1
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Kuzmyn AR, van Galen M, van Lagen B, Zuilhof H. SI-PET-RAFT in flow: improved control over polymer brush growth. Polym Chem 2023; 14:3357-3363. [PMID: 37497044 PMCID: PMC10367056 DOI: 10.1039/d3py00488k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Surface-initiated photoinduced electron transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (SI-PET-RAFT) provides a light-dependent tool to synthesize polymer brushes on different surfaces that tolerates oxygen and water, and does not require a metal catalyst. Here we introduce improved control over SI-PET-RAFT polymerizations via continuous flow conditions. We confirm the composition and topological structure of the brushes by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ellipsometry, and AFM. The improved control compared to no-flow conditions provides prolonged linear growth of the polymer brush (up to 250 nm, where no-flow polymerization maxed out <50 nm), and improved polymerization control of the polymer brush that allows the construction of diblock polymer brushes. We further show the linear correlation between the molecular weight of the polymer brush and its dry thickness by combining ellipsometry and single-molecule force spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy R Kuzmyn
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Galen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Barend van Lagen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
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2
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Wilding CP, Knox ST, Bourne RA, Warren NJ. Development and Experimental Validation of a Dispersity Model for In Silico RAFT Polymerization. Macromolecules 2023; 56:1581-1591. [PMID: 36874531 PMCID: PMC9979647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The exploitation of computational techniques to predict the outcome of chemical reactions is becoming commonplace, enabling a reduction in the number of physical experiments required to optimize a reaction. Here, we adapt and combine models for polymerization kinetics and molar mass dispersity as a function of conversion for reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) solution polymerization, including the introduction of a novel expression accounting for termination. A flow reactor operating under isothermal conditions was used to experimentally validate the models for the RAFT polymerization of dimethyl acrylamide with an additional term to accommodate the effect of residence time distribution. Further validation is conducted in a batch reactor, where a previously recorded in situ temperature monitoring provides the ability to model the system under more representative batch conditions, accounting for slow heat transfer and the observed exotherm. The model also shows agreement with several literature examples of the RAFT polymerization of acrylamide and acrylate monomers in batch reactors. In principle, the model not only provides a tool for polymer chemists to estimate ideal conditions for a polymerization, but it can also automatically define the initial parameter space for exploration by computationally controlled reactor platforms provided a reliable estimation of rate constants is available. The model is compiled into an easily accessible application to enable simulation of RAFT polymerization of several monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa.
Y. P. Wilding
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K.
- Institute
of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K.
| | - Stephen. T. Knox
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K.
- Institute
of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K.
| | - Richard. A. Bourne
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K.
- Institute
of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K.
| | - Nicholas. J. Warren
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K.
- Institute
of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K.
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3
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Dau H, Jones GR, Tsogtgerel E, Nguyen D, Keyes A, Liu YS, Rauf H, Ordonez E, Puchelle V, Basbug Alhan H, Zhao C, Harth E. Linear Block Copolymer Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14471-14553. [PMID: 35960550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers form the basis of the most ubiquitous materials such as thermoplastic elastomers, bridge interphases in polymer blends, and are fundamental for the development of high-performance materials. The driving force to further advance these materials is the accessibility of block copolymers, which have a wide variety in composition, functional group content, and precision of their structure. To advance and broaden the application of block copolymers will depend on the nature of combined segmented blocks, guided through the combination of polymerization techniques to reach a high versatility in block copolymer architecture and function. This review provides the most comprehensive overview of techniques to prepare linear block copolymers and is intended to serve as a guideline on how polymerization techniques can work together to result in desired block combinations. As the review will give an account of the relevant procedures and access areas, the sections will include orthogonal approaches or sequentially combined polymerization techniques, which increases the synthetic options for these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Dau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Glen R Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Enkhjargal Tsogtgerel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Dung Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Anthony Keyes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Yu-Sheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Hasaan Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Estela Ordonez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Valentin Puchelle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Hatice Basbug Alhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Chenying Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Eva Harth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
