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3D printed and spiral lithographically patterned erbium-doped polymer micro-waveguide amplifiers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21292. [PMID: 34711919 PMCID: PMC8553943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Infrared (IR)-emitting RE doped materials have been extensively used to fabricate active components of integrated optical devices in various fields, such as fiber amplifiers, telecommunications, optoelectronics, and waveguides. Among various RE elements, trivalent erbium ions (Er 3+) are of great interest since their emissive behavior span the low loss telecommunication window of 1300–1650 nm. In this paper, we report two types of polymeric waveguide amplifiers. 8 cm long, lithographically patterned spiral waveguides provide 8 dB of gain using a 980 nm pump power of 95 mW. Gain is observed from 1530 to 1590 nm. We further report the first demonstration of polymeric waveguide amplifiers fabricated using 3D printing methods based on two-photon lithography, paving the way for rapid prototyping of active 3D printed devices and active photonic devices which may transcend planar limitations.
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Yu Z, Eich C, Cruz LJ. Recent Advances in Rare-Earth-Doped Nanoparticles for NIR-II Imaging and Cancer Theranostics. Front Chem 2020; 8:496. [PMID: 32656181 PMCID: PMC7325968 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging in the second near infrared window (NIR-II, 1,000-1,700 nm) has been widely used in cancer diagnosis and treatment due to its high spatial resolution and deep tissue penetration depths. In this work, recent advances in rare-earth-doped nanoparticles (RENPs)-a novel kind of NIR-II nanoprobes-are presented. The main focus of this study is on the modification of RENPs and their applications in NIR-II in vitro and in vivo imaging and cancer theranostics. Finally, the perspectives and challenges of NIR-II RENPs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luis J. Cruz
- Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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3
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Xu J, Gulzar A, Yang P, Bi H, Yang D, Gai S, He F, Lin J, Xing B, Jin D. Recent advances in near-infrared emitting lanthanide-doped nanoconstructs: Mechanism, design and application for bioimaging. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ding F, Zhan Y, Lu X, Sun Y. Recent advances in near-infrared II fluorophores for multifunctional biomedical imaging. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4370-4380. [PMID: 29896378 PMCID: PMC5961444 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01153b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, owing to unsatisfactory clinical imaging clarity and depths in the living body for early diagnosis and prognosis, novel imaging modalities with high bioimaging performance have been actively explored. The remarkable headway made in the second near-infrared region (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) has promoted the development of biomedical imaging significantly. NIR-II fluorescence imaging possesses a number of merits which prevail over the traditional and NIR-I (400-900 nm) imaging modalities in fundamental research, such as reduced photon scattering, as well as auto-fluorescence and improved penetration depth. Functional probes for instant and precise feedback of in vivo information are at the core of this modality for superb imaging. Herein, we review the recently developed fluorophores including carbon nanotubes, organic small molecules, quantum dots, conjugated polymers and rare-earth-doped materials to present superior and multifunctionality of biomedical imaging in the NIR-II regions (1000-1700 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology , Ministry of Education , International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health , Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis , Chemical Biology Center , College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079 , China .
| | - Yibei Zhan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hubei Polytechnic University , Hubei 435003 , China
| | - Xiaoju Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hubei Polytechnic University , Hubei 435003 , China
| | - Yao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology , Ministry of Education , International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health , Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis , Chemical Biology Center , College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079 , China .
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Wu W, Zhang X, Kornienko AY, Kumar GA, Yu D, Emge TJ, Riman RE, Brennan JG. Efficient NIR Emission from Nd, Er, and Tm Complexes with Fluorinated Selenolate Ligands. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:1912-1918. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wu
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Anna Y. Kornienko
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - G. A. Kumar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Dechao Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Thomas J. Emge
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Richard E. Riman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - John G. Brennan
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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He S, Zhao X, Tan MC. Synthesis of Uniform Rare Earth Doped Gd 2O 2S Sub-micron Sized Spheres Using Gas-Aided Sulfurization and their Optical Characteristics. RSC Adv 2017; 7:35738-35751. [PMID: 29225796 PMCID: PMC5718361 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05041k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we report a detailed study of the synthesis of sub-micron sized Gd2O2S spheres using a two-step process: (1) amorphous precursor synthesis using the solvothermal method where a surfactant was used to control particle morphology, followed by (2) crystallization to form Gd2O2S polycrystalline spheres in a sulfur-rich environment. The crystallization and sulfurization processes are investigated by monitoring the crystal growth at different temperatures and under different environments using mainly x-ray diffraction and analysis of the precursor's thermal decomposition profile. The optical emissions of the Er and Yb-Er doped Gd2O2S upon excitation at 975 nm were investigated to identify the optimal dopant concentrations, optimal heat treatment temperature as well as to further elucidate any fine structure changes. Our results also show that the maximum emission intensities were obtained for a heat treatment temperature of 800 °C, where increased dopant diffusion coupled with non-uniform surface segregation at much higher temperatures led to non-uniform dopant distribution and reduced emission intensities. Our findings from these studies would be useful towards the synthesis of brightly-emitting Gd2O2S based luminescent materials as well as for the controlled gas-aided sulfurization of other metal oxysulfides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mei Chee Tan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372
