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Amankwa E, Loock M, Kritzinger E. The determinants of an information security policy compliance culture in organisations: the combined effects of organisational and behavioural factors. INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SECURITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/ics-10-2021-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to examine the individual and combined effects of organisational and behavioural factors on employees’ attitudes and intentions to establish an information security policy compliance culture (ISPCC) in organisations.
Design/methodology/approach
Based on factors derived from the organisational culture theory, social bond theory and accountability theory, a testable research model was developed and evaluated in an online survey that involves the use of a questionnaire to collect quantitative data from 313 employees, from ten different organisations in Ghana. The data collected were analysed using the partial least squares-structural equation modelling approach, involving the measurement and structural model tests.
Findings
The study reveals that the individual measures of accountability – identifiability (2.4%), expectations of evaluation (38.8%), awareness of monitoring (55.7%) and social presence (−41.2%) – had weak to moderate effects on employees’ attitudes towards information security policy compliance. However, the combined effect showed a significant influence. In addition, organisational factors – supportive organisational culture (15%), security compliance leadership (2%) and user involvement (63%) – showed positive effects on employees’ attitudes. Further, employees’ attitudes had a substantial influence (65%), while behavioural intentions demonstrated a weak effect (24%) on the establishment of an ISPCC in the organisation. The combined effect also had a substantial statistical influence on the establishment of an ISPCC in the organisation.
Practical implications
Given the findings of the study, information security practitioners should implement organisational and behavioural factors that will have an impact on compliance, in tandem, with the organisational effort to build a culture of compliance for information security policies.
Originality/value
The study provides new insights on how to address the problem of non-compliance with regard to the information security policy in organisations through the combined application of organisational and behavioural factors to establish an information security policy compliance culture, which has not been considered in any past research.
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Mattavelli G, Costanzo F, Menghini D, Vicari S, Papagno C. Local vs global processing in Williams syndrome. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2021; 112:103917. [PMID: 33657518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has long been debated whether in Williams syndrome (WS) there is a preferential processing of local with respect to global forms, in contrast to the typical 'global advantage' in healthy individuals, which in WS seems to exist only for faces. AIMS We aimed at verifying it and to assess the role of stimulus familiarity by comparing performances with faces to those with other objects using the same type of task. METHODS AND PROCEDURE A group of children and adolescents with WS and controls with typical development performed a modified version of three tasks: Mooney (with faces and/or guitars), Jane (with faces and houses) and Navon task. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Individuals with WS were able to process at a global level not only faces but also objects, although they were impaired when they had to compare or discriminate between two stimuli. All groups showed an advantage for global processing, with familiarity improving it. However, WS participants did not benefit from familiarity as much as typically developing young individuals. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Peculiar abilities for face stimuli in WS did not emerge nor did a clear facilitation related to object familiarity. These results are useful for planning effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Floriana Costanzo
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Deny Menghini
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Costanza Papagno
- CIMeC (Centre for Mind/Brain Sciences), University of Trento, Italy; Dipartimento di Psicologia, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy.
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Hills PJ, Roberts AL, Boobyer C. Being observed detrimentally affects face perception. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2019.1685528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Hills
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Aimee Lee Roberts
- Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Charlotte Boobyer
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Robbins RA, Lewis TL, Maurer D. The relationship between discrimination and memory for spacing and feature changes in houses. The Journal of General Psychology 2018; 145:153-169. [PMID: 29608413 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2018.1442313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Adults need to discriminate between stimuli and recognize those previously seen. For faces, feature changes (e.g., different eyes) and spacing changes (e.g., distances between eyes) are important cues. In two experiments, we assessed the influence of these on discrimination and recognition of houses, a commonly used control in face studies. In both experiments, discrimination was better for feature than spacing changes. Memory for spacing changes was generally poor but aided by extra learning and intermixing change types. Conversely, memory for features was good, especially when there were few houses, and change type was blocked. Unexpectedly, memory was best for differences that might signal something about occupants (e.g., changes to garden or bins), perhaps akin to hairstyles for faces. Overall, results are consistent with previous work showing poor discrimination of spacing in non-face objects and extends them to show that, unlike for faces, spacing differences are also not well remembered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Robbins
- a School of Social Sciences and Psychology , Western Sydney University , Sydney , Australia.,b Department of Psychology , Neuroscience & Behaviour , McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
| | - Terri L Lewis
- b Department of Psychology , Neuroscience & Behaviour , McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
| | - Daphne Maurer
- b Department of Psychology , Neuroscience & Behaviour , McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