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4
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Improving Recycled Poly(lactic Acid) Biopolymer Properties by Chain Extension Using Block Copolymers Synthesized by Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization (NMP). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162791. [PMID: 34451329 PMCID: PMC8398105 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this contribution is to assess the use poly(styrene-co-glycidyl methacrylate-b-styrene) copolymers synthesized by nitroxide mediated polymerization (NMP) as chain extenders in the recycling of poly(lactic acid) biopolyester. Concisely, the addition of such block copolymers during the melt processing of recycled poly(lactic acid) (rPLA) leads to important increases in the viscosity average molecular weight of modified polymeric materials. Molar masses increase from 31,000 g/mol for rPLA to 48,000 g mol-1 for the resulting rPLA/copolymer blends (bPLA). Fortuitously, this last value is nearly the same as the one for pristine PLA, which constitutes a first piece of evidence of the molar mass increase of the recycled biopolymer. Thermograms of chain extended rPLA show significant decreases in cold crystallization temperature and higher crystallinity degrees due to the chain extension process using NMP-synthesized copolymers. It was found that increasing epoxide content in the NMP-synthesized copolymers leads to increased degrees of crystallinity and lower cold crystallization temperatures. The rheological appraisal has shown that the addition of NMP synthesized copolymers markedly increases complex viscosity and elastic modulus of rPLA. Our results indicate that P(S-co-GMA)-b-S) copolymers act as efficient chain extenders of rPLA, likely due to the reaction between the epoxy groups present in P(S-co-GMA)-b-PS and the carboxyl acid groups present in rPLA. This reaction positively affects viscometric molar mass of PLA and its performance.
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5
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Asif I, Gilani SR, Shahzadi P, Sabir S. “One-pot direct synthesis of novel antibacterial diblock copolymers-based-vinyl acetate via RAFT polymerization”. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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6
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Nieswandt K, Georgopanos P, Abetz V. Well-defined polyvinylpyridine- block-polystyrene diblock copolymers via RAFT aqueous-alcoholic dispersion polymerization: synthesis and isoporous thin film morphology. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00074h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the synthesis of polyvinylpyridine-polystyrene (PVP-b-PS) diblock copolymers via RAFT dispersion polymerization. Spin-coated PVP-b-PS films were converted into porous surfaces by a controlled alignment and swelling strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Nieswandt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht
- Institute of Membrane Research
- 21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
| | | | - Volker Abetz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht
- Institute of Membrane Research
- 21502 Geesthacht
- Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
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7
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Hutchins-Crawford HJ, Ninjiaranai P, Derry MJ, Molloy R, Tighe BJ, Topham PD. Bromoform-assisted aqueous free radical polymerisation: a simple, inexpensive route for the preparation of block copolymers. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00672j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of ‘uncontrolled’ commercially-relevant block copolymers by metal- and sulfur-free, bromoform-assisted polymerisation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Padarat Ninjiaranai
- Aston Institute of Materials Research
- Aston University
- Birmingham
- UK
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Matthew J. Derry
- Aston Institute of Materials Research
- Aston University
- Birmingham
- UK
| | - Robert Molloy
- Materials Science Research Center
- Faculty of Science
- Chiang Mai University
- Chiang Mai 50200
- Thailand
| | - Brian J. Tighe
- Aston Institute of Materials Research
- Aston University
- Birmingham
- UK
| | - Paul D. Topham
- Aston Institute of Materials Research
- Aston University
- Birmingham
- UK
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8
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Bobde Y, Biswas S, Ghosh B. Current trends in the development of HPMA-based block copolymeric nanoparticles for their application in drug delivery. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Bagheri N, Mansour Lakouraj M, Nabavi SR, Tashakkorian H, Mohseni M. Synthesis of bioactive polyaniline- b-polyacrylic acid copolymer nanofibrils as an effective antibacterial and anticancer agent in cancer therapy, especially for HT29 treatment. RSC Adv 2020; 10:25290-25304. [PMID: 35517464 PMCID: PMC9055239 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03779f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a new highly water-soluble copolymer of polyacrylic acid with polyaniline is introduced. Acrylic acid was polymerized via the Reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain Transfer method (RAFT) in the presence of an initiator and the obtained polyacrylic acid was copolymerized with aniline at room temperature. As the main achievements of this work, the resulting block copolymer with nanosized structure revealed favorable solubility in polar solvents, as well as excellent antibacterial and anticancer activities. Therefore, it is an appropriate candidate for medical applications such as wound healing and cancer therapy, especially in HT29 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Bagheri
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Organic-Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran Babolsar 47416 Iran
| | - Moslem Mansour Lakouraj
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Organic-Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran Babolsar 47416 Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Nabavi
- Departments of Applied Chemistry, University of Mazandaran Babolsar 47416 Iran
