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Gómez Fernández MA, Hoffmann N. Photocatalytic Transformation of Biomass and Biomass Derived Compounds-Application to Organic Synthesis. Molecules 2023; 28:4746. [PMID: 37375301 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomass and biomass-derived compounds have become an important alternative feedstock for chemical industry. They may replace fossil feedstocks such as mineral oil and related platform chemicals. These compounds may also be transformed conveniently into new innovative products for the medicinal or the agrochemical domain. The production of cosmetics or surfactants as well as materials for different applications are examples for other domains where new platform chemicals obtained from biomass can be used. Photochemical and especially photocatalytic reactions have recently been recognized as being important tools of organic chemistry as they make compounds or compound families available that cannot be or are difficultly synthesized with conventional methods of organic synthesis. The present review gives a short overview with selected examples on photocatalytic reactions of biopolymers, carbohydrates, fatty acids and some biomass-derived platform chemicals such as furans or levoglucosenone. In this article, the focus is on application to organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Andrés Gómez Fernández
- CNRS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ICMR, Equipe de Photochimie, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Norbert Hoffmann
- CNRS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ICMR, Equipe de Photochimie, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims, France
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Grillo G, Cintas P, Colia M, Calcio Gaudino E, Cravotto G. Process intensification in continuous flow organic synthesis with enabling and hybrid technologies. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.966451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial organic synthesis is time and energy consuming, and generates substantial waste. Traditional conductive heating and mixing in batch reactors is no longer competitive with continuous-flow synthetic methods and enabling technologies that can strongly promote reaction kinetics. These advances lead to faster and simplified downstream processes with easier workup, purification and process scale-up. In the current Industry 4.0 revolution, new advances that are based on cyber-physical systems and artificial intelligence will be able to optimize and invigorate synthetic processes by connecting cascade reactors with continuous in-line monitoring and even predict solutions in case of unforeseen events. Alternative energy sources, such as dielectric and ohmic heating, ultrasound, hydrodynamic cavitation, reactive extruders and plasma have revolutionized standard procedures. So-called hybrid or hyphenated techniques, where the combination of two different energy sources often generates synergistic effects, are also worthy of mention. Herein, we report our consolidated experience of all of these alternative techniques.
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Welter RA, Santana H, le ta Torre LG, Robertson MJ, Taranto OP, Oelgemöller M. Methyl oleate synthesis by TiO2‐photocatalytic esterification of oleic acid: optimisation by Response surface quadratic methodology, reaction kinetics and thermodynamics. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosilene Andrea Welter
- James Cook University College of Science and Engineering 1James Cook DriveDouglas 4814 Townsville AUSTRALIA
| | - Harrson Santana
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Campus Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz: Universidade Estadual de Campinas Engenharia Química Avenida Albert Einstein500Cidade UniversitáriaBarão Geraldo 13083-852 Campinas BRAZIL
| | - Lucimara Gaziola le ta Torre
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Campus Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz: Universidade Estadual de Campinas Engenharia Química 500Avenida Albert EinsteinCidade UniversitáriaBarão Geraldo 13083-852 Campinas BRAZIL
| | - Mark J. Robertson
- James Cook University College of Science and Engineering 1James Cook DriveDouglas 4811 Townsville AUSTRALIA
| | - Osvaldir Pereira Taranto
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Campus Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz: Universidade Estadual de Campinas Engenharia Quimica 500Avenida Albert EinsteinCidade UniversitáriaBarão Geraldo 13083-852 Campinas BRAZIL
| | - Michael Oelgemöller
- Hochschule Fresenius gGmbH: Hochschule Fresenius gGmbH Faculty of Chemistry and Biology 2Limburger Str D-65510 Idstein GERMANY
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Enantioselective synthesis of heterocyclic compounds using photochemical reactions. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1657-1674. [PMID: 34822126 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Different methods for the direct enantioselective photochemical synthesis of heterocycles are presented. Currently, asymmetric catalysis with templates involving hydrogen bonds or metal complexes is intensively investigated. Enzyme catalysis can be simplified under photochemical conditions. For example, in multi enzyme systems, one or more enzyme catalytic steps can be replaced by simple photochemical reactions. Chiral induction in photochemical reactions performed with homochiral crystals is highly efficient. Such reactions can also be carried out with crystalline inclusion complexes. Inclusion of a photochemical substrate and an enantiopure compound in zeolites also leads to enantioselective compounds. In all these methods, the conformational mobility of the photochemical substrates is reduced or controlled. Memory of chirality is a particular case in which a chiral information is temporally lost but the rigid conformations stabilize the molecular structure which leads to the formation of enantiopure compounds. Such studies allows a profound understanding on how particular conformations determine the configuration of the final products.Graphical abstract.
