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Reddy DS, Novitskiy IM, Kutateladze AG. Maximizing Step‐Normalized Increases in Molecular Complexity: Formal [4+2+2+2] Photoinduced Cyclization Cascade to Access Polyheterocycles Possessing Privileged Substructures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Sai Reddy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Denver 2190 E. Iliff Ave. Denver CO 80208 USA
| | - Ivan M. Novitskiy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Denver 2190 E. Iliff Ave. Denver CO 80208 USA
| | - Andrei G. Kutateladze
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Denver 2190 E. Iliff Ave. Denver CO 80208 USA
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Reddy DS, Novitskiy IM, Kutateladze AG. Maximizing Step-Normalized Increases in Molecular Complexity: Formal [4+2+2+2] Photoinduced Cyclization Cascade to Access Polyheterocycles Possessing Privileged Substructures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202112573. [PMID: 34850525 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A new complexity building photoinduced cascade which amounts to an unprecedented formal [4+2+2+2] cycloaddition topology is developed to access complex nitrogen polyheterocycles. This photocascade is initiated by the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) in aromatic amino ketones with tethered dual unsaturated pendants, i.e. pyrrole and alkenic moieties, resulting in the formation of four σ-bonds and setting six new stereogenic centers in a single experimentally simple photochemical step with up to 220 mcbit complexity increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sai Reddy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, 2190 E. Iliff Ave., Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Ivan M Novitskiy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, 2190 E. Iliff Ave., Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Andrei G Kutateladze
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, 2190 E. Iliff Ave., Denver, CO 80208, USA
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Lenci E, Baldini L, Trabocchi A. Diversity-oriented synthesis as a tool to expand the chemical space of DNA-encoded libraries. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 41:116218. [PMID: 34030087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA-encoded libraries (DEL) represent a powerful technology for generating compound collections for drug discovery campaigns, that have allowed for the selection of many hit compounds over last three decades. However, the application of split-and-pool combinatorial methodologies, as well as the limitation imposed by DNA-compatible chemistry, has often brought to a limited exploration of the chemical space, with an over-representation of flat aromatic or peptide-like structures, whereas a higher scaffold complexity is generally associated with a more successful biological activity of the library. In this context, the application of Diversity-Oriented Synthesis, capable of creating sp3-rich molecular entities even starting from simple flat building blocks, can represent an efficient strategy to significantly broaden the chemical space explored by DELs. In this review, we present selected examples of DNA-compatible complexity-generating reactions that can be applied for the generation of DNA-encoded DOS libraries, including: (i) multicomponent reactions; (ii) C-H/C-X functionalization; (iii) tandem approaches; (iv) cycloadditions; (v) reactions introducing privileged elements. Also, selected case studies on the generation of DELs with high scaffold diversity are discussed, reporting their application in drug discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lenci
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Baldini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Andrea Trabocchi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Interdepartmental Center for Preclinical Development of Molecular Imaging (CISPIM), University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 85, 50134 Florence, Italy.
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4
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Kandappa SK, Valloli LK, Ahuja S, Parthiban J, Sivaguru J. Taming the excited state reactivity of imines – from non-radiative decay to aza Paternò–Büchi reaction. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1617-1641. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00717j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the excited state characteristics of imines and processes that govern their photochemical and photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Kandappa
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- Ohio 43403
- USA
| | - Lakshmy Kannadi Valloli
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- Ohio 43403
- USA
| | - Sapna Ahuja
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- Ohio 43403
- USA
| | - Jayachandran Parthiban
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- Ohio 43403
- USA
| | - J. Sivaguru
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- Ohio 43403
- USA
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Yang B, Gao S. Recent advances in the application of Diels–Alder reactions involving o-quinodimethanes, aza-o-quinone methides and o-quinone methides in natural product total synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7926-7953. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00274f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent advances in Diels–Alder reactions involving o-QDMs, o-QMs and aza-o-QMs. The power and potential of this strategy in organic synthesis and natural product total synthesis is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baochao Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- China
| | - Shuanhu Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- China
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Kuznetsov DM, Kutateladze AG. Step-Economical Photoassisted Diversity-Oriented Synthesis: Sustaining Cascade Photoreactions in Oxalyl Anilides to Access Complex Polyheterocyclic Molecular Architectures. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16584-16590. [PMID: 29053265 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Atom- and step-economy in photoassisted diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) is achieved with a versatile oxalyl linker offering rapid access to complex alkaloid mimics in very few experimentally simple steps: (i) it allows for fast tethering of the photoactive core to the unsaturated pendants, especially important in the case of (hetero)aromatic amines-essentially a one-pot reaction with no isolation of intermediates; (ii) the α-dicarbonyl tether acts as a chromophore enhancer, extending the conjugation chain and facilitating the "harvest" of the lower energy photons for the primary and secondary photoreactions; (iii) it enhances the quantum yield of intersystem crossing (ISC), i.e., it is capable of sensitizing secondary photochemical processes in the cascade; and (iv) the tether forms an additional heterocyclic moiety, imidazolidine-4,5-dione, a known pharmacophore. The overall photoassisted cascade is an efficient complexity-building process as quantified by computed step-normalized complexity indices, leading to extended polyheterocyclic molecular architectures comparable in complexity to natural products such as paclitaxel while requiring only 2-4 simple synthetic steps from readily available chemical feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry M Kuznetsov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver , Denver, Colorado 80208, United States