| | - Hamed Tashakkorian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center (CMBRC), Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran
| | - Mojtaba Mohseni
- Departments of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mazandaran Babolsar 47416 Iran
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10
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Kanyong P, Catli C, Davis JJ. Ultrasensitive Impedimetric Immunosensor for the Detection of C-Reactive Protein in Blood at Surface-Initiated-Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer Generated Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) Brushes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4707-4710. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prosper Kanyong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Candan Catli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Jason J. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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11
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Synthesis of Poly(3-vinylpyridine)- Block-Polystyrene Diblock Copolymers via Surfactant-Free RAFT Emulsion Polymerization. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12193145. [PMID: 31561543 PMCID: PMC6803976 DOI: 10.3390/ma12193145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a novel synthetic route to diblock copolymers based on styrene and 3-vinylpyridine monomers. Surfactant-free water-based reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) emulsion polymerization of styrene in the presence of the macroRAFT agent poly(3-vinylpyridine) (P3VP) is used to synthesize diblock copolymers with molecular weights of around 60 kDa. The proposed mechanism for the poly(3-vinylpyridine)-block-poly(styrene) (P3VP-b-PS) synthesis is the polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) which involves the in situ formation of well-defined micellar nanoscale objects consisting of a PS core and a stabilizing P3VP macroRAFT agent corona. The presented approach shows a well-controlled RAFT polymerization, allowing for the synthesis of diblock copolymers with high monomer conversion. The obtained diblock copolymers display microphase-separated structures according to their composition.
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12
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Brännström S, Johansson M, Malmström E. Enzymatically Synthesized Vinyl Ether-Disulfide Monomer Enabling an Orthogonal Combination of Free Radical and Cationic Chemistry toward Sustainable Functional Networks. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1308-1316. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Brännström
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Johansson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Malmström
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Coiai S, Passaglia E, Cicogna F. Post-polymerization modification by nitroxide radical coupling. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Coiai
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici (ICCOM); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Pisa Italy
| | - Elisa Passaglia
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici (ICCOM); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Pisa Italy
| | - Francesca Cicogna
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici (ICCOM); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Pisa Italy
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14
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Hafeez S, Barner L, Nebhani L. TEMPO Driven Mild and Modular Route to Functionalized Microparticles. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800169. [PMID: 29749016 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of crosslinked polymeric microspheres (3.8-15.0 µm) via (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) initiated thiol-ene dispersion polymerization under ambient conditions is reported for the first time. The initiating ability of TEMPO for the thiol-ene reaction is validated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy on model reactions between 1-octadecanethiol and two electron deficient enes, n-butylacrylate and divinyl sulfone. Critically, the TEMPO resonance observed in the EPR spectra decreases with time when TEMPO is mixed with thiol and an electron deficient ene. The 1 H NMR spectra demonstrate formation of up to 90% of thioether under ambient conditions. Based on these model reactions, a variety of crosslinked polymeric microspheres are synthesized with excellent morphological stability using poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) as surfactant. The ability of the microspheres for a second TEMPO initiated thiol-ene reaction is demonstrated by the ligation of fluorescein-5-maleimide (an ene) to the microspheres' surface containing excess of thiol functionality and by ligation of cysteine (containing a thiol group) to the microspheres' surface containing an excess of ene functionality. The synthesized polymeric microspheres are characterized using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumbul Hafeez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Leonie Barner
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, and Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD, 4000, Brisbane, Australia.,Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Leena Nebhani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
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15
