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Dai T, Dong D, Wang J, Yin X, Zong C, Jia Y, Shao T. Effects of wet brewers grains on fermentation quality and in vitro ruminal digestibility of mixed silage prepared with corn stalk, sweet potato peel and dried apple pomace in southeast China. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:340-349. [PMID: 35500045 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of wet brewers grains (WBG) on fermentation quality, chemical composition and in vitro ruminal digestibility of mixed silages prepared with corn stalk, dried apple pomace and sweet potato peel were evaluated. A mixture of corn stalk, sweet potato peel and dried apple pomace (50/30/20) was ensiled with 0, 10%, 20% and 30% WBG on a fresh weight (FW) basis for 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 30 days respectively. The results showed that the application of WBG increased (p < 0.05) lactic acid, acetic acid and total volatile fatty acids contents, and decreased (p < 0.05) pH, dry matter, water-soluble carbohydrates content and ammonia-nitrogen/total nitrogen during ensiling. The pH in all silages was below 4.03 during ensiling. Treating with WBG increased (p < 0.05) crude protein content, and decreased (p < 0.05) neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, cellulose and hemicellulose content after 30 days of ensiling. After 72 h of incubation, cumulative gas production, potential gas production and in vitro crude protein digestibility increased (p < 0.05) with the increasing proportions of WBG. However, in vitro digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fibre, and metabolisable energy were similar in all silages. The 20% and 30% WBG-treated silages showed better fermentation quality and greater or higher in vitro digestibility, which were indicated by greater or higher (p < 0.05) lactic acid content, in vitro crude protein digestibility, and lower (p < 0.05) pH, ammonia-nitrogen/total nitrogen ratio as compared with the control. Therefore, ensiling agro-food by-products with at least 20% WBG were recommended for improving fermentation quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Dai
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Dong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xuejing Yin
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Zong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yushan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Tao Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Assessment of organic acid salts on fermentation quality, aerobic stability, and in vitro rumen digestibility of total mixed ration silage. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:261. [PMID: 35953622 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03249-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The work aimed to investigate the effects of four organic acid salts on fermentation quality, aerobic stability, and in vitro rumen digestibility of total mixed ration (TMR) silage prepared with citric acid residue, wet brewers' grains, and Napier grass. The TMR was ensiled with the following: (1) no additives (control), (2) 0.1% sodium benzoate (SB), (3) 0.1% potassium sorbate (PS), (4) 0.5% sodium diacetate (SDA), (5) 0.5% calcium propionate (CAP) on a fresh weight basis. All silos (10 L) were opened after 60 days of ensiling to determine fermentation profiles and in vitro rumen digestibility, and then were subjected to a 9-day aerobic stability test. Four organic acid salts significantly (p < 0.05) increased dry matter contents, lactic acid bacteria count, and decreased ethanol content and yeast count compared with the control. The SDA and CAP significantly (p < 0.05) increased water-soluble carbohydrates, lactic acid, and crude protein contents, and decreased pH, ammonia nitrogen, neutral detergent fiber, and hemicellulose contents compared with other TMR silages after 60 days of ensiling. Organic acid salts significantly (p < 0.05) prolonged the hours of aerobic stability and significantly (p < 0.05) increased cumulative gas production and potential gas production compared with the control. The treatments of SDA and CAP significantly (p < 0.05) improved aerobic stability as indicated by higher (p < 0.05) lactic acid and water-soluble carbohydrates contents, and lower (p < 0.05) pH, ammonia nitrogen, ethanol contents, and yeast count compared with the control. The treatments of SDA and CAP significantly (p < 0.05) increased in vitro rumen parameters, as indicated by higher (p < 0.05) in vitro digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber after 60 days of ensiling. Overall, these results indicated that the addition of SDA and CAP could ensure the good fermentation quality and improve aerobic stability of TMR silages. By comprehensive consideration, CAP was recommended for improving fermentation quality, aerobic stability, and in vitro rumen digestibility of TMR silages prepared with wet brewers' grains, citric acid residue, and Napier grass.
