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Liu L, Liu P, Zhang D, Zhang HY, Zhang Y, Zhao J. Photocatalytic Oxidative Bromination of 2,6-Dichlorotoluene to 2,6-Dichlorobenzyl Bromide in a Microchannel Reactor. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:4624-4629. [PMID: 35155953 PMCID: PMC8829936 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic oxidative benzylic bromination with hydrobromic acid (HBr) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a green process for the synthesis of benzyl bromides, but suffers from the risk of explosion when performing it in a batch reactor. This disadvantage could be overcome by running the reaction in a microchannel reactor. In this work, a green and safe process for the synthesis of 2,6-dichlorobenzyl bromide (DCBB) was developed by conducting selective benzylic bromination of 2,6-dichlorotoluene (DCT) with H2O2 as an oxidant and HBr as a bromine source in a microchannel reactor under light irradiation. The reaction parameters were optimized, and the conversion of DCT reached up to 98.1% with a DCBB yield of 91.4% under the optimal reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University
of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P.R. China
| | - Peng Liu
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University
of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P.R. China
| | - Di Zhang
- Tasly
Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300402, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University
of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P.R. China
| | - Yuecheng Zhang
- Hebei
Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology and High Efficient
Energy Saving, School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P.R. China
| | - Jiquan Zhao
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University
of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P.R. China
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2
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Francis D, Blacker AJ, Kapur N, Marsden SP. Readily Reconfigurable Continuous-Stirred Tank Photochemical Reactor Platform. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Francis
- Institute of Process Research and Development, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - A. John Blacker
- Institute of Process Research and Development, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Nikil Kapur
- Institute of Process Research and Development, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Stephen P. Marsden
- Institute of Process Research and Development, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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3
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Yang L, Tan D, Fan W, Liu X, Wu J, Huang Z, Li Q, Wang H. Photochemical Radical C–H Halogenation of Benzyl N‐Methyliminodiacetyl (MIDA) Boronates: Synthesis of α‐Functionalized Alkyl Boronates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Dong‐Hang Tan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Wen‐Xin Fan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Xu‐Ge Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Jia‐Qiang Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Zhi‐Shu Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Qingjiang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Honggen Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
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4
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Yang L, Tan D, Fan W, Liu X, Wu J, Huang Z, Li Q, Wang H. Photochemical Radical C–H Halogenation of Benzyl N‐Methyliminodiacetyl (MIDA) Boronates: Synthesis of α‐Functionalized Alkyl Boronates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:3454-3458. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Dong‐Hang Tan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Wen‐Xin Fan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Xu‐Ge Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Jia‐Qiang Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Zhi‐Shu Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Qingjiang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Honggen Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
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5
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Govaerts S, Nyuchev A, Noel T. Pushing the boundaries of C–H bond functionalization chemistry using flow technology. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractC–H functionalization chemistry is one of the most vibrant research areas within synthetic organic chemistry. While most researchers focus on the development of small-scale batch-type transformations, more recently such transformations have been carried out in flow reactors to explore new chemical space, to boost reactivity or to enable scalability of this important reaction class. Herein, an up-to-date overview of C–H bond functionalization reactions carried out in continuous-flow microreactors is presented. A comprehensive overview of reactions which establish the formal conversion of a C–H bond into carbon–carbon or carbon–heteroatom bonds is provided; this includes metal-assisted C–H bond cleavages, hydrogen atom transfer reactions and C–H bond functionalizations which involve an SE-type process to aromatic or olefinic systems. Particular focus is devoted to showcase the advantages of flow processing to enhance C–H bond functionalization chemistry. Consequently, it is our hope that this review will serve as a guide to inspire researchers to push the boundaries of C–H functionalization chemistry using flow technology.
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6
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Yaseen MA, Mumtaz S, Hunter RL, Wall D, Robertson MJ, Oelgemöller M. Continuous-Flow Photochemical Transformations of 1,4-Naphthoquinones and Phthalimides in a Concentrating Solar Trough Reactor. Aust J Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/ch20138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of photochemical transformations has been successfully conducted under continuous-flow conditions in a concentrating solar trough reactor. Photoacylations and [2+2]-photocycloadditions involving 1,4-naphthoquinones gave the corresponding photoproducts in moderate to high yields with residence times of 70min. Likewise, acetone-sensitized photodecarboxylations involving phthalimides furnished the corresponding benzylated hydroxy phthalimidines in good to excellent yields and purity with residence times of 40min. Compared with corresponding exposures to direct sunlight conducted in a solar float, flow operation generally gave superior conversions and subsequent yields.
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Abstract
In recent years, photochemistry has been a highly active research field. This renaissance is linked to the upsurge of photoredox catalysis, a versatile platform for synthetic methodologies using visible light photons as a traceless reagent. In contrast with UV, visible light constitutes almost half of the ground solar irradiance, making the use of solar light in chemistry a sustainable and viable possibility. However, the direct use of sunlight to power chemical reactions is still little explored. This can be explained by both the hurdles associated with solar radiation (e.g., its variability, irreproducibility, high IR content, etc.) and the need for a specialized photoreactor. Most of these issues can be tackled with technological solutions, and especially with the recourse to flow chemistry. Flow chemistry goes hand in hand with photochemistry thanks to the uniform irradiation it provides to the reaction. Furthermore, a continuous-flow reactor can be easily integrated with different solar collectors (including compound parabolic concentrators and luminescent solar concentrators) and constitutes the most efficient approach to solar photochemistry. After a description of the characteristics of the solar radiation relevant to chemistry, this chapter critically describes the different type of solar photoreactors and their applications in synthetic organic chemistry. Finally, an outlook on the future of solar photochemistry in flow is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Cambié
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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Sandzhieva MA, Aryamova ES, Sukharzhevskii SM, Grinenko EV, Vasilyev AV. Oxidation of Iodo- and Bromo-Substituted Polymethylbenzenes in the System PbO2–CF3COOH–CH2Cl2. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428018030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Halogenation of organic compounds using continuous flow and microreactor technology. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00186f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Halogenation reactions involving highly reactive halogenating agents can be performed safely and with improved efficiency and selectivity under continuous flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Graz
- Graz
- Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Graz
- Graz
- Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)
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10
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Nauth AM, Lipp A, Lipp B, Opatz T. Sunflow: Sunlight Drives Fast and Green Photochemical Flow Reactions in Simple Microcapillary Reactors - Application to Photoredox and H-Atom-Transfer Chemistry. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Nauth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Alexander Lipp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Benjamin Lipp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; 55128 Mainz Germany
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11
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Oelgemöller M. Solar Photochemical Synthesis: From the Beginnings of Organic Photochemistry to the Solar Manufacturing of Commodity Chemicals. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9664-82. [PMID: 27181285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural sunlight offers a cost-efficient and sustainable energy source for photochemical reactions. In contrast to the lengthy and small-scale "flask in the sun" procedures of the past, modern solar concentrator systems nowadays significantly shorten reaction times and enable technical-scale operations. After a brief historical introduction, this review presents the most important solar reactor types and their successful application in preparative solar syntheses. The examples demonstrate that solar manufacturing of fine chemicals is technically feasible and environmentally sustainable. After over 100 years, Ciamician's prophetic vision of "the photochemistry of the future" as a clean and green manufacturing methodology has yet to be realized. At the same time, his warning "for nature is not in a hurry but mankind is" is still valid today. It is hoped that this review will lead to a renewed interest in this truly enlightening technology, that it will stimulate photochemists and photochemical engineers to "go back to the roots onto the roofs" and that it will ultimately result in industrial applications in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Oelgemöller
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University , Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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