| | - Andrei G Kutateladze
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver , Denver, Colorado 80208, United States
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Sai Reddy D, Mukhina OA, Cole Cronk W, Kutateladze AG. Polyheterocycle-carbohydrate chimeras: photoassisted synthesis of 2,5-epoxybenzoxacines and 2,5-epoxybenzazocine scaffolds and their postphotochemical hydroxylations. PURE APPL CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2016-0915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPhotoassisted synthesis of complex polyheterocyclic molecular architectures via excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) is for the first time implemented for the reactions of o-keto phenols. This adds the 2,5-epoxybenzoxacine core to the previously obtained 2,5-epoxybenzazocine cores and offers rapid access to primary photoproducts which lend themselves to diverse yet simple postphotochemical modifications to further grow the complexity of the target structures, specifically – access to polyheterocycle-carbohydrate chimeras containing up to five contiguous stereogenic centers and benzazocine or benzoxacine heterocyclic cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Sai Reddy
- 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Olga A. Mukhina
- 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - W. Cole Cronk
- 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Andrei G. Kutateladze
- 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
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Photoassisted access to complex polyheterocycles containing a β-lactam moiety. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016; 329:182-188. [PMID: 29249888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intramolecular cycloadditions of aza-o-xylylenes generated via excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) to furanacetic acid-based unsaturated pendants was shown to overcome the unfavorable energetics of the azetidinone ring formation, offering rapid access to β-lactams as primary photoproducts. These 2,3- and 3,4-dihydrofuran-containing reactive intermediates are suitable for a broad spectrum of postphotochemical transformations yielding complex polyheterocyclic molecular architectures possessing the β-lactam moiety.
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Kuznetsov DM, Mukhina OA, Kutateladze AG. Photoassisted Synthesis of Complex Molecular Architectures: Dearomatization of Benzenoid Arenes with Aza-o-xylylenes via an Unprecedented [2+4] Reaction Topology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:6988-91. [PMID: 27097759 PMCID: PMC4943229 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A new method was developed for the photoinduced dearomatization of arenes through an intramolecular cycloaddition with aza-o-xylylenes generated by excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) in the readily available photoprecursors. The [2+4] topology of this cycloaddition is unprecedented for photo-dearomatizations of benzenoid aromatic carbocycles. It provides rapid access to novel heterocycles, cyclohexadieno-oxazolidino-quinolinols, as valuable synthons for a broad range of post-photochemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry M Kuznetsov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, 2190 E. Iliff Ave., Denver, CO, 80208, USA
| | - Olga A Mukhina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, 2190 E. Iliff Ave., Denver, CO, 80208, USA
| | - Andrei G Kutateladze
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, 2190 E. Iliff Ave., Denver, CO, 80208, USA.
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Kuznetsov DM, Mukhina OA, Kutateladze AG. Photoassisted Synthesis of Complex Molecular Architectures: Dearomatization of Benzenoid Arenes with Aza-o-xylylenes via an Unprecedented [2+4] Reaction Topology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry M. Kuznetsov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Denver; 2190 E. Iliff Ave. Denver CO 80208 USA
| | - Olga A. Mukhina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Denver; 2190 E. Iliff Ave. Denver CO 80208 USA
| | - Andrei G. Kutateladze
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Denver; 2190 E. Iliff Ave. Denver CO 80208 USA
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Mukhina OA, Kutateladze AG. Oxazolines as Dual-Function Traceless Chromophores and Chiral Auxiliaries: Enantioselective Photoassisted Synthesis of Polyheterocyclic Ketones. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2110-3. [PMID: 26866604 PMCID: PMC5578731 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
2-(o-Amidophenyl)oxa- and -thiazolines undergo excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), generating aza-o-xylylenes capable of intramolecular [4+2] and [4+4] cycloadditions with tethered unsaturated pendants. Facile hydrolysis of the primary photoproducts, spiro-oxazolidines and thiazolidines, under mild conditions unmasks a phenone functionality. Variations in linkers allow for access to diverse core scaffolds in the primary photoproducts, rendering the approach compatible with the philosophy of diversity-oriented synthesis. Chiral oxazolines, readily available from the corresponding amino alcohols, yield enantioenriched keto-polyheterocycles of complex topologies with enantiomeric excess values up to 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Mukhina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, 2190 E. Iliff Ave. Denver, CO 80208-2436 (USA)
| | - Andrei G. Kutateladze
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, 2190 E. Iliff Ave. Denver, CO 80208-2436 (USA)
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Kumar NNB, Kutateladze AG. Photoassisted Diversity-Oriented Synthesis: Intramolecular Cycloadditions of Photogenerated Azaxylylenes with Oxazole Pendants, and Subsequent Postphotochemical Multicomponent Modifications. Org Lett 2016; 18:460-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. N. Bhuvan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, United States
| | - Andrei G. Kutateladze
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, United States
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