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Wau JS, Robertson MJ, Oelgemöller M. Solar Photooxygenations for the Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals-Technologies and Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:1685. [PMID: 33802876 PMCID: PMC8002662 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Photooxygenation reactions involving singlet oxygen (1O2) are utilized industrially as a mild and sustainable access to oxygenated products. Due to the usage of organic dyes as photosensitizers, these transformations can be successfully conducted using natural sunlight. Modern solar chemical reactors enable outdoor operations on the demonstration (multigram) to technical (multikilogram) scales and have subsequently been employed for the manufacturing of fine chemicals such as fragrances or biologically active compounds. This review will highlight examples of solar photooxygenations for the manufacturing of industrially relevant target compounds and will discuss current challenges and opportunities of this sustainable methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayson S. Wau
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (J.S.W.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Mark J. Robertson
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (J.S.W.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Michael Oelgemöller
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (J.S.W.); (M.J.R.)
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Yaseen MA, Mumtaz S, Hunter RL, Wall D, Robertson MJ, Oelgemöller M. Continuous-Flow Photochemical Transformations of 1,4-Naphthoquinones and Phthalimides in a Concentrating Solar Trough Reactor. Aust J Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/ch20138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of photochemical transformations has been successfully conducted under continuous-flow conditions in a concentrating solar trough reactor. Photoacylations and [2+2]-photocycloadditions involving 1,4-naphthoquinones gave the corresponding photoproducts in moderate to high yields with residence times of 70min. Likewise, acetone-sensitized photodecarboxylations involving phthalimides furnished the corresponding benzylated hydroxy phthalimidines in good to excellent yields and purity with residence times of 40min. Compared with corresponding exposures to direct sunlight conducted in a solar float, flow operation generally gave superior conversions and subsequent yields.
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Wriedt B, Kowalczyk D, Ziegenbalg D. Experimental Determination of Photon Fluxes in Multilayer Capillary Photoreactors. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wriedt
- Ulm University Institute of Chemical Engineering Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Daniel Kowalczyk
- Ulm University Institute of Chemical Engineering Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Ulm University Institute of Chemical Engineering Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
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Mumtaz S, Robertson MJ, Oelgemöller M. Recent Advances in Photodecarboxylations Involving Phthalimides. Aust J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/ch18220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their favourable photophysical and electrochemical properties, phthalimides undergo a variety of highly efficient photodecarboxylation reactions. These transformations have been applied to the synthesis of macrocyclic compounds as well as bioactive addition adducts. N-Acetoxyphthalimides are versatile precursors to imidyl and alkyl radicals through photodecarboxylation and have subsequently been used for a variety of coupling reactions. The generally mild reaction conditions make these reactions attractive for green chemical applications. The process protocols were successfully transferred to novel photoreactor devices, among these falling film or continuous flow reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Hoffmann
- CNRS Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; ICMR; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; B.P. 1039 51687 Reims France
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Mizuno K, Nishiyama Y, Ogaki T, Terao K, Ikeda H, Kakiuchi K. Utilization of microflow reactors to carry out synthetically useful organic photochemical reactions. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Oelgemöller M, Hoffmann N. Studies in organic and physical photochemistry - an interdisciplinary approach. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:7392-442. [PMID: 27381273 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00842a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, organic photochemistry when applied to synthesis strongly interacts with physical chemistry. The aim of this review is to illustrate this very fruitful interdisciplinary approach and cooperation. A profound understanding of the photochemical reactivity and reaction mechanisms is particularly helpful for optimization and application of these reactions. Some typical reactions and particular aspects are reported such as the Norrish-Type II reaction and the Yang cyclization and related transformations, the [2 + 2] photocycloadditions, particularly the Paternò-Büchi reaction, photochemical electron transfer induced transformations, different kinds of catalytic reactions such as photoredox catalysis for organic synthesis and photooxygenation are discussed. Particular aspects such as the structure and reactivity of aryl cations, photochemical reactions in the crystalline state, chiral memory, different mechanisms of hydrogen transfer in photochemical reactions or fundamental aspects of stereoselectivity are discussed. Photochemical reactions are also investigated in the context of chemical engineering. Particularly, continuous flow reactors are of interest. Novel reactor systems are developed and modeling of photochemical transformations and different reactors play a key role in such studies. This research domain builds a bridge between fundamental studies of organic photochemical reactions and their industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Oelgemöller
- James Cook University, College of Science and Engineering, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