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Xiong Y, Xu J, Guo L, Chen F, Jiang D, Lin Y, Guo C, Li X, Chen Y, Ni K, Yang F. Exploring the Effects of Different Bacteria Additives on Fermentation Quality, Microbial Community and In Vitro Gas Production of Forage Oat Silage. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091122. [PMID: 35565552 PMCID: PMC9100174 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Forage oat is an important feed resource in the world. Few studies on the application of different bacterial additives in forage oat silage have been found, which limits the utilization and promotion of oat silage in animal husbandry. In this study, we compared the fermentation quality and in vitro gas production of oat silage treated with four additives (Lactiplantibacillusplantarum F1,LP; Lacticaseibacillusrhamnosus XJJ01, LR; Lacticaseibacillusparacasei XJJ02, LC; and Propionibacterium acidipropionici 1.1161, PP). The results show that compared to the CK group (without additives), the LR group had a higher dry matter content, while the LP group showed an improvement in fermentation quality. At the same time, the bacterial community in the LR group was also different from that in other groups. The treatments of PP and LC had no significant effects on fermentation quality, but the in vitro gas production was significantly reduced in the treated oat silage. These results could help us to optimize the utilization of forage oat silage in balanced ruminant diets. Abstract Bacterial inoculants are considered as a good choice for successful ensiling, playing a key role in improving the silage quality. However, the potential of different bacteria, especially the propionic acid bacteria, in forage oat ensiling is yet to be explored. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the regulation effects of different bacterial additives on the fermentation quality of forage oat silage. Four additives (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum F1, LP; Lacticaseibacillus 0rhamnosus XJJ01, LR; Lacticaseibacillus paracasei XJJ02, LC; and Propionibacterium acidipropionici 1.1161, PP; without additives, CK) were inoculated in forage oat silage, and the fermentation quality and organic compounds were determined after 60 days of ensiling. Notably, LR showed higher dry matter preservation compared to other additives and CK. In addition, LP and LR showed strong lactic acid synthesis capacity, resulting in lower pH compared to other additives and CK. The treatments of PP and LC increased the bacterial diversity in silage, while the bacterial community in the LR group was different from that in other groups. In addition, the PP- and LC-treated oat silage showed significantly lower total in vitro gas production and a lower methane content. These results suggest that LP is more favorable for producing high-quality oat silage than LR, LC, or PP. Both the PP- and LC- treated oat silage may reduce rumen greenhouse gas emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xiong
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.X.); (J.X.); (L.G.); (F.C.); (D.J.); (C.G.); (X.L.); (K.N.)
| | - Jingjing Xu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.X.); (J.X.); (L.G.); (F.C.); (D.J.); (C.G.); (X.L.); (K.N.)
| | - Linna Guo
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.X.); (J.X.); (L.G.); (F.C.); (D.J.); (C.G.); (X.L.); (K.N.)
| | - Fei Chen
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.X.); (J.X.); (L.G.); (F.C.); (D.J.); (C.G.); (X.L.); (K.N.)
| | - Dedai Jiang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.X.); (J.X.); (L.G.); (F.C.); (D.J.); (C.G.); (X.L.); (K.N.)
| | - Yanli Lin
- Beijing Sure Academy of Biosciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Chunze Guo
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.X.); (J.X.); (L.G.); (F.C.); (D.J.); (C.G.); (X.L.); (K.N.)
| | - Xiaomei Li
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.X.); (J.X.); (L.G.); (F.C.); (D.J.); (C.G.); (X.L.); (K.N.)
| | - Yunrong Chen
- Donghan Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station of Fuqing City, Fujian 350300, China;
| | - Kuikui Ni
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.X.); (J.X.); (L.G.); (F.C.); (D.J.); (C.G.); (X.L.); (K.N.)
| | - Fuyu Yang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.X.); (J.X.); (L.G.); (F.C.); (D.J.); (C.G.); (X.L.); (K.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-62733052
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Wei SN, Jeong EC, Li YF, Kim HJ, Ahmadi F, Kim JG. Evaluation of forage quality, feed value, and ensilability of Proso
millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) in Korea. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 64:38-51. [PMID: 35174341 PMCID: PMC8819318 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Whole-plant corn (Zea may L.) and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid
[Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] are major summer crops that
can be fed as direct-cut or silage. Proso millet is a short-season growing crop
with distinct agronomic characteristics that can be productive in marginal
lands. However, information is limited about the potential production, feed
value, and ensilability of proso millet forage. We evaluated proso millet as a
silage crop in comparison with conventional silage crops. Proso millet was sown
on June 8 and harvested on September 5 at soft-dough stage. Corn and
sorghum-sudangrass hybrid were planted on May 10 and harvested on September 10
at the half milk-line and soft-dough stages, respectively. The fermentation was
evaluated at 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 45 days after ensiling. Although
forage yield of proso millet was lower than corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid,
its relative feed value was greater than sorghum-sudangrass hybrid.
