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Vasquez R, Kim SH, Oh JK, Song JH, Hwang IC, Kim IH, Kang DK. Multispecies probiotic supplementation in diet with reduced crude protein levels altered the composition and function of gut microbiome and restored microbiome-derived metabolites in growing pigs. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1192249. [PMID: 37485501 PMCID: PMC10360209 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1192249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Both crude protein (CP) and probiotics can modulate the gut microbiome of the host, thus conferring beneficial effects. However, the benefits of low CP diet supplemented with multispecies probiotics on gut microbiome and its metabolites have not been investigated in pigs. Thus, we investigated the combinatory effects of low CP diet supplemented with multispecies probiotics on gut microbiome composition, function, and microbial metabolites in growing pigs. In total, 140 6 week-old piglets (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) were used in this study. The pigs were divided into four groups with a 2 × 2 factorial design based on their diets: normal-level protein diet (16% CP; NP), low-level protein diet (14% CP; LP), NP with multispecies probiotics (NP-P), and LP with multispecies probiotics (LP-P). After the feeding trial, the fecal samples of the pigs were analyzed. The fecal scores were improved by the probiotic supplementation, especially in LP-P group. We also observed a probiotic-mediated alteration in the gut microbiome of pigs. In addition, LP-P group showed higher species richness and diversity compared with other groups. The addition of multispecies probiotics in low CP diet also enhanced gut microbiota metabolites production, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and polyamines. Correlation analysis revealed that Oscillospiraceae UCG-002, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes, Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group, and Muribaculaceae were positively associated with SCFAs; and Prevotella, Eubacterium ruminantium, Catenibacterium, Alloprevotella, Prevotellaceae NK3B31 group, Roseburia, Butyrivibrio, and Dialister were positively correlated with polyamines. Supplementation with multispecies probiotics modulated the function of the gut microbiome by upregulating the pathways for protein digestion and utilization, potentially contributing to enriched metabolite production in the gut. The results of this study demonstrate that supplementation with multispecies probiotics may complement the beneficial effects of low CP levels in pig feed. These findings may help formulate sustainable feeding strategies for swine production.
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Sciascia QL, Metges CC. Review: Methods and biomarkers to investigate intestinal function and health in pigs. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 3:100860. [PMID: 37316380 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Society is becoming increasingly critical of animal husbandry due to its environmental impact and issues involving animal health and welfare including scientific experiments conducted on farm animals. This opens up two new fields of scientific research, the development of non- or minimally invasive (1) methods and techniques using faeces, urine, breath or saliva sampling to replace existing invasive models, and (2) biomarkers reflecting a disease or malfunction of an organ that may predict the future outcome of a pig's health, performance or sustainability. To date, there is a paucity of non- or minimally invasive methods and biomarkers investigating gastrointestinal function and health in pigs. This review describes recent literature pertaining to parameters that assess gastrointestinal functionality and health, tools currently used to investigate them, and the development or the potential to develop new non- and minimally invasive methods and/or biomarkers in pigs. Methods described within this review are those that characterise gastrointestinal mass such as the citrulline generation test, intestinal protein synthesis rate, first pass splanchnic nutrient uptake and techniques describing intestinal proliferation, barrier function and transit rate, and microbial composition and metabolism. An important consideration is gut health, and several molecules with the potential to act as biomarkers of compromised gut health in pigs are reported. Many of these methods to investigate gut functionality and health are considered 'gold standards' but are invasive. Thus, in pigs, there is a need to develop and validate non-invasive methods and biomarkers that meet the principles of the 3 R guidelines, which aim to reduce and refine animal experimentation and replace animals where possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q L Sciascia
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - C C Metges
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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3
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Pu G, Hou L, Du T, Wang B, Liu H, Li K, Niu P, Zhou W, Huang R, Li P. Effects of short-term feeding with high fiber diets on growth, utilization of dietary fiber, and microbiota in pigs. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:963917. [PMID: 35966661 PMCID: PMC9363921 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.963917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Finishing pigs can adapt to high-fiber diet smoothly according to the production performance and their intestinal microbiota through a 28-day trial or longer. However, it is unclear, at which stage during the experimental period, the adaptation occurred. Here we studied the dosage effects of dietary fiber (Total dietary fiber (TDF) from 16.70 to 24.11%) on growth performance, fiber digestibility, fecal microbiota, and microbial fermentation of finishing pigs during a 14-day feeding period. The results showed that the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed/gain (F/G) of pigs were not affected as the dietary fiber increased. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of cellulose, hemicellulose, insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), soluble dietary fiber (SDF), and TDF of pigs remained unchanged when TDF was between 16.70 and 17.75%, while strikingly decreased when TDF increased from 17.75 to 24.11%. It is worth noting that increasing fiber intake seemed to favor hemicellulose digestion. In addition, the increase in fiber intake increased fecal microbial diversity, especially improved the proportion of the members of the family Prevotellaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Lachnospiraceae, and decreased the abundance of the genus Streptococcus. Moreover, the increase in fiber intake promoted the digestion of fiber, production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and enhanced microbial pyruvate metabolism and butanoate metabolism. In conclusion, short-term high fiber feeding has no adverse effects on the growth performance of finishing pigs. ATTD of dietary fiber of finishing pigs was maintained when TDF was at 17.75%. And short-term high fiber feeding improved microbial diversity and fiber degradation functions of finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Pu
- Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Swine Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Laboratory of Intestinal Microbiology, Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liming Hou
- Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Swine Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Laboratory of Intestinal Microbiology, Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Taoran Du
- Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Swine Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Laboratory of Intestinal Microbiology, Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Binbin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Swine Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Laboratory of Intestinal Microbiology, Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Swine Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Laboratory of Intestinal Microbiology, Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaijun Li
- Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Swine Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Laboratory of Intestinal Microbiology, Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peipei Niu
- Laboratory of Intestinal Microbiology, Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wuduo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Swine Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Industrial Technology System Integration Innovation Center of Jiangsu Modern Agriculture (PIG), Nanjing, China
| | - Ruihua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Swine Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Industrial Technology System Integration Innovation Center of Jiangsu Modern Agriculture (PIG), Nanjing, China
| | - Pinghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Swine Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Laboratory of Intestinal Microbiology, Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Industrial Technology System Integration Innovation Center of Jiangsu Modern Agriculture (PIG), Nanjing, China
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4
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Tang W, Chen D, Yu B, He J, Huang Z, Zheng P, Mao X, Luo Y, Luo J, Wang Q, Wang H, Yu J. Capsulized faecal microbiota transplantation ameliorates post-weaning diarrhoea by modulating the gut microbiota in piglets. Vet Res 2020; 51:55. [PMID: 32299514 PMCID: PMC7164362 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early weaning-induced stress causes diarrhoea, thereby reducing the growth performance of piglets. Gut bacterial dysbiosis has emerged as a leading cause of post-weaning diarrhoea. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of capsulized faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on the gut bacterial community, immune response and gut barrier function of piglets. Thirty-two weaned barrows were randomly divided into two groups. The recipient group was inoculated orally with capsulized faecal microbiota of healthy Tibetan pigs during the whole period of the trial, while the control group was given an empty capsule. The feed-to-gain ratio, diarrhoea ratio, and histological damage score of recipient piglets were significantly decreased. FMT treatment significantly increased the colon length of piglets. Furthermore, the relative abundances of Firmicutes, Euryarchaeota, Tenericutes, Lactobacillus, and Methanobrevibacter in the colon of recipient piglets were increased, and the relative abundances of Campylobacter and Proteobacteria were significantly decreased compared with those in the control group. CD4+ lymphocytes and CD4+/CD8+ ratio in the peripheral blood of recipient piglets were significantly increased. FMT treatment increased the IL-4 and IL-10 levels and decreased the TNF-α and INF-γ levels in the colonic tissue of piglets. The recipient piglets’ mRNA expression of TLR2, TLR8, NF-κB, and iNOS was significantly regulated. In addition, FMT significantly enhanced the gene expression of ZO-1. Overall, treatment with capsulized FMT ameliorated diarrhoea in piglets, with significant effects on limiting colon inflammatory responses, downregulating the TLR signalling pathway and the gene expression of iNOS, and strengthening intestinal barrier function by modulating the constituents of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Bing Yu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun He
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Quyuan Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Huifen Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu, China.