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Hills PJ, Marquardt Z, Young I, Goodenough I. Explaining Sad People's Memory Advantage for Faces. Front Psychol 2017; 8:207. [PMID: 28261138 PMCID: PMC5313490 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sad people recognize faces more accurately than happy people (Hills et al., 2011). We devised four hypotheses for this finding that are tested between in the current study. The four hypotheses are: (1) sad people engage in more expert processing associated with face processing; (2) sad people are motivated to be more accurate than happy people in an attempt to repair their mood; (3) sad people have a defocused attentional strategy that allows more information about a face to be encoded; and (4) sad people scan more of the face than happy people leading to more facial features to be encoded. In Experiment 1, we found that dysphoria (sad mood often associated with depression) was not correlated with the face-inversion effect (a measure of expert processing) nor with response times but was correlated with defocused attention and recognition accuracy. Experiment 2 established that dysphoric participants detected changes made to more facial features than happy participants. In Experiment 3, using eye-tracking we found that sad-induced participants sampled more of the face whilst avoiding the eyes. Experiment 4 showed that sad-induced people demonstrated a smaller own-ethnicity bias. These results indicate that sad people show different attentional allocation to faces than happy and neutral people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Hills
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth UniversityPoole, UK
| | - Zoe Marquardt
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth UniversityPoole, UK
| | - Isabel Young
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth UniversityPoole, UK
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Vance A, Lowry PB, Eggett D. Using Accountability to Reduce Access Policy Violations in Information Systems. J MANAGE INFORM SYST 2014. [DOI: 10.2753/mis0742-1222290410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Vance
- a Marriott School of Management, Brigham Young University
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Richler JJ, Gauthier I. When Intuition Fails to Align with Data: A Reply to. VISUAL COGNITION 2013; 21:10.1080/13506285.2013.796035. [PMID: 24307858 PMCID: PMC3845673 DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2013.796035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Holistic processing, a hallmark of face perception, is often measured in the so-called composite paradigm, in which participants are asked to match part of a stimulus while ignoring another part. In prior work, we recommended against the use of one version of the composite task we call the partial design, on the basis of confounds with response biases. Rossion wrote a lengthy piece that reviews the work that he has published using this design, raising a large number of criticisms, both about an alternative measure of holistic processing that we have used and advocated (which we call the complete design) and about our work in general. In this reply, we have limited our discussion to those issues that would be relevant to a researcher looking to decide which version of this composite paradigm to use, as we doubt a comprehensive reply would be of significant interest outside a very small circle.
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Cattaneo Z, Vecchi T, Monegato M, Pece A, Merabet LB, Carbon CC. Strabismic amblyopia affects relational but not featural and Gestalt processing of faces. Vision Res 2013; 80:19-30. [PMID: 23376210 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability to identify faces is of critical importance for normal social interactions. Previous evidence suggests that early visual deprivation may impair certain aspects of face recognition. The effects of strabismic amblyopia on face processing have not been investigated previously. In this study, a group of individuals with amblyopia were administered two tasks known to selectively measure face detection based on a Gestalt representation of a face (Mooney faces task) and featural and relational processing of faces (Jane faces task). Our data show that--when relying on their amblyopic eye only - strabismic amblyopes perform as well as normally sighted individuals in face detection and recognition on the basis of their single features. However, they are significantly impaired in discriminating among different faces on the basis of the spacing of their single features (i.e., configural processing of relational information). Our findings are the first to demonstrate that strabismic amblyopia may cause specific deficits in face recognition, and add to previous reports characterizing visual perceptual deficits associated in amblyopia as high-level and not only as low-level processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Cattaneo
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
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Wang Q, Hu C, Short LA, Fu G. The influence of shyness on the scanning of own- and other-race faces in adults. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52203. [PMID: 23284933 PMCID: PMC3526596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study explored the relationship between shyness and face scanning patterns for own- and other-race faces in adults. Participants completed a shyness inventory and a face recognition task in which their eye movements were recorded by a Tobii 1750 eye tracker. We found that: (1) Participants' shyness scores were negatively correlated with the fixation proportion on the eyes, regardless of the race of face they viewed. The shyer the participants were, the less time they spent fixating on the eye region; (2) High shyness participants tended to fixate significantly more than low shyness participants on the regions just below the eyes as if to avoid direct eye contact; (3) When participants were recognizing own-race faces, their shyness scores were positively correlated with the normalized criterion. The shyer they were, the more apt they were to judge the faces as novel, regardless of whether they were target or foil faces. The present results support an avoidance hypothesis of shyness, suggesting that shy individuals tend to avoid directly fixating on others' eyes, regardless of face race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiandong Wang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
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de Haan EHF, Cowey A. On the usefulness of 'what' and 'where' pathways in vision. Trends Cogn Sci 2011; 15:460-6. [PMID: 21906989 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The primate visual brain is classically portrayed as a large number of separate 'maps', each dedicated to the processing of specific visual cues, such as colour, motion or faces and their many features. In order to understand this fractionated architecture, the concept of cortical 'pathways' or 'streams' was introduced. In the currently prevailing view, the different maps are organised hierarchically into two major pathways, one involved in recognition and memory (the ventral stream or 'what' pathway) and the other in the programming of action (the dorsal stream or 'where' pathway). In this review, we question this heuristically influential but potentially misleading linear hierarchical pathway model and argue instead for a 'patchwork' or network model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward H F de Haan
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 15, 1018 WB, The Netherlands.
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