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Low Loss Nanostructured Polymers for Chip-scale Waveguide Amplifiers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3366. [PMID: 28611424 PMCID: PMC5469753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03543-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
On-chip waveguide amplifiers offer higher gain in small device sizes and better integration with photonic devices than the commonly available fiber amplifiers. However, on-chip amplifiers have yet to make its way into the mainstream due to the limited availability of materials with ideal light guiding and amplification properties. A low-loss nanostructured on-chip channel polymeric waveguide amplifier was designed, characterized, fabricated and its gain experimentally measured at telecommunication wavelength. The active polymeric waveguide core comprises of NaYF4:Yb,Er,Ce core-shell nanocrystals dispersed within a SU8 polymer, where the nanoparticle interfacial characteristics were tailored using hydrolyzed polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-graft-poly(methyl methacrylate) to improve particle dispersion. Both the enhanced IR emission intensity from our nanocrystals using a tri-dopant scheme and the reduced scattering losses from our excellent particle dispersion at a high solid loading of 6.0 vol% contributed to the outstanding optical performance of our polymeric waveguide. We achieved one of the highest reported gain of 6.6 dB/cm using a relatively low coupled pump power of 80 mW. These polymeric waveguide amplifiers offer greater promise for integrated optical circuits due to their processability and integration advantages which will play a key role in the emerging areas of flexible communication and optoelectronic devices.
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Abstract
Erbium doped CaF2 nanophosphors with enhanced short-wavelength infrared emission synthesized in this work have promising potential for deep tissue imaging due to their low vibrational energy and superior biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhao
- Engineering Product Development
- Singapore University of Technology and Design
- Singapore
- Singapore 487372
| | - Mei Chee Tan
- Engineering Product Development
- Singapore University of Technology and Design
- Singapore
- Singapore 487372
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Chan EM. Combinatorial approaches for developing upconverting nanomaterials: high-throughput screening, modeling, and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:1653-79. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00205a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review surveys the use of combinatorial and high-throughput techniques for the rapid discovery, optimization, and application of upconverting nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emory M. Chan
- The Molecular Foundry
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
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10
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Rare-Earth doped particles as dual-modality contrast agent for minimally-invasive luminescence and dual-wavelength photoacoustic imaging. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6562. [PMID: 25297843 PMCID: PMC4190509 DOI: 10.1038/srep06562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-modal imaging is an emerging area that integrates multiple imaging modalities to simultaneously capture visual information over many spatial scales. Complementary contrast agents need to be co-developed in order to achieve high resolution and contrast. In this work, we demonstrated that rare-earth doped particles (REDPs) can be employed as dual-modal imaging agents for both luminescence and photoacoustic (PA) imaging to achieve intrinsic high contrast, temporal and spatial resolution, reaching deeper depth. REDPs synthesized with different surfactants (citric acid, polyacrylic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and sodium citrate) exhibit tunable emission properties and PA signal amplitudes. Amongst these samples, sodium citrate-modified REDPs showed the strongest PA signals. Furthermore, since REDPs have multiple absorption peaks, they offer a unique opportunity for multi-wavelength PA imaging (e.g. PA signals were measured using 520 and 975 nm excitations). The in vivo PA images around the cortical superior sagittal sinus (SSS) blood vessel captured with enhanced signal arising from REDPs demonstrated that in addition to be excellent luminescent probes, REDPs can also be used as successful PA contrast agents. Anisotropic polyacrylic acid-modified REDPs were found to be the best candidates for dual-modal luminescence and PA imaging due to their strong luminescence and PA signal intensities.
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Naczynski DJ, Tan MC, Riman RE, Moghe PV. Rare Earth Nanoprobes for Functional Biomolecular Imaging and Theranostics. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:2958-2973. [PMID: 24921049 PMCID: PMC4048749 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00094c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Contrast agents designed to visualize the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer pathogenesis and progression have deepened our understanding of disease complexity and accelerated the development of enhanced drug strategies targeted to specific biochemical pathways. For the next generation probes and imaging systems to be viable, they must exhibit enhanced sensitivity and robust quantitation of morphologic and contrast features, while offering the ability to resolve the disease-specific molecular signatures that may be critical to reconstitute a more comprehensive portrait of pathobiology. This feature article provides an overview on the design and advancements of emerging biomedical optical probes in general and evaluates the promise of rare earth nanoprobes, in particular, for molecular imaging and theranostics. Combined with new breakthroughs in nanoscale probe configurations, and improved dopant compositions, and multimodal infrared optical imaging, rare-earth nanoprobes can be used to address a wide variety of biomedical challenges, including deep tissue imaging, real-time drug delivery tracking and multispectral molecular profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik J. Naczynski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mei Chee Tan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA
| | - Richard E. Riman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA
| | - Prabhas V. Moghe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA
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