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Van Hees HMJ, Davids M, Maes D, Millet S, Possemiers S, den Hartog LA, van Kempen TATG, Janssens GPJ. Dietary fibre enrichment of supplemental feed modulates the development of the intestinal tract in suckling piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:83. [PMID: 31636904 PMCID: PMC6794736 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Commercial pre-weaning diets are formulated to be highly digestible and nutrient-dense and contain low levels of dietary fibre. In contrast, pigs in a natural setting are manipulating fibre-rich plant material from a young age. Moreover, dietary fibre affects gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development and health in older pigs. We hypothesised that supplemental diets that contain vegetal fibres are accelerating GIT development in suckling piglets in terms of size and functionality. From d 2 of life, sow-suckled piglets had access to a low fibre diet (CON), a diet with a fermentable long-chain arabinoxylan (lc-AXOS), a diet with a largely non-fermentable purified cellulose (CELL), or a diet containing both fibres. During the initial 2 weeks, the control diet was a high-density milk replacer, followed by a dry and highly digestible creep meal. Upon weaning at 25 d, 15 piglets from each treatment group, identified as eaters and originating from six or seven litters, were sacrificed for post-mortem examination of GIT morphology, small intestinal permeability and metabolic profile of the digesta. The microbiota composition of the mid-colon was evaluated in a sub-set of ten piglets. Results No major statistical interactions between the fibre sources were observed. Piglets consumed the fibre-containing milk supplements and creep diets well. Stomach size and small intestinal permeability was not affected. Large intestinal fill was increased with lc-AXOS only, while relative large intestinal weight was increased with both fibre sources (P < 0.050). Also, CELL decreased ileal pH and tended to increase ileal DM content compared to CON (P < 0.050). Moreover, the concentration of volatile fatty acids was increased in the caecum (P < 0.100) and mid-colon (P < 0.050) by addition of CELL. lc-AXOS only stimulated caecal propionate (P < 0.050). The microbiota composition showed a high individual variation and limited dietary impact. Nonetheless, CELL induced minor shifts in specific genera, with notable reductions of Escherichia-Shigella. Conclusions Adding dietary fibres to the supplemental diet of suckling piglets altered large intestinal morphology but not small intestinal permeability. Moreover, dietary fibre showed effects on fermentation and modest changes of microbial populations in the hindgut, with more prominent effects from the low-fermentable cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M J Van Hees
- 1Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Research and Development, Trouw Nutrition, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - M Davids
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Maes
- 4Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Millet
- 1Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,5ILVO, Eenheid Dier, Melle, Belgium
| | | | - L A den Hartog
- Research and Development, Trouw Nutrition, Amersfoort, The Netherlands.,7Animal Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - T A T G van Kempen
- Research and Development, Trouw Nutrition, Amersfoort, The Netherlands.,8North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - G P J Janssens
- 1Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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6
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Partially defatted olive cake in finishing pig diets: implications on performance, faecal microbiota, carcass quality, slurry composition and gas emission. Animal 2019; 14:426-434. [PMID: 31566173 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119002040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the key factors to improve swine production sustainability is the use of agro-industrial by-products in feeds, such as olive by-products. However, it is necessary to assess its effects on the overall production process, including the animal and the environment. With this aim, an experiment was conducted to determine the effects of including a partially defatted olive cake (PDOC) in pig diets on growth performance, faecal microbiota, carcass quality and gas emission from the slurry. Two finishing diets were formulated, a control (C) diet and a diet with PDOC included at 120 g/kg. Eighty finishing male pigs Duroc-Danbred × (Landrace × Large White) of 60.4 ± 7.00 kg BW were divided between these two treatments. During the finishing period (60 to 110 kg BW, 55 days) average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio were recorded. Faecal samples from the rectum of 16 animals per treatment were incubated for bacteria enumeration. At the end of finishing period, backfat thickness and loin depth (LD) were measured. Animals were slaughtered to obtain carcass weight and carcass composition parameters, and subcutaneous fat was sampled to analyse the fatty acid (FA) profile. In addition greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions were measured during pig slurry storage using the methodology of dynamic flux chambers. An initial slurry characterisation and biochemical methane potential (B0) were also determined. No significant differences between treatments were found in performance, carcass quality and microbial counts with the exception of LD, which was lower in PDOC compared with C animals (45.5 v. 47.5 mm, SEM: 0.62; P = 0.020). The FA profile of the subcutaneous fat did not differ between treatments, but the monounsaturated FA (MUFA) concentration was higher and the polyunsaturated FA was lower in the animals fed PDOC (50.9 v. 48.3, SEM: 0.48, P < 0.001; 17.6 v. 19.3, SEM: 0.30, P < 0.001 in mg/100 g of Total FA, for PDOC and C animals, respectively). The initial pig slurry characterisation only showed differences in ADF concentration that was higher (P < 0.05) in the slurry from PDOC treatment. Regarding gas emission, slurries from both treatments emitted similar amounts of ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), as well as B0 values. The results obtained suggest that PDOC may be included in balanced pig diets at rates of up to 120 g/kg without negative effects on performance, carcass quality, gut microflora and slurry gas emission, while improving the MUFA concentration of subcutaneous fat.
