52:755-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2008.03013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Martín JM, Ricart JM, Monteagudo C, Alcácer J, Pinazo I, Tomás L, Rausell N, Jordá E. Primary cutaneous CD30+ anaplastic large-cell lymphomas mimicking keratoacanthomas. Clin Exp Dermatol 2008; 32:668-71. [PMID: 17953637 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2007.02477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) may be associated with keratoacanthoma (KA)-like epithelial hyperplasia and dense eosinophilic and neutrophilic infiltrates. Diagnosis in such cases is challenging both clinically and histologically, because the large atypical lymphoid cells may be obscured by the massive infiltrate of eosinophils and neutrophils, or confused with invasive squamous cell carcinoma or KA. We recently encountered two cases of CD30+ ALCL presenting with a KA-like tumour on the eyelid and nose, respectively. One showed features of KA histologically, with marked tissue eosinophilia and neutrophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Martín
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain.
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30
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Akilov OE, Donovan MJ, Stepinac T, Carter CR, Whitcomb JP, Hasan T, McDowell MA. T helper type 1 cytokines and keratinocyte growth factor play a critical role in pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia initiation during cutaneous leishmaniasis. Arch Dermatol Res 2007; 299:315-25. [PMID: 17643254 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-007-0765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia (PEH) is an exuberant proliferation of the epidermis. The underlying mechanism(s) that lead to PEH have not been completely elucidated. Here, we characterize PEH during the healing stages of cutaneous leishmanial ulcers in mice. During experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) C57BL/6 mice produce PEH, and BALB/c do not. A series of immunohistochemical and immunological studies were performed to identify the secretory products of PEH regulation. We observed that the distribution of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma under PEH had a stripe-like diffuse pattern and localized in the upper part of the papillary dermis directly under the proliferating epidermis. Macrophages were identified as the major source of TNF-alpha (56.3%). The importance of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in PEH development was proven by the initiation of PEH after three intralesional injections of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma every three days in infected BALB/c mice. In C57BL/6 mice, keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) expressing cells were found immediately under the basal membrane of the hyperplastic epidermis in comparison with sporadic KGF positive cells deep in the dermis of BALB/c mice. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated increased KGF and KGF receptor expression in uninfected C57BL/6 mice as compared to BALB/c mice. These data indicate that Th1 cytokines and KGF play a critical role in PEH initiation during CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg E Akilov
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656, USA
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Drunkenmölle E, Marsch WC, Lübbe D, Helmbold P. Paratumoral epidermal hyperplasia: a novel prognostic factor in thick primary melanoma of the skin? Am J Dermatopathol 2006; 27:482-8. [PMID: 16314703 DOI: 10.1097/01.dad.0000181106.01168.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of histopathological factors to sub-stratify prognosis in pT3/4 melanoma primaries. In the presented pilot study, the prognostic significance of different clinical and histopathological parameters was studied in thick primary melanoma taking paratumoral epidermal hyperplasia (PTEH) into consideration. Of 1632 melanoma patients in the melanoma register of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg in the years 1980 to 1987, 16 cases with tumor thickness (TT) of the primary > or = 3 mm, documented metastasis-free follow-up of 10+ years after primary therapy and available histologic sections were compared with an adequate recurrence control group (n = 62) by PTEH and standard prognostic parameters. PTEH was demonstrable in 15 of 16 patients of the metastasis-free group (PTEH penetration depth 1.42 +/- 0.82 mm/mean +/- SD) and 27 of 62 of controls (0.29 +/- 0.46 mm), P < or = 0.001. Of the standard prognostic parameters, TT, sex, location, and lack of nevus association also correlated with metastasis. In multivariate analysis, PTEH > or = 1 mm was the single independent parameter with the highest (negative) association to recurrence (odds ratio 52.3). Occurrence of PTEH might predict a more moderate course of disease in thick melanoma. Thus, it might become an easily determinable and effective tool to sub-stratify prognosis in thick primary melanoma of the skin. Further studies are necessary to prove these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Drunkenmölle
- Department of Dermatology, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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32
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Abstract
Fungating nodules and infiltrated plaques are usually equated with advanced tumor stage mycosis fungoides. We report an 85-year-old man who presented in this way but multiple skin biopsies revealed that the bulk of his nodules were due to marked follicular hyperplasia as a result of folliculotropic mycosis fungoides. This clinical presentation may be best described as a pseudotumorous form of mycosis fungoides dominated by follicular epithelial hyperplasia rather than lymphocytic proliferation characteristic of true tumor stage disease. Similar presentations have been described as a verrucous and hyperplastic variant of mycosis fungoides due to the presence of prominent epidermal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kossard
- Skin and Cancer Foundation Australia, Sydney, Australia.
