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Rani A, Pan SY, Negi S, Lin YI. Electroneutralization desalination with spontaneous chemoelectric power generation. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 257:121720. [PMID: 38728780 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
This study designs a novel electroneutralization desalination cell using reaction heat from acidic-alkaline wastewater neutralization to desalinate wastewater and generates chemoelectric power. Several key performance indicators are measured in terms of the energy, environmental and economic aspects of the system, including the ionic flux, the electrical energy produced, the electrical energy consumption for desalination, parasitic losses, overall energy conversion efficiency and desalination performance. The maximum peak power density is ∼31.5 mW/cm2 at 83.5 mA/cm2 and the desalination efficiency is 62 % using brine. The overall energy conversion efficiency is ∼81.8 % and the desalination followed the zero-order reaction. Assuming a 1.5 million litres per day treatment capacity integrated with reverse osmosis, the system has environmental and economic benefits, with 44.5 kg-CO₂eq greenhouse gas emissions per cubic meter of treated brine, and a discounted payback period of 4.2 years. This study demonstrates a pioneering electroneutralization technique for self-sufficient brine valorization and wastewater reclamation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Rani
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Da'an District, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, PR China
| | - Shu-Yuan Pan
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Da'an District, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, PR China; Agricultural Net-Zero Carbon Technology and Management Innovation Research Center, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Da'an District, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, PR China.
| | - Suraj Negi
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Da'an District, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, PR China
| | - Yu-I Lin
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Da'an District, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, PR China
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Rychagov AY, Volfkovich YM, Sosenkin VE, Seliverstov AF, Izmailova MY. Combined Separator Based on a Porous Ion-Exchange Membrane for Zinc-Halide Batteries. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:67. [PMID: 36676874 PMCID: PMC9861928 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report on a comparative analysis of the bromine permeability for three separator groups under the operating conditions of a non-flow zinc-bromine battery. A new method for the synthesis of porous heterogeneous membranes based on a cation-exchange resin followed by treatment with tetrabutylammonium bromide is proposed. It was shown that the modified membrane significantly reduced the bromine permeability (crossover) with an acceptable increase in the ionic conductivity of the separator group. Leakage currents not exceeding 10-20 µA/cm2 were achieved, and the Coulomb efficiency was over 90%. The ionic conductivity (at AC) of a membrane soaked with water was compared for different pretreatment conditions. The frequency dependence of the membrane resistance is shown. The features of the conduction mechanism of the modified membrane are discussed.
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Kartashova NV, Konev DV, Loktionov PA, Glazkov AT, Goncharova OA, Petrov MM, Antipov AE, Vorotyntsev MA. A Hydrogen-Bromate Flow Battery as a Rechargeable Chemical Power Source. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1228. [PMID: 36557135 PMCID: PMC9782483 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12121228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The hydrogen-bromate flow battery represents one of the promising variants for hybrid power sources. Its membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) combines a hydrogen gas diffusion anode and a porous flow-through cathode where bromate reduction takes place from its acidized aqueous solution: BrO3− + 6 H+ + 6 e− = Br− + 3 H2O (*). The process of electric current generation occurs on the basis of the overall reaction: 3 H2 + BrO3− = Br− + 3 H2O (**), which has been studied in previous publications. Until this work, it has been unknown whether this device is able to function as a rechargeable power source. This means that the bromide anion, Br−, should be electrooxidized into the bromate anion, BrO3−, in the course of the charging stage inside the same cell under strongly acidic conditions, while until now this process has only been carried out in neutral or alkaline solutions with specially designed anode materials. In this study, we have demonstrated that processes (*) and (**) can be performed in a cyclic manner, i.e., as a series of charge and discharge stages with the use of MEA: H2, Freidenberg H23C8 Pt-C/GP-IEM 103/Sigracet 39AA, HBr + H2SO4; square cross-section of 4 cm2 surface area, under an alternating galvanostatic mode at a current density of 75 mA/cm2. The coulombic, voltaic and energy efficiencies of the flow battery under a cyclic regime, as well as the absorption spectra of the catholyte, were measured during its operation. The total amount of Br-containing compounds penetrating through the membrane into the anode space was also determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V. Kartashova
- Faculty of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- EMCPS Department, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Konev
- Federal Research Center of Problem of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry RAS, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel A. Loktionov
- EMCPS Department, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
- Federal Research Center of Problem of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry RAS, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Artem T. Glazkov
- EMCPS Department, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga A. Goncharova
- Federal Research Center of Problem of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry RAS, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail M. Petrov
- EMCPS Department, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly E. Antipov
- EMCPS Department, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Vorotyntsev