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7
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Muthui NJ, Matofari JW, Kingori AM, Hülsebusch CG. Estimation of daily nutrient allowances for pigs fed with alternative feed resources in smallholder enterprises in Kenya. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:799-808. [PMID: 30456691 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1757-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study estimated the daily nutrient allowances from conventional commercially compounded feed and alternative feeds resources in smallholder pig enterprises in Busia, Nakuru, and Kiambu counties in Kenya. Feeding data from 144 pig enterprises was used to compute the daily dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and metabolisable energy (ME) supplied to pigs per kilogram bodyweight. Analysis of variance of the mean values was computed using SPSS statistical software and SAS® systems with Tukey's test to separate the means. Results showed that the daily nutrient allowance provided by some alternative feed resources was generally very low; however, home-made feed formulations supplied reasonably sufficient dietary energy and CP. Swill was the most popular feed resource in Busia County; however, the amount of energy supplied from swill was very low (ME = 19.98 kcal/kg body weight). The daily CP allowance for pigs fed on swill, farm residue, and market waste was very low ranging between 1.1 and 3.6 g/kg body weight. The findings of this study indicate that there is need for capacity development for farmers with respect to feeding practices that have no capacity to supply sufficient nutrient allowances. Research should focus more improving supply of nutrients from viable alternative feed resources through use of technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Muthui
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya.
| | - J W Matofari
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Science and Technology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
| | - A M Kingori
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
| | - C G Hülsebusch
- German Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture (DITSL), SteinstraBe 19, 37213, Witzenhausen, Germany
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8
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Gilbert MS, Ijssennagger N, Kies AK, van Mil SWC. Protein fermentation in the gut; implications for intestinal dysfunction in humans, pigs, and poultry. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G159-G170. [PMID: 29597354 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00319.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The amount of dietary protein is associated with intestinal disease in different vertebrate species. In humans, this is exemplified by the association between high-protein intake and fermentation metabolite concentrations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. In production animals, dietary protein intake is associated with postweaning diarrhea in piglets and with the occurrence of wet litter in poultry. The underlying mechanisms by which dietary protein contributes to intestinal problems remain largely unknown. Fermentation of undigested protein in the hindgut results in formation of fermentation products including short-chain fatty acids, branched-chain fatty acids, ammonia, phenolic and indolic compounds, biogenic amines, hydrogen sulfide, and nitric oxide. Here, we review the mechanisms by which these metabolites may cause intestinal disease. Studies addressing how different metabolites induce epithelial damage rely mainly on cell culture studies and occasionally on mice or rat models. Often, contrasting results were reported. The direct relevance of such studies for human, pig, and poultry gut health is therefore questionable and does not suffice for the development of interventions to improve gut health. We discuss a roadmap to improve our understanding of gut metabolites and microbial species associated with intestinal health in humans and production animals and to determine whether these metabolite/bacterial networks cause epithelial damage. The outcomes of these studies will dictate proof-of-principle studies to eliminate specific metabolites and or bacterial strains and will provide the basis for interventions aiming to improve gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrthe S Gilbert
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Noortje Ijssennagger
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Arie K Kies
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen , The Netherlands.,DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Saskia W C van Mil
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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9
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Leblois J, Massart S, Soyeurt H, Grelet C, Dehareng F, Schroyen M, Li B, Wavreille J, Bindelle J, Everaert N. Feeding sows resistant starch during gestation and lactation impacts their faecal microbiota and milk composition but shows limited effects on their progeny. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199568. [PMID: 29969488 PMCID: PMC6029764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Establishment of a beneficial microbiota profile for piglets as early in life as possible is important as it will impact their future health. In the current study, we hypothesized that resistant starch (RS) provided in the maternal diet during gestation and lactation will be fermented in their hindgut, which would favourably modify their milk and/or gut microbiota composition and that it would in turn affect piglets’ microbiota profile and their absorptive and immune abilities. Methods In this experiment, 33% of pea starch was used in the diet of gestating and lactating sows and compared to control sows. Their faecal microbiota and milk composition were determined and the colonic microbiota, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) production and gut health