The brain may know more than cognitive theory can tell us: a reply to Ted Parks

Illusory-figure microgenesis: A reply to Dresp and Spillmann

A proposed "bottom-up" explanation for the time-course of certain illusory figures is found wanting.

Functional neuroimaging findings on the human perception of illusory contours

Illusory contours (IC) have attracted a considerable interest in recent years to derive models of how sensory information is processed and integrated within the visual system. In addition to various findings from neuropsychology, neurophysiology, and psychophysics, several recent studies have used functional neuroimaging to identify the cerebral substrates underlying human perception of IC (in particular Kanizsa figures). In this paper, we review the results from more than 20 neuroimaging studies on IC perception and highlight the great diversity of findings across these studies. We then provide a detailed discussion about the localization ('where' debate) and the timing ('when' debate) of IC processing as suggested by functional neuroimaging. Cortical responses involving visual areas as early as V1/V2 and latencies as rapid as 100 ms have been reported in several studies. Particular issues concerning the role of the right hemisphere and the retinotopic encoding of IC are also discussed. These different findings are tentatively brought together to propose different hypothetical cortical mechanisms that might be responsible for the visual formation of IC. Several remaining questions on IC processing that could potentially be explored with functional neuroimaging techniques are finally emphasized.

Illusory contours and surfaces without amodal completion and depth stratification

Cognitive and figural cues were studied in modified Ehrenstein figures made from letters of the alphabet instead of radial lines. Capital letters with and without terminators (L, J vs O, D) were used, oriented towards or away from the central gap. Three groups, of 14 subjects each, estimated the magnitude of either (i) the illusory contour, (ii) brightness enhancement, or (iii) apparent depth. Strong illusory contour formation and brightness enhancement, but no depth stratification, were perceived in figures devoid of apparent occlusion and amodal completion. These results demonstrate that the Ehrenstein illusion can arise from line ends--with no need for perceptual completion, showing that illusory boundaries and surfaces can be dissociated from apparent depth. Results support a bottom-up explanation in terms of end-stopped neurons in the visual cortex. Conversely, top-down processes appear to be responsible for depth stratification.