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Nakanishi Y, Ishige R, Ogawa H, Sakakibara K, Ohno K, Morinaga T, Sato T, Kanaya T, Tsujii Y. USAXS analysis of concentration-dependent self-assembling of polymer-brush-modified nanoparticles in ionic liquid: [I] concentrated-brush regime. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:124902. [PMID: 29604836 DOI: 10.1063/1.5017552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Using ultra-small angle X-ray scattering (USAXS), we analyzed the higher-order structures of nanoparticles with a concentrated brush of an ionic liquid (IL)-type polymer (concentrated-polymer-brush-modified silica particle; PSiP) in an IL and the structure of the swollen shell layer of PSiP. Homogeneous mixtures of PSiP and IL were successfully prepared by the solvent-casting method involving the slow evaporation of a volatile solvent, which enabled a systematic study over an exceptionally wide range of compositions. Different diffraction patterns as a function of PSiP concentration were observed in the USAXS images of the mixtures. At suitably low PSiP concentrations, the USAXS intensity profile was analyzed using the Percus-Yevick model by matching the contrast between the shell layer and IL, and the swollen structure of the shell and "effective diameter" of the PSiP were evaluated. This result confirms that under sufficiently low pressures below and near the liquid/crystal-threshold concentration, the studied PSiP can be well described using the "hard sphere" model in colloidal science. Above the threshold concentration, the PSiP forms higher-order structures. The analysis of diffraction patterns revealed structural changes from disorder to random hexagonal-closed-packing and then face-centered-cubic as the PSiP concentration increased. These results are discussed in terms of thermodynamically stable "hard" and/or "semi-soft" colloidal crystals, wherein the swollen layer of the concentrated polymer brush and its structure play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Nakanishi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Ryohei Ishige
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-E4-5 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ogawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Keita Sakakibara
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kohji Ohno
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takashi Morinaga
- Department of Creative Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tsuruoka College, 104 Sawada, Inooka, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8511, Japan
| | - Takaya Sato
- Department of Creative Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tsuruoka College, 104 Sawada, Inooka, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8511, Japan
| | - Toshiji Kanaya
- J-PARC, Material and Life Science Division, Institute of Material Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 203-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Tsujii
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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16
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Hansen KA, Blinco JP. Nitroxide radical polymers – a versatile material class for high-tech applications. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py02001e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive summary of synthetic strategies for the preparation of nitroxide radical polymer materials and a state-of-the-art perspective on their latest and most exciting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Anders Hansen
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
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17
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Kreutzer J, Yagci Y. Metal Free Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerizations: Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 10:E35. [PMID: 30966069 PMCID: PMC6415071 DOI: 10.3390/polym10010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A considerable amount of the worldwide industrial production of synthetic polymers is currently based on radical polymerization methods. The steadily increasing demand on high performance plastics and tailored polymers which serve specialized applications is driven by the development of new techniques to enable control of polymerization reactions on a molecular level. Contrary to conventional radical polymerization, reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) techniques provide the possibility to prepare polymers with well-defined structures and functionalities. The review provides a comprehensive summary over the development of the three most important RDRP methods, which are nitroxide mediated radical polymerization, atom transfer radical polymerization and reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. The focus thereby is set on the newest developments in transition metal free systems, which allow using these techniques for biological or biomedical applications. After each section selected examples from materials synthesis and application to biomedical materials are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kreutzer
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey.
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) and Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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18
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Devlaminck DJG, Van Steenberge PHM, De Keer L, Reyniers MF, D'hooge DR. A detailed mechanistic study of bulk MADIX of styrene and its chain extension. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00961e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
By combining experimental and modeling tools, a detailed characterization study of MADIX properties becomes possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lies De Keer
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Ghent University
- B-9052 Ghent
- Belgium
| | | | - Dagmar R. D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Ghent University
- B-9052 Ghent
- Belgium
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering
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19