related parameters of the piglets were measured two days before weaning. In addition, their overall performances and post-weaning faecal score were also assessed. Results The RS diet modulated the faecal microbiota of the sows during gestation, increasing the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio and the relative abundance of beneficial genera like Bifidobacterium but these differences disappeared during lactation and maternal diets did not impact the colonic microbiota of their progeny. Milk protein concentration decreased with RS diet and lactose concentration increased within the first weeks of lactation while decreased the week before weaning with the RS diet. No effect of the dietary treatment, on piglets’ bodyweight or diarrhoea frequency post-weaning was observed. Moreover, the intestinal morphology measured as villus height and crypt depths, and the inflammatory cytokines in the intestine of the piglets were not differentially expressed between maternal treatments. Only zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) was more expressed in the ileum of piglets born from RS sows, suggesting a better closure of the mucosa tight junctions. Conclusion Changes in the microbiota transferred from mother to piglets due to the inclusion of RS in the maternal diet are rather limited even though milk composition was affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Leblois
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA, Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
- Research Foundation for Industry and Agriculture, National Scientific Research Foundation (FRIA-FNRS), Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail: (JL); (NE)
| | - Sébastien Massart
- Laboratory of Urban and Integrated PhytoPathology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA, Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Hélène Soyeurt
- Laboratory of Statistics, Informatics and Modelling Applied to Bioengineering, AGROBIOCHEM Department, Teaching and Research Centre (TERRA), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Clément Grelet
- Valorisation of Agricultural Products Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Dehareng
- Valorisation of Agricultural Products Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Martine Schroyen
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA, Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Bing Li
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA, Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - José Wavreille
- Production and Sectors Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Bindelle
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA, Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Nadia Everaert
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA, Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
- * E-mail: (JL); (NE)
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10
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Gresse R, Chaucheyras-Durand F, Fleury MA, Van de Wiele T, Forano E, Blanquet-Diot S. Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Postweaning Piglets: Understanding the Keys to Health. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:851-873. [PMID: 28602521 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Weaning is a critical event in the pig's life cycle, frequently associated with severe enteric infections and overuse of antibiotics; this raises serious economic and public health concerns. In this review, we explain why gut microbiota dysbiosis, induced by abrupt changes in the diet and environment of piglets, emerges as a leading cause of post-weaning diarrhea, even if the exact underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Then, we focus on nonantimicrobial alternatives, such as zinc oxide, essential oils, and prebiotics or probiotics, which are currently evaluated to restore intestinal balance and allow a better management of the crucial weaning transition. Finally, we discuss how in vitro models of the piglet gut could be advantageously used as a complement to ex vivo and in vivo studies for the development and testing of new feed additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaële Gresse
- Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 454 MEDIS UCA-INRA, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Lallemand Animal Nutrition, F-31702 Blagnac Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Ghent University, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Forano
- Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 454 MEDIS UCA-INRA, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Abstract
The physiological role of the gastrointestinal microbiota has become an important subject of nutrition research in pigs in the past years, and the importance of intestinal microbial activity in the etiology of disease is doubtless. This review summarizes the recent knowledge related to the microbial ecology of protein fermentation and the appearance of protein-derived metabolites along the pig intestine. The amount of fermentable protein depends on factors such as dietary protein concentration, protein digestibility due to secondary or tertiary structure, the interaction with dietary compounds or anti-nutritional factors, and the secretion of endogenous proteins into the gut lumen. High protein diets increase the luminal concentrations and epithelial exposure to putatively toxic metabolites and increase the risk for post-weaning diarrhea, but the mechanisms are not yet clarified. Although the use of fermentable carbohydrates to reduce harmful protein-derived metabolites in pigs is well-established, recent studies suggest that the inclusion of fermentable carbohydrates into diets with low protein digestibility or high dietary protein level may not ameliorate all negative effects with regard to epithelial response. Based on the current knowledge, the use of diets with low levels of high-quality protein may help to reduce the risk for intestinal disease in young pigs.
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