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33
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Kempf W, Kutzner H, Kettelhack N, Palmedo G, Burg G. Paraneoplastic pityriasis lichenoides in cutaneous lymphoma: case report and review of the literature on paraneoplastic reactions of the skin in lymphoma and leukaemia. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152:1327-31. [PMID: 15949002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Paraneoplastic dermatoses are non-neoplastic skin disorders which occur in the context of an underlying malignant neoplasm. The classic paraneoplastic dermatoses are mostly associated with solid internal malignancies. They only rarely occur in the context of nodal or primary cutaneous lymphomas. Apart from these classic paraneoplastic dermatoses, there are additional skin disorders reported to occur in close association with haematological and lymphoproliferative disorders which can thus be regarded as paraneoplastic manifestations. We report for the first time two patients with pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta in association with mycosis fungoides. In addition, we review the literature on paraneoplastic dermatoses of the skin which have been described in patients with leukaemias and primary cutaneous lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kempf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Lin JH, Lee JYY. Primary cutaneous CD30+
anaplastic large cell lymphoma with keratoacanthoma-like pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia and marked eosinophilia and neutrophilia. J Cutan Pathol 2004; 31:458-61. [PMID: 15186435 DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2004.00204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia (PCH) and marked tissue neutrophilia have been observed in cutaneous CD30(+) anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) occasionally and may cause misdiagnosis. METHODS An unusual case of CD30(+) ALCL of the skin resembling keratoacanthoma (KA) both clinically and pathologically was described. Histologic examination and immunostaining were performed. RESULTS A 55-year-old woman presented with a 3-month history of an enlarging hyperkeratotic tumor on the forehead with a central keratinous plug. Microscopic examination showed epithelial hyperplasia resembling KA and a diffuse background infiltrate of large atypical lymphoid cells in the dermis. The atypical cells resembled epithelial cells and were obscured by a massive infiltrate of eosinophils and neutrophils. Immunostaining confirmed the presence of a diffuse infiltrate of CD30(+) cells; these cells were negative for CD45RO, CD20, CD15, epithelial membrane antigen, anaplastic lymphoma kinase-1, and cytokeratin. There was no evidence of extracutaneous involvement. The findings were consistent with primary cutaneous CD30(+) ALCL of null cell phenotype with KA-like epithelial hyperplasia and marked eosinophilia and neutrophilia. CONCLUSIONS Our case illustrates that primary cutaneous ALCL may be associated with KA-like PCH and concurrent marked tissue eosinophilia and neutrophilia. Diagnosis in such cases is challenging both clinically and histologically because the large atypical lymphoid cells may easily be obscured by the massive infiltrates of eosinophils and neutrophils or confused with invasive squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Hsien Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
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35
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36
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Eedy DJ, English JSC. Updates from the British Association of Dermatologists 83rd Annual Meeting, 1-4 July 2003, Brighton, U.K. Br J Dermatol 2004; 150:11-32. [PMID: 14746613 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.05774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Eedy
- Craigavon Area Hospital Group Trust, 68 Lurgan Road, Portadown BT63 5QQ, U.K.
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37
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Kang SK, Chang SE, Choi JH, Sung KJ, Moon KC, Koh JK, Huh JR. Occurrence of angiosarcoma and gastric adenocarcinoma following a cutaneous CD30-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Br J Dermatol 2002; 147:818-20. [PMID: 12366445 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.49288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Mott RT, Rosenberg A, Livingston S, Morgan MB. Melanoma associated with pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia: a case series and investigation into the role of epidermal growth factor receptor. J Cutan Pathol 2002; 29:490-7. [PMID: 12207743 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0560.2002.290807.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia (PEH) is a reactive epithelial proliferation that occurs in response to underlying infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions. The histologic features of PEH may simulate squamous cell carcinoma and may obscure an underlying malignant process. The association of PEH with benign melanocytic nevi is well described in the literature. However, reports documenting the association of PEH with melanoma are rare. METHODS We examined the demographic and histologic features in 13 cases of melanoma in association with PEH. In addition, we evaluated the possible pathogenic role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) using immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS In each case, histologic examination revealed epidermal hyperplasia with irregular cords of well-differentiated epithelial cells extending into the dermis and infiltrating the melanoma. Although overlap existed, two patterns of epidermal hyperplasia were noted. The majority of cases (69%) exhibited acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, papillomatosis, and irregular infiltrating epithelial cords with squamous eddies. The remaining cases demonstrated basaloid acanthosis, laminated orthokeratosis, and horn cysts. EGFR immunohistochemical studies revealed strong staining within the basal layer of the epithelium, with no discernible difference between the hyperplastic epithelium overlying the melanoma cells and adjacent normal skin. Immunostaining among the melanoma cells was absent to weak in each of the cases. All cases exhibited intense EGFR immunoreactivity in macrophages underlying the epidermal lesions. CONCLUSIONS Melanoma is capable of presenting in a variety of histologic guises, including a pattern with PEH. The etiology of PEH, as rarely seen in conjunction with melanoma, unlikely involves EGFR and remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Mott
- Department of Pathology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Liu V, McKee PH. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders: approach for the surgical pathologist: recent advances and clarification of confused issues. Adv Anat Pathol 2002; 9:79-100. [PMID: 11917163 DOI: 10.1097/00125480-200203000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (CTCLs) remain a subject of confusion and controversy. In this review, the authors discuss diagnostic criteria and classification, including the role of immunohistochemistry and gene rearrangement studies. In addition, cutaneous T-cell pseudolymphomas, the current status of parapsoriasis and other premalignant syndromes, and the clinicopathological variants of mycosis fungoides are discussed. CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disorders and a number of rare variants of CTCL including granulamatous slack skin, subcutaneous (panniculitic) T-cell lymphoma, gamma-delta cutaneous lymphoma, NK/NK-like T-cell lymphoma, and primary cutaneous CD8-positive epidermotropic cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Liu
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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