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
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Glazkov A, Pichugov R, Loktionov P, Konev D, Tolstel D, Petrov M, Antipov A, Vorotyntsev MA. Current Distribution in the Discharge Unit of a 10-Cell Vanadium Redox Flow Battery: Comparison of the Computational Model with Experiment. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1167. [PMID: 36422159 PMCID: PMC9698378 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Shunting currents are among the main problems of all-vanadium redox flow battery stacks since, in addition to capacity losses, they cause negative effects associated with the local destruction of electrodes and bipolar plates. The values of both the shunting currents and their destructive effects on materials can be reduced at the battery development stage by adjusting the resistance of the electrolyte supply channels. The solution to this problem can be found using a calculation model for current distribution based on the current balance in the nodes as well as voltage drops and electromotive force in internal circuits according to Kirchhoff's laws. This paper presents the verification of the model of current distribution in an all-vanadium redox flow battery stack of an original design that allows for the determination of membrane-electrode assembly resistances and electrolyte supply channels via direct measurements. Based on a comparison of the calculated and experimental values of the coulombic efficiency of charge-discharge cycles, the capacity fade associated with the crossover of vanadium compounds through the membrane has been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Glazkov
- EMCPS Department, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman Pichugov
- EMCPS Department, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Loktionov
- EMCPS Department, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Dmitry Konev
- EMCPS Department, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Dmitry Tolstel
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Petrov
- EMCPS Department, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly Antipov
- EMCPS Department, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Vorotyntsev
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
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Loktionov P, Pichugov R, Konev D, Petrov M, Pustovalova A, Antipov A. Operando UV/Vis spectra deconvolution for comprehensive electrolytes analysis of vanadium redox flow battery. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Konev DV, Goncharova OA, Tolmachev YV, Vorotyntsev MA. The Role of Chlorine Dioxide in the Electroreduction of Chlorates at Low pH. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193522110088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Vorotyntsev MA, Zader PA. Simulation of Mediator-Catalysis Process inside Redox Flow Battery. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193522110118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Reduction of VO2+ in electrolysis cell combined with chemical regeneration of oxidized VO2+ electrolyte for operando capacity recovery of vanadium redox flow battery. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Falina I, Kononenko N, Timofeev S, Rybalko M, Demidenko K. Nanocomposite Membranes Based on Fluoropolymers for Electrochemical Energy Sources. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:935. [PMID: 36295694 PMCID: PMC9608688 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The physicochemical and transport properties (ion-exchange capacity, water content, diffusion permeability, conductivity, and current-voltage characteristic) of a series of perfluorinated membranes with an inert fluoropolymer content from 0 to 40%, obtained by polymer solution casting, were studied. Based on the analysis of the parameters of the extended three-wire model, the effect of an inert component on the path of electric current flow in the membrane and its selectivity were estimated. The mechanical characteristics of the membranes, such as Young's modulus, yield strength, tensile strength, and relative elongation, were determined from the dynamometric curves. The optimal amount of the inert polymer in the perfluorinated membrane was found to be 20%, which does not significantly affect its structure and electrotransport properties but increases the elasticity of the obtained samples. Therefore, the perfluorinated membrane with 20% of inert fluoropolymer is promising for its application in redox flow batteries and direct methanol fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Falina
- Physical Chemistry Department, Kuban State University, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Natalia Kononenko
- Physical Chemistry Department, Kuban State University, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | | | - Michail Rybalko
- Physical Chemistry Department, Kuban State University, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Ksenia Demidenko
- Physical Chemistry Department, Kuban State University, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
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Petrov M, Chikin D, Abunaeva L, Glazkov A, Pichugov R, Vinyukov A, Levina I, Motyakin M, Mezhuev Y, Konev D, Antipov A. Mixture of Anthraquinone Sulfo-Derivatives as an Inexpensive Organic Flow Battery Negolyte: Optimization of Battery Cell. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:912. [PMID: 36295671 PMCID: PMC9607404 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonic acid (2,7-AQDS) is a promising organic compound, which is considered as a negolyte for redox flow batteries as well as for other applications. In this work we carried out a well-known reaction of anthraquinone sulfonation to synthesize 2,7-AQDS in mixture with other sulfo-derivatives, namely 2,6-AQDS and 2-AQS. Redox behavior of this mixture was evaluated with cyclic voltammetry and was almost identical to 2,7-AQDS. Mixture was then assessed as a potential negolyte of anthraquinone-bromine redox flow battery. After adjusting membrane-electrode assembly composition (membrane material and flow field)), the cell demonstrated peak power density of 335 mW cm-2 (at SOC 90%) and capacity utilization, capacity retention and energy efficiency of 87.9, 99.6 and 64.2%, respectively. These values are almost identical or even higher than similar values for flow battery with 2,7-AQDS as a negolyte, while the price of mixture is significantly lower. Therefore, this work unveils the promising possibility of using a mixture of crude sulfonated anthraquinone derivatives mixture as an inexpensive negolyte of RFB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Petrov