Concentrations of dry matter (DM), crude protein, and water-soluble carbohydrate
decreased commonly in the ensiling forage crops. The DM loss was greater in
proso millet than those in corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid. The in
vitro dry matter digestibility declined in the forage crops as
fermentation progressed. In the early stages of fermentation, pH dropped
rapidly, which was stabilized in the later stages. Compared to corn and
sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, the concentration of ammonia-nitrogen was greater in
proso millet. The count of lactic acid bacteria reached the maximum level on day
10, with the values of 6.96, 7.77, and 6.95 Log10 CFU/g fresh weight
for proso millet, corn, and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, respectively. As ensiling
progressed, the concentrations of lactic acid and acetic acid of the three crops
increased and lactic acid proportion became higher in the order of
sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, corn, and proso millet. Overall, the shorter,
fast-growing proso millet comparing with corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid
makes this forage crop an alternative option, particularly in areas where
agricultural inputs are limited. However, additional research is needed to
evaluate the efficacy of viable strategies such as chemical additives or
microbial inoculants to minimize ammonia-nitrogen formation and DM loss during
ensiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Nan Wei
- Graduate School of International
Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University,
Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Eun Chan Jeong
- Graduate School of International
Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University,
Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Yan Fen Li
- Graduate School of International
Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University,
Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Hak Jin Kim
- Research Institute of Eco-friendly
Livestock Science, Institute of GreenBio Science Technology, Seoul National
University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Farhad Ahmadi
- Research Institute of Eco-friendly
Livestock Science, Institute of GreenBio Science Technology, Seoul National
University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Jong Geun Kim
- Graduate School of International
Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University,
Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
- Research Institute of Eco-friendly
Livestock Science, Institute of GreenBio Science Technology, Seoul National
University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
- Corresponding author: Jong Geun Kim, Graduate
School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University,
Pyeongchang 25354, Korea. Tel: +82-33-339-5728, E-mail:
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Chen S, Zhao J, Dong D, Hu J, Huang G, Sun F, Yu C, Shao T. Effect of citric acid residue and short-chain fatty acids on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of lucerne ensiled with lactic acid bacteria inoculants. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:189-198. [PMID: 34309978 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The experiment aimed to compare the effects of citric acid residue (CAR) to that of three commonly used short-chain fatty acids on the fermentation quality, aerobic stability and structural carbohydrate degradation of lucerne ensiled with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants. Fresh lucerne was ensiled with distilled water (control), LAB inoculant (L), CAR + LAB inoculant (CL), formic acid + LAB inoculant (FL), acetic acid + LAB inoculant (AL) and propanoic acid + LAB inoculant (PL) for 50 days. Chemical composition and microbial populations were determined after ensiling. The residual silages ensiled for 50 days were evaluated for aerobic stability. Compared with control, CL, FL, AL and PL treatments significantly (p < 0.05) decreased pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3 -N) and butyric acid contents and increased lactic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid contents. Among them, CL silages had the lowest pH, dry matter and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content, whereas the population of LAB and the lactic acid contents were highest. Besides, CL outperformed in enhancing fibre degradation, CL silages significantly decreased (p < 0.05) neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, hemicellulose and cellulose contents compared with control and had the highest Flieg's point. All treated-silages improved the aerobic stability compared with control, of which L improved 32 h, whereas CL, FL, AL and PL improved 46, 20, 46, >64 h, respectively. Applying a combination of CAR and LAB inoculant improved the fermentation quality and structural carbohydrate degradation of lucerne silage and had a similar effect on aerobic stability compared with other three short-chain fatty acids. The CAR had a comparable effect on enhancing the fermentation quality compared with three short-chain fatty acids. Thus, the combination of CAR and LAB inoculant might be used as an ideal additive for lucerne silage making with low WSC and high moisture content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifan Chen