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Molloy BM, Johnson KA, Ross RJ, Parent JS. Functional group tolerance of AOTEMPO-mediated peroxide cure chemistry. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Ren JM, McKenzie TG, Fu Q, Wong EHH, Xu J, An Z, Shanmugam S, Davis TP, Boyer C, Qiao GG. Star Polymers. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6743-836. [PMID: 27299693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in controlled/living polymerization techniques and highly efficient coupling chemistries have enabled the facile synthesis of complex polymer architectures with controlled dimensions and functionality. As an example, star polymers consist of many linear polymers fused at a central point with a large number of chain end functionalities. Owing to this exclusive structure, star polymers exhibit some remarkable characteristics and properties unattainable by simple linear polymers. Hence, they constitute a unique class of technologically important nanomaterials that have been utilized or are currently under audition for many applications in life sciences and nanotechnologies. This article first provides a comprehensive summary of synthetic strategies towards star polymers, then reviews the latest developments in the synthesis and characterization methods of star macromolecules, and lastly outlines emerging applications and current commercial use of star-shaped polymers. The aim of this work is to promote star polymer research, generate new avenues of scientific investigation, and provide contemporary perspectives on chemical innovation that may expedite the commercialization of new star nanomaterials. We envision in the not-too-distant future star polymers will play an increasingly important role in materials science and nanotechnology in both academic and industrial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing M Ren
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Thomas G McKenzie
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Qiang Fu
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Edgar H H Wong
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Zesheng An
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University , Shanghai 2000444, People's Republic of China
| | - Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas P Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Greg G Qiao
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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21
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Schroot R, Schlotthauer T, Schubert US, Jäger M. Modular Assembly of Poly(naphthalene diimide) and Ru(II) Dyes for an Efficient Light-Induced Charge Separation in Hierarchically Controlled Polymer Architectures. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schroot
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular
Chemistry (IOMC) and ‡Center for Energy
and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Tina Schlotthauer
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular
Chemistry (IOMC) and ‡Center for Energy
and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular
Chemistry (IOMC) and ‡Center for Energy
and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Jäger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular
Chemistry (IOMC) and ‡Center for Energy
and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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22
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Fairbanks BD, Gunatillake PA, Meagher L. Biomedical applications of polymers derived by reversible addition - fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT). Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 91:141-52. [PMID: 26050529 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
RAFT- mediated polymerization, providing control over polymer length and architecture as well as facilitating post polymerization modification of end groups, has been applied to virtually every facet of biomedical materials research. RAFT polymers have seen particularly extensive use in drug delivery research. Facile generation of functional and telechelic polymers permits straightforward conjugation to many therapeutic compounds while synthesis of amphiphilic block copolymers via RAFT allows for the generation of self-assembled structures capable of carrying therapeutic payloads. With the large and growing body of literature employing RAFT polymers as drug delivery aids and vehicles, concern over the potential toxicity of RAFT derived polymers has been raised. While literature exploring this complication is relatively limited, the emerging consensus may be summed up in three parts: toxicity of polymers generated with dithiobenzoate RAFT agents is observed at high concentrations but not with polymers generated with trithiocarbonate RAFT agents; even for polymers generated with dithiobenzoate RAFT agents, most reported applications call for concentrations well below the toxicity threshold; and RAFT end-groups may be easily removed via any of a variety of techniques that leave the polymer with no intrinsic toxicity attributable to the mechanism of polymerization. The low toxicity of RAFT-derived polymers and the ability to remove end groups via straightforward and scalable processes make RAFT technology a valuable tool for practically any application in which a polymer of defined molecular weight and architecture is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Fairbanks
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Ian Wark Laboratories, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA 80309-0596.
| | | | - Laurence Meagher
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Ian Wark Laboratories, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; Monash Institute for Medical Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, PO Box 69M, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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23
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Porsch C, Zhang Y, Montañez MI, Malho JM, Kostiainen MA, Nyström AM, Malmström E. Disulfide-Functionalized Unimolecular Micelles as Selective Redox-Responsive Nanocarriers. Biomacromolecules 2015. [PMID: 26200248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Redox-sensitive hyperbranched dendritic-linear polymers (HBDLPs) were prepared and stabilized individually as unimolecular micelles with diameters in the range 25-40 nm. The high molecular weight (500-950 kDa), core-shell amphiphilic structures were synthesized through a combination of self-condensing vinyl copolymerization (SCVCP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Cleavable disulfide bonds were introduced, either in the backbone, or in pendant groups, of the hyperbranched core of the HBDLPs. By triggered reductive degradation, the HBDLPs showed up to a 7-fold decrease in molecular weight, and the extent of degradation was tuned by the amount of incorporated disulfides. The HBDLP with pendant disulfide-linked functionalities in the hyperbranched core was readily postfunctionalized with a hydrophobic dye, as a mimic for a drug. An instant release of the dye was observed as a response to a reductive environment similar to the one present intracellularly. The proposed strategy shows a facile route to highly stable unimolecular micelles, which attractively exhibit redox-responsive degradation and cargo release properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Porsch