- EMCPS Department, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Chikin
- EMCPS Department, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lilia Abunaeva
- EMCPS Department, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem Glazkov
- EMCPS Department, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman Pichugov
- EMCPS Department, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Vinyukov
- Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Irina Levina
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Motyakin
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yaroslav Mezhuev
- Department of Biomaterials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Konev
- Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Anatoly Antipov
- EMCPS Department, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
Stationary energy storage methods such as flow batteries are one of the best options to integrate with smart power grids. Though electrochemical energy storage using flow battery technologies has been successfully demonstrated since the 1970s, the introduction of ionic liquids into the field of energy storage introduces new dimensions in this field. This reliable energy storage technology can provide significantly more flexibility when incorporated with the synergic effects of ionic liquids. This mini-review enumerates the present trends in redox flow battery designs and the use of ionic liquids as electrolytes, membranes, redox couples, etc. explored in these designs. This review specifically intends to provide an overview of the research prospects of ionic liquids for redox flow batteries (RFB).
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Voropaeva DY, Safronova EY, Novikova SA, Yaroslavtsev AB. Recent progress in lithium-ion and lithium metal batteries. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Loktionov P, Pichugov R, Konev D, Abunaeva L, Glazkov A, Petrov M, Kartashova N, Antipov A. Promising Material Based on Paraffin‐Impregnated Graphite Foil with Increased Electrochemical Stability for Bipolar Plates of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Loktionov
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia Miusskaya sq. 9 125047 Moscow Russia
- Institute of Problem of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences Acad. Semenov av. 1 Chernogolovka 142432 Moscow region, Russia
| | - Roman Pichugov
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia Miusskaya sq. 9 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Dmitry Konev
- Institute of Problem of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences Acad. Semenov av. 1 Chernogolovka 142432 Moscow region, Russia
| | - Lilia Abunaeva
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia Miusskaya sq. 9 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Artem Glazkov
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia Miusskaya sq. 9 125047 Moscow Russia
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky prospect 31 119071 Moscow Russia
| | - Mikhail Petrov
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia Miusskaya sq. 9 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Natalia Kartashova
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia Miusskaya sq. 9 125047 Moscow Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University Leninskie gory 1 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Anatoly Antipov
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia Miusskaya sq. 9 125047 Moscow Russia
- Institute of Problem of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences Acad. Semenov av. 1 Chernogolovka 142432 Moscow region, Russia
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky prospect 31 119071 Moscow Russia
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Loktionov P, Bocharova A, Konev D, Modestov A, Pichugov R, Petrov M, Antipov A. Two-Membrane Acid-Base Flow Battery with Hydrogen Electrodes for Neutralization-to-Electrical Energy Conversion. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4583-4592. [PMID: 34411450 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Acid-base flow batteries (ABFB) are a promising and environmentally benign class of flow batteries that utilize neutralization energy. Among the other flow batteries, ABFBs stand out with low cost and high solubility of the electrolytes and the possibility to harvest neutralization energy of acidic and alkaline wastewaters. However, the main ABFB issues, such as low power caused by discharge current limitation and low energy density, are limiting the possibility of their implementation. In this work, a novel two-membrane ABFB with two hydrogen electrodes was developed to overcome main ABFB issues. The proposed concept demonstrated high power density up to 6.1 mW cm-2 at 13 mA cm-2 . It was shown that battery performance was greatly limited by negative electrode overvoltage. Analysis of the voltage losses allowed to estimate main power losses and highlight the possible ways to its minimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Loktionov
- D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. Akad. Semenova 1, 142432, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Anastasia Bocharova
- Lomonosov State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. Akad. Semenova 1, 142432, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Dmitry Konev
- Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. Akad. Semenova 1, 142432, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Alexander Modestov
- D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047, Moscow, Russia
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect, 31, bld.4, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman Pichugov
- D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Petrov
- D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoliy Antipov
- D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047, Moscow, Russia
- Lomonosov State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prosp. Akad. Semenova 1, 142432, Chernogolovka, Russia
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect, 31, bld.4, 119071, Moscow, Russia
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