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Dong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junfeng Hu
- Agricultural and Rural Office of Hemudu Town, Ningbo, China
| | - Guofeng Huang
- Agricultural and Rural Office of Lubu Town, Ningbo, China
| | - Fuxin Sun
- Jiangsu Guoxin Union Energy, Co., Ltd, Yixing, China
| | - Chengqun Yu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Manipulation of Rice Straw Silage Fermentation with Different Types of Lactic Acid Bacteria Inoculant Affects Rumen Microbial Fermentation Characteristics and Methane Production. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8060100. [PMID: 34199943 PMCID: PMC8226620 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8060100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial inoculants are known to improve the quality of silage. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects of different types of lactic acid bacteria (LAB; L. plantarum, L. salivarius, L. reuteri, L. brevi, and S. bovis) inoculation (106 cfu/ DM) on rice straw silage quality and to determine these effects on ruminal fermentation characteristics, digestibility and microbial populations in an in vitro condition. Inoculated rice straw was ensiled for 15 and 30 days. For the in vitro study, rumen fluid was obtained from three rumen-fistulated bulls fed on mixed forage and concentrate at 60:40 ratio twice daily. Inoculation with LAB improved (p < 0.05) the rice straw silage quality as indicated by higher dry matter and crude protein contents, decreased pH and butyric acid, and increased propionic acid and LAB numbers, especially after 30 days of ensiling. Results from the in vitro study revealed that starting with the addition of LAB to rice straw silage improved in vitro fermentation characteristics such as increased total volatile fatty acids and dry matter digestibility (p < 0.05). LAB treatments also decreased methane production and methane/total gas ratio after 15 and 30 days of ensiling. From the rumen microbial population perspective, cellulolytic, and fungal zoospores were enhanced, while protozoa and methanogens were decreased by the LAB treatments. Based on these results, it could be concluded that inoculating rice straw silage with LAB (especially for L. plantarum and S. bovis) improved silage quality, rumen fermentation parameters and microbial populations in vitro.
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Effects of the Application of Lactobacillus plantarum Inoculant and Potassium Sorbate on the Fermentation Quality, In Vitro Digestibility and Aerobic Stability of Total Mixed Ration Silage Based on Alfalfa Silage. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122229. [PMID: 33261055 PMCID: PMC7760543 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Ensiling total mixed ration allows preservation and saves labor for small farms. This study evaluated the substitution relationship between lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum) and silage components, and verified the practicality of preservative (potassium sorbate) in total mixed ration silage. The results showed that potassium sorbate greatly improved the preservation efficiency of total mixed ration silages. The alfalfa silage could directly produce an acidic environment for fresh total mixed ration before ensiling and showed comparable function to inoculant in the improvement of fermentation quality. Therefore, the application of the inoculant is not necessary when the total mixed ration contains a certain percentage of silage. These findings could provide guidance for farmers to avoid the blind use of inoculants and the spoilage of total mixed ration silage, which could directly improve economic efficiency. Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the application of an inoculant and a preservative on the fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa silage-based fermented total mixed ration (TMR). The TMR was ensiled with (1) no additives (control), (2) Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), or (3) potassium sorbate (PS). The V-scores of all silages were higher than 80 points during the 30 days of ensiling. The addition of LP and PS had no effects on the in vitro parameters, such as in vitro digestibility and in vitro gas production (p > 0.05). LP-treated silage showed similar fermentation quality and comparable aerobic stability to the control (110 h). The LP only decreased the ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) content (p < 0.05) during ensiling. The PS significantly increased the pH of TMR silages (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the addition of PS improved the aerobic stability (>162 h) of TMR silage, indicated by the higher water-soluble carbohydrate content and lower NH3-N content in comparison with those in the control after aerobic exposure (p < 0.05). The improvement in fermentation quality is extremely small in terms of applying LP in TMR silage based on a large percentage of other silage ingredients. The PS is effective in conserving unpacked TMR silage and showed the potential to reduce the risk of ruminal acidosis in livestock.