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuning Zhang
- IMM Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet , SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria I Montañez
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jani-Markus Malho
- Molecular Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials Group, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Andreas M Nyström
- IMM Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet , SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Malmström
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Ingold KU, Bowry VW. Why Are Organotin Hydride Reductions of Organic Halides So Frequently Retarded? Kinetic Studies, Analyses, and a Few Remedies. J Org Chem 2015; 80:1321-31. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502710a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. U. Ingold
- National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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25
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Veloso A, García W, Agirre A, Ballard N, Ruipérez F, de la Cal JC, Asua JM. Determining the effect of side reactions on product distributions in RAFT polymerization by MALDI-TOF MS. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00838g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RAFT polymerization has emerged as one of the most versatile reversible deactivation radical polymerization techniques and is capable of polymerizing a wide range of monomers under various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Veloso
- POLYMAT
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Joxe Mari Korta R&D Ctr
- Donostia-San Sebastián 20018
- Spain
| | - Wendy García
- POLYMAT
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Joxe Mari Korta R&D Ctr
- Donostia-San Sebastián 20018
- Spain
| | - Amaia Agirre
- POLYMAT
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Joxe Mari Korta R&D Ctr
- Donostia-San Sebastián 20018
- Spain
| | - Nicholas Ballard
- POLYMAT
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Joxe Mari Korta R&D Ctr
- Donostia-San Sebastián 20018
- Spain
| | - Fernando Ruipérez
- POLYMAT
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Joxe Mari Korta R&D Ctr
- Donostia-San Sebastián 20018
- Spain
| | - José C. de la Cal
- POLYMAT
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Joxe Mari Korta R&D Ctr
- Donostia-San Sebastián 20018
- Spain
| | - José M. Asua
- POLYMAT
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Joxe Mari Korta R&D Ctr
- Donostia-San Sebastián 20018
- Spain
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Bayview Ave, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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27
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Uchiyama M, Satoh K, Kamigaito M. Cationic RAFT Polymerization Using ppm Concentrations of Organic Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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28
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Uchiyama M, Satoh K, Kamigaito M. Cationic RAFT polymerization using ppm concentrations of organic acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1924-8. [PMID: 25511364 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free, cationic, reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization was proposed and realized. A series of thiocarbonylthio compounds were used in the presence of a small amount of triflic acid for isobutyl vinyl ether to give polymers with controlled molecular weight of up to 1×10(5) and narrow molecular-weight distributions (Mw /Mn <1.1). This "living" or controlled cationic polymerization is applicable to various electron-rich monomers including vinyl ethers, p-methoxystyrene, and even p-hydroxystyrene that possesses an unprotected phenol group. A transformation from cationic to radical RAFT polymerization enables the synthesis of block copolymers between cationically and radically polymerizable monomers, such as vinyl ether and vinyl acetate or methyl acrylate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineto Uchiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603 (Japan)
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29
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Keddie DJ. A guide to the synthesis of block copolymers using reversible-addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:496-505. [PMID: 24129793 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60290g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) has provided an avenue for the synthesis of a vast array of polymers with a rich variety of functionality and architecture. The preparation of block copolymers has received significant focus in this burgeoning research field, due to their diverse properties and potential in a wide range of research environments. This tutorial review will address the important concepts behind the design and synthesis of block copolymers using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. RAFT polymerization is arguably the most versatile of the RDRP methods due to its compatibility with a wide range of functional monomers and reaction media along with its relative ease of use. With an ever increasing array of researchers that possess a variety of backgrounds now turning to RDRP, and RAFT in particular, to prepare their required polymeric materials, it is pertinent to discuss the important points which enable the preparation of high purity functional block copolymers with targeted molar mass and narrow molar mass distribution using RAFT polymerization. The key principles of appropriate RAFT agent selection, the order of monomer addition in block synthesis and potential issues with maintaining high end-group fidelity are addressed. Additionally, techniques which allow block copolymers to be accessed using a combination of RAFT polymerization and complementary techniques are touched upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Keddie
- Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia.