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Nakamura A, Yoshida K, Kuwahara S, Katayama K. Photocatalytic organic syntheses using a glass-milled microchip. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cambié D, Bottecchia C, Straathof NJW, Hessel V, Noël T. Applications of Continuous-Flow Photochemistry in Organic Synthesis, Material Science, and Water Treatment. Chem Rev 2016; 116:10276-341. [PMID: 26935706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 882] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Continuous-flow photochemistry in microreactors receives a lot of attention from researchers in academia and industry as this technology provides reduced reaction times, higher selectivities, straightforward scalability, and the possibility to safely use hazardous intermediates and gaseous reactants. In this review, an up-to-date overview is given of photochemical transformations in continuous-flow reactors, including applications in organic synthesis, material science, and water treatment. In addition, the advantages of continuous-flow photochemistry are pointed out and a thorough comparison with batch processing is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Cambié
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Bottecchia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Natan J W Straathof
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 (S4), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Josland S, Mumtaz S, Oelgemöller M. Photodecarboxylations in an Advanced Meso-Scale Continuous-Flow Photoreactor. Chem Eng Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201500285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractRadicals are easily generated via hydrogen transfer form secondary alcohols or tertiary amines using photochemical sensitization with ketones. They can subsequently add to the electron deficient double bond of furanones. The addition of the alcohols is particularly efficient. Therefore, this reaction was used to characterize and to compare the efficiency of different photochemical continuous flow microreactors. A range of micro-structured reactors were tested and their performances evaluated. The enclosed microchip enabled high space-time-yields but its microscopic dimensions limited its productivity. In contrast, the open microcapillary model showed a greater potential for scale-up and reactor optimization. A 10-microcapillary reactor was therefore constructed and utilized for typical R&D applications. Compared to the corresponding batch processes, the microreactor systems gave faster conversions, improved product qualities and higher yields. Similar reactions have also been carried out with electronically excited furanones and other α,β-unsaturated ketones. In this case, hydrogen is transferred directly to the excited olefin. This reaction part may occur either in one step, i.e., electron and proton are transferred simultaneously, or it may occur in two steps, i.e., the electron is transferred first and the proton follows. In the first case, a C–C bond is formed in the α position of the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound and in the second case this bond is formed in the β position. For the first reaction, the influence of stereochemical elements of the substrate on the regioselectivity of the hydrogen abstraction on the side chain has been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Oelgemöller
- 1College of Science, Technology and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Norbert Hoffmann
- 2CNRS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ICMR, Equipe de Photochimie, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims, France
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Photochemical degradation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in microreactor. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-015-2033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
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Aillet T, Loubière K, Prat L, Dechy-Cabaret O. Impact of the diffusion limitation in microphotoreactors. AIChE J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Aillet
- Université de Toulouse; INPT, ENSIACET; F-31432 Toulouse France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique (LGC UMR 5503); 4 allée Emile Monso, BP 84234 F-31432 Toulouse France
| | - Karine Loubière
- Université de Toulouse; INPT, ENSIACET; F-31432 Toulouse France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique (LGC UMR 5503); 4 allée Emile Monso, BP 84234 F-31432 Toulouse France
| | - Laurent Prat
- Université de Toulouse; INPT, ENSIACET; F-31432 Toulouse France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique (LGC UMR 5503); 4 allée Emile Monso, BP 84234 F-31432 Toulouse France
| | - Odile Dechy-Cabaret
- Université de Toulouse; INPT, ENSIACET; F-31432 Toulouse France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC UPR 8241); 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 F-31077 Toulouse France
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Pordanjani HM, Faderl C, Wang J, Motti CA, Junk PC, Oelgemöller M. Photodecarboxylative Benzylations of N-Methoxyphthalimide under Batch and Continuous-Flow Conditions. Aust J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/ch15356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of photodecarboxylative benzylations of N-methoxyphthalimide were successfully realised using easily accessible starting materials. The reactions proceeded smoothly and the corresponding benzylated hydroxyphthalimidines were obtained in moderate to good yields of 52–73 %. No competing photoinduced dealkoxylation of the N-methoxy group was observed. The reaction with potassium phenylacetate was subsequently investigated in an advanced continuous-flow photoreactor. The reactor allowed rapid optimization of the reaction conditions and gave the desired benzylated product in higher yield and shorter irradiation time compared with the batch process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Hoffmann
- CNRS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; ICMR, Equipe de Photochimie; UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039 51687 Reims France
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Oelgemöller M. Green Photochemical Processes and Technologies for Research & Development, Scale-up and Chemical Production. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201400064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Wentrup C, Williams C. 6th Heron Island Conference on Reactive Intermediates and Unusual Molecules. Aust J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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