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Effects of Sodium Formate and Calcium Propionate Additives on the Fermentation Quality and Microbial Community of Wet Brewers Grains after Short-Term Storage. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091608. [PMID: 32916916 PMCID: PMC7552127 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The objective of this study was to examine the effect of sodium formate and calcium propionate on the fermentation quality and microbial community of wet brewers grains (WBG) after short-term storage. Both additives improved the silage quality of WBG ensiled for 20 days to different extents. However, ensiled WBG treated with sodium formate had higher contents of dry matter, water-soluble carbohydrates, and neutral detergent fibers and better fermentation quality, rumen degradation, and microbial composition. The addition of sodium formate enhances the abundance of desirable Lactobacillus and reduces the abundance of undesirable microorganisms, including Clostridium. In summary, during short-term storage of high-moisture feed, sodium formate has a more beneficial preservation effect than an equivalent dose of calcium propionate. Abstract The objective of this research was to examine the effect of sodium formate (SF) and calcium propionate (CAP) on the fermentation characteristics and microbial community of wet brewers grains (WBG) after short-term storage. In the laboratory environment, fresh WBG was ensiled with (1) no additive (CON), (2) sodium formate (SF, 3 g/kg fresh weight), and (3) calcium propionate (CAP, 3 g/kg fresh weight) for 20 days. After opening, fermentation characteristics, chemical composition, rumen effective degradability, and the microbial community of ensiled WBG were analyzed. The addition of CAP had no effect on pH and lactic acid concentration and increased the concentrations of propionic acid; the SF group had the lowest pH and acetic acid, butyric acid, and ammonia nitrogen contents and the highest lactic acid concentration. After fermentation, the SF group had the highest contents of dry matter (DM), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The contents of the three nutrients in the CAP group were significantly higher than those in the CON group. The addition of the two additives had little influence on the crude protein (CP) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of the ensiled WBG. Two additives elevated in situ effective degradability of DM and NDF compared with the parameters detected in the CON group; WBG ensiled with SF had higher effective in situ CP degradability than that in the CON and CAP groups. The results of the principal component analysis indicate that the SF group and two other groups had notable differences in bacterial composition. The analysis of the genus level of the bacterial flora showed that the content of Lactobacillus in the SF group was significantly higher than that in the two other treatment groups, while the content of Clostridium was significantly lower than that in the two other treatment groups. Therefore, the addition of sodium formate can suppress the undesirable microorganisms, improve the fermentation qualities, and ensure that WBG is well preserved after 20 days of ensiling.
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Miguel M, Mamuad L, Ramos S, Ku MJ, Jeong CD, Kim SH, Cho YI, Lee SS. Effects of using different roughages in the total mixed ration inoculated with or without coculture of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis on in vitro rumen fermentation and microbial population. Anim Biosci 2020; 34:642-651. [PMID: 32898945 PMCID: PMC7961279 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.20.0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to determine the effects of different roughages in total mixed ration (TMR) inoculated with or without coculture of Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) on in vitro rumen fermentation and microbial population. Methods Three TMRs formulations composed of different forages were used and each TMR was grouped into two treatments: non-fermented TMR and fermented TMR (F-TMR) (inoculated with coculture of L. acidophilus and B. subtilis). After fermentation, the fermentation, chemical and microbial profile of the TMRs were determined. The treatments were used for in vitro rumen fermentation to determine total gas production, pH, ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Microbial populations were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All data were analyzed as a 3×2 factorial arrangement design using the MIXED procedure of Statistical Analysis Systems. Results Changes in the fermentation (pH, lactate, acetate, propionate, and NH3-N) and chemical composition (moisture, crude protein, crude fiber, and ash) were observed. For in vitro rumen fermentation, lower rumen pH, higher acetate, propionate, and total VFA content were observed in the F-TMR group after 24 h incubation (p<0.05). F-TMR group had higher acetate concentration compared with the non-fermented group. Total VFA was highest (p<0.05) in F-TMR containing combined forage of domestic and imported source (F-CF) and F-TMR containing Italian ryegrass silage and corn silage (F-IRS-CS) than that of TMR diet containing oat, timothy, and alfalfa hay. The microbial population was not affected by the different TMR diets. Conclusion The use of Italian ryegrass silage and corn silage, as well as the inoculation of coculture of L. acidophilus and B. subtilis, in the TMR caused changes in the pH, lactate and acetate concentrations, and chemical composition of experimental diets. In addition, F-TMR composed with Italian ryegrass silage and corn silage altered ruminal pH and VFA concentrations during in vitro rumen fermentation experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Miguel
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Bio-industry Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Lovelia Mamuad
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Bio-industry Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Sonny Ramos
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Bio-industry Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Min Jung Ku
- Livestock Research Institute, Jeonnam Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Gangjin 59213, Korea
| | - Chang Dae Jeong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Bio-industry Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Seon Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Bio-industry Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Yong Il Cho
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Bio-industry Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Sang Suk Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Bio-industry Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
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