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Bernardino Gomes TM, Vincent AE, Menger KE, Stewart JB, Nicholls TJ. Mechanisms and pathologies of human mitochondrial DNA replication and deletion formation. Biochem J 2024; 481:683-715. [PMID: 38804971 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Human mitochondria possess a multi-copy circular genome, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), that is essential for cellular energy metabolism. The number of copies of mtDNA per cell, and their integrity, are maintained by nuclear-encoded mtDNA replication and repair machineries. Aberrant mtDNA replication and mtDNA breakage are believed to cause deletions within mtDNA. The genomic location and breakpoint sequences of these deletions show similar patterns across various inherited and acquired diseases, and are also observed during normal ageing, suggesting a common mechanism of deletion formation. However, an ongoing debate over the mechanism by which mtDNA replicates has made it difficult to develop clear and testable models for how mtDNA rearrangements arise and propagate at a molecular and cellular level. These deletions may impair energy metabolism if present in a high proportion of the mtDNA copies within the cell, and can be seen in primary mitochondrial diseases, either in sporadic cases or caused by autosomal variants in nuclear-encoded mtDNA maintenance genes. These mitochondrial diseases have diverse genetic causes and multiple modes of inheritance, and show notoriously broad clinical heterogeneity with complex tissue specificities, which further makes establishing genotype-phenotype relationships challenging. In this review, we aim to cover our current understanding of how the human mitochondrial genome is replicated, the mechanisms by which mtDNA replication and repair can lead to mtDNA instability in the form of large-scale rearrangements, how rearranged mtDNAs subsequently accumulate within cells, and the pathological consequences when this occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago M Bernardino Gomes
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
- NHS England Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Amy E Vincent
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Katja E Menger
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - James B Stewart
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Thomas J Nicholls
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
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2
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Yoshimi A, Ishikawa K, Niemeyer C, Grünert SC. Pearson syndrome: a multisystem mitochondrial disease with bone marrow failure. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:379. [PMID: 36253820 PMCID: PMC9575259 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02538-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pearson syndrome (PS) is a rare fatal mitochondrial disorder caused by single large-scale mitochondrial DNA deletions (SLSMDs). Most patients present with anemia in infancy. Bone marrow cytology with vacuolization in erythroid and myeloid precursors and ring-sideroblasts guides to the correct diagnosis, which is established by detection of SLSMDs. Non hematological symptoms suggesting a mitochondrial disease are often lacking at initial presentation, thus PS is an important differential diagnosis in isolated hypogenerative anemia in infancy. Spontaneous resolution of anemia occurs in two-third of patients at the age of 1-3 years, while multisystem non-hematological complications such as failure to thrive, muscle hypotonia, exocrine pancreas insufficiency, renal tubulopathy and cardiac dysfunction develop during the clinical course. Some patients with PS experience a phenotypical change to Kearns-Sayre syndrome. In the absence of curative therapy, the prognosis of patients with PS is dismal. Most patients die of acute lactic acidosis and multi-organ failure in early childhood. There is a great need for the development of novel therapies to alter the natural history of patients with PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayami Yoshimi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Kaori Ishikawa
- Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Niemeyer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sarah C Grünert
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences and Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Yoshimi A, Grünert SC, Cario H, Fisch A, Gross-Wieltsch U, Timmermann K, Kontny U, Lobitz S, Odenthal HS, Schmid I, Uetz B, Höll T, Rötig A, Lücke T, Borkhardt A, Strauß G, Hohnecker A, Metzler M, Karall D, Niemeyer CM. Haematological characteristics and spontaneous haematological recovery in Pearson syndrome. Br J Haematol 2021; 193:1283-1287. [PMID: 33837965 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayami Yoshimi
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sarah C Grünert
- Department of General Paediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Holger Cario
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Aron Fisch
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ute Gross-Wieltsch