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30
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Moad G. RAFT (Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer) crosslinking (co)polymerization of multi-olefinic monomers to form polymer networks. POLYM INT 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering Bag 10; Clayton South Victoria 3169 Australia
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31
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Parkhomenko DA, Edeleva MV, Kiselev VG, Bagryanskaya EG. pH-Sensitive C–ON Bond Homolysis of Alkoxyamines of Imidazoline Series: A Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:5542-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5024372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy A. Parkhomenko
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, 9, Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 2,
Pirogova Str., Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3a, Institutskaya Str., Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Mariya V. Edeleva
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3a, Institutskaya Str., Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Vitaly G. Kiselev
- Novosibirsk State University, 2,
Pirogova Str., Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 3, Institutskaya Str., Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Elena G. Bagryanskaya
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, 9, Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 2,
Pirogova Str., Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3a, Institutskaya Str., Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
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32
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Hatton FL, Chambon P, McDonald TO, Owen A, Rannard SP. Hyperbranched polydendrons: a new controlled macromolecular architecture with self-assembly in water and organic solvents. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc00360h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A new macromolecular architecture comprising multiple linear-dendritic hybrid copolymer sub-units is presented – hyperbranched polydendrons. The materials are very high molecular weight and disperse but undergo extremely uniform self-assembly behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L69 3GF, UK
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33
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Mizutani M, Satoh K, Kamigaito M. Construction of Vinyl Polymer and Polyester or Polyamide Units in a Single Polymer Chain via Metal-catalyzed Simultaneous Chain- and Step-growth Radical Polymerization of Various Monomers. Aust J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ch13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metal-catalyzed simultaneous chain- and step-growth radical polymerization was examined to combine common conjugated vinyl monomers, such as various acrylates and styrene, as chain-growth monomers and various ester- or amide-linked monomers bearing both an unconjugated C=C bond and an active C–Cl bond as step-growth monomers. The CuCl/1,1,4,7,10,10-hexamethyltriethylenetetramine-catalyzed copolymerization of alkyl acrylates and various step-growth monomers at a 1 : 1-monomer feed ratio resulted in almost linear random copolymers that consisted of vinyl polymer and polyester units. Additional functional groups, such as oxyethylene and disulfide units, can be introduced into the main chain using a step-growth monomer that possesses the functional units between the unconjugated C=C bond and the active C–Cl bond. Copolymerization at a higher feed ratio of chain-growth monomers, such as alkyl acrylates and styrene, can provide multiblock vinyl polymers connected to the functionalized step-growth monomer units.
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Chang T, Lord MS, Bergmann B, Macmillan A, Stenzel MH. Size effects of self-assembled block copolymer spherical micelles and vesicles on cellular uptake in human colon carcinoma cells. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:2883-2891. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21751e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Block copolymers, poly(oligo ethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate)-block-poly(styrene), POEGMEMA-b-PS, with various block lengths were prepared via RAFT polymerization and subsequently self-assembled into various aggregates to investigate their uptake ability into cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teddy Chang
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney, Australia
| | - Megan S. Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney, Australia
| | - Björn Bergmann
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney, Australia
- Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology ICT
- 76327 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alex Macmillan
- Biomedical Imaging Facility
- University of New South Wales
- , Australia
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney, Australia
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35
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Nikitin AN, Hutchinson RA, Hesse P. Determination of the Mode of Radical Termination from Pulsed Laser Polymerization Experiments in the Presence of Retardation and Chain Transfer to Agent. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly N. Nikitin
- Institute on Laser and Information Technologies; Svyatoozerskaya 1 Shatura, Moscow Region 140700 Russia
| | - Robin A. Hutchinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dupuis Hall; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Pascal Hesse
- Institute for Physical Chemistry; University of Göttingen; Tammannstrasse 6 D-37077 Göttingen Germany
- BASF SE, Polymer Process Development; GME/W - B001 D-67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
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36
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Zhao Y, Lord MS, Stenzel MH. A polyion complex micelle with heparin for growth factor delivery and uptake into cells. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:1635-1643. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb00360d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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37
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Zamfir M, Rodriguez-Emmenegger C, Bauer S, Barner L, Rosenhahn A, Barner-Kowollik C. Controlled growth of protein resistant PHEMA brushes via S-RAFT polymerization. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:6027-6034. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20880j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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38
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Perrier S. 33rd Australasian Polymer Symposium. Aust J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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