- Paediatric Oncology, Haematology, Immunology, Klinikum Stuttgart - Olgahospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kirsten Timmermann
- Paediatric Nephrology, Klinikum Stuttgart - Olgahospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Udo Kontny
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephan Lobitz
- Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, Gemeinschaftsklinikum Mittelrhein, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Helen S Odenthal
- Department of Paediatric Oncology/Haematology, Kinderkrankenhaus Amsterdamer Straße, Cologne, Germany
| | - Irene Schmid
- Division of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Uetz
- KfH Center of Paediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital Munich Schwabing, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Höll
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Sana Kliniken, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Agnès Rötig
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Genetics of Mitochondrial diseases, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Lücke
- University Children's Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Haematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Gabriele Strauß
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Helios Hospital Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Paediatric Oncology/Haematology/Stem Cell Transplantation, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Markus Metzler
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniela Karall
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Clinic for Paediatrics, Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Charlotte M Niemeyer
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Nishimura A, Hirabayashi S, Hasegawa D, Yoshida K, Shiraishi Y, Ashiarai M, Hosoya Y, Fujiwara T, Harigae H, Miyano S, Ogawa S, Manabe A. Acquisition of monosomy 7 and a RUNX1 mutation in Pearson syndrome. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68:e28799. [PMID: 33200495 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pearson syndrome (PS) is a very rare and often fatal multisystem disease caused by deletions in mitochondrial DNA that result in sideroblastic anemia, vacuolization of marrow precursors, and pancreatic dysfunction. Spontaneous recovery from anemia is often observed within several years of diagnosis. We present the case of a 4-month-old male diagnosed with PS who experienced prolonged severe pancytopenia preceding the emergence of monosomy 7. Whole-exome sequencing identified two somatic mutations, including RUNX1 p.S100F that was previously reported as associated with myeloid malignancies. The molecular defects associated with PS may have the potential to progress to advanced myelodysplastic syndrome .
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nishimura
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Hirabayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shiraishi
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Ashiarai
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Hosoya
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Fujiwara
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideo Harigae
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyano
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Atsushi Manabe
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Abstract
Monosomy 21 is an extremely rare genetic disorder presenting with a wide array of symptoms. Recurrent infections, some life threatening, have been reported in several monosomy 21 patients and attributed to an, as of yet, undefined immunodeficiency. Here we report on a 3-year-old boy with mosaic monosomy 21 who presented with clinical and laboratory evidence of immunodeficiency. Despite suffering from infections highly suggestive of a cell-mediated immune defect, the patient's T cells displayed normal counts, subsets and proliferation capability. T cell receptor repertoire was diverse, and de novo T cell production was intact. Consistent with earlier case reports, our patient displayed mildly low B cell counts with hypogammaglobulinemia. B cell subsets demonstrated mainly naïve and marginal zone B cells that have not undergone class switch. Subsequently, IgG, IgA and IgE levels were near absent, whereas IgM level was normal. De novo B cell production and B cell receptor diversity were normal. Together, these results are indicative of a defect in immunoglobulin class switching as the principal cause of immunodeficiency in monosomy 21. A better understanding of the immunodeficiency in this syndrome will enable targeted treatment and prevention of infections in order to prevent morbidity and mortality in these patients.
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Abstract
Pearson syndrome is a multiorgan mitochondrial cytopathy that results from defective oxidative phosphorylation owing to mitochondrial DNA deletions. Prognosis is severe and death occurs in infancy or early childhood. This article describes 2 cases with a severe neonatal onset of the disease. A review of the literature reveals the atypical presentation of the disease in the neonatal period, which is often overlooked and underdiagnosed.
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Lee HF, Lee HJ, Chi CS, Tsai CR, Chang TK, Wang CJ. The neurological evolution of Pearson syndrome: case report and literature review. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2007; 11:208-14. [PMID: 17434771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Revised: 12/03/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pearson syndrome (PS) is an uncommon specific syndrome among mitochondrial diseases. It has unique clinical presentations. AIMS The purpose of this article is to clarify the neurological evolution, neuroimage findings, molecular genetic analysis and outcomes in PS cases with neurologic manifestations. METHODS We described the clinical progress of a female patient who was diagnosed as PS with a novel 6.0 kbp mitochondrial DNA deletion. She had typical clinical features of PS in early infancy followed by multiple organs involvement after the age of 1 year. At age 3, Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) and Leigh syndrome (LS) developed. We also reviewed PS cases reported in the literature and analyzed the neurological evolution. RESULTS Total 55 PS cases, including our index case, had been reported. Among them, 11 cases had detailed clinical descriptions in terms of hypotonia, developmental delay, ataxia or tremor. In whom, PS might evolve into KSS and/or LS: three cases evolving into KSS; one case on the transition of KSS; three cases evolve into LS; our index case has both presentations. The neuroimage findings of PS were quite different which might be from normal to specific abnormal findings over the cerebral white matter, cerebellum, basal ganglion and brainstem. Among those cases, the molecular analysis revealed large-scale mitochondrial deletion around 3.1-6.0kbp. The outcome of PS was opposite: either early death before age 4 or survived beyond age 7. CONCLUSIONS The neurological features of PS have potential evolution changes that are from normal, mild neurological deficits to special mitochondrial syndromes: KSS and LS. Closely monitoring neurological symptoms, arranging eye fundus examinations and neuroimaging studies in cases with changes of neurological signs are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Fen Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, No. 160, Sec. 3 Taichung-Kang Road, Taichung 407, Taiwan, ROC
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Schoeler S, Szibor R, Gellerich FN, Wartmann T, Mawrin C, Dietzmann K, Kirches E. Mitochondrial DNA deletions sensitize cells to apoptosis at low heteroplasmy levels. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 332:43-9. [PMID: 15896297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Accepted: 04/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A heterogeneous group of multisystem disorders affecting various tissues and often including neuromuscular symptoms is caused by mutations of the mitochondrial genome, which codes 13 polypeptides of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes and 22 tRNA genes needed for their translation. Since the link between OXPHOS dysfunction and clinical phenotype remains enigmatic in many diseases, a possible role of enhanced apoptosis is discussed besides bioenergetic crisis of affected cells. We analyzed the proapoptotic impact of the mitochondrial 5kb common deletion (CD), affecting five tRNA genes, in transmitochondrial cybrid cell lines and found a slightly enhanced sensitivity to exogenous oxidative stress (H2O2) and a pronounced sensitization against death receptor stimulation (TRAIL) at a rather low CD heteroplasmy level of 22%. Mitochondrial deletions confer enhanced susceptibility against proapoptotic signals to proliferating cells, which might explain the elimination of deletions from hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schoeler
- Institute of Neuropathology of the Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders cause a wide spectrum of diseases in children. Their presentation is nonspecific with encephalomyopathy, failure to thrive, seizures, ophthalmoplegia, and sensorineural hearing loss. These disorders are progressive and are aggravated by fever and infections. They can be caused by mutations in nDNA or mtDNA. Diagnosis requires a complex battery of clinical studies coupled with diagnostic findings on muscle biopsy (abnormal structure, histochemistry, or enzyme studies) or DNA testing. Therapy for mitochondrial disorders remains largely ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Longo
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, 2C412 SOM, 50 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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Shin MG, Kajigaya S, Levin BC, Young NS. Mitochondrial DNA mutations in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood 2003; 101:3118-25. [PMID: 12446454 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-06-1825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We undertook to systematically analyze the entire mitochondrial genome by gene amplification and direct sequencing in 10 patients with myelodysplasia; results were compared with concomitantly studied 8 healthy volunteers as well as mtDNA sequences in a standard database. Nucleotide changes that were present in our healthy controls as well as those in published databases were counted as polymorphisms. Overall, there was no increase in the number of mtDNA genes harboring polymorphisms or "new" mutations between our patients and healthy controls, although there were a few more mtDNA changes resulting in amino acid changes in myelodysplasia (9 in 8 controls versus 16 in 10 patients). Thirty new mutations, all nucleotide substitutions, were found among the 10 patients, distributed throughout the mitochondrial genome; 5 mutations resulted in amino acid changes. None of the mutations in controls produced amino acid changes. We were not able to confirm previously described mutations in sideroblastic anemia or "hot spots" in the cytochrome c oxidase I and II genes. Our data do not support a major role for mitochondrial genomic instability in myelodysplasia, and they fail to reproduce previous reports of significant or widespread mitochondrial mutations in this disease. Modest changes in mutation numbers and mitochondrial microsatellites may be evidence of increased mutagenesis in mtDNA, or, more likely, a reflection of limited clonality among hematopoietic stem cells in this bone marrow failure syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Geun Shin
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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