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Chua MH, Png ZM, Zhu Q, Xu J. Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers via Transition Metal Catalysed C-H Bond Activation. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2896-2919. [PMID: 34390547 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal catalysed C-H bond activation chemistry has emerged as an exciting and promising approach in organic synthesis. This allows us to synthesize a wider range of functional molecules and conjugated polymers in a more convenient and more atom economical way. The formation of C-C bonds in the construction of pi-conjugated systems, particularly for conjugated polymers, has benefited much from the advances in C-H bond activation chemistry. Compared to conventional transition-metal catalysed cross-coupling polymerization such as Suzuki and Stille cross-coupling, pre-functionalization of aromatic monomers, such as halogenation, borylation and stannylation, is no longer required for direct arylation polymerization (DArP), which involve C-H/C-X cross-coupling, and oxidative direct arylation polymerization (Ox-DArP), which involves C-H/C-H cross-coupling protocols driven by the activation of monomers' C(sp2 )-H bonds. Furthermore, poly(annulation) via C-H bond activation chemistry leads to the formation of unique pi-conjugated moieties as part of the polymeric backbone. This review thus summarises advances to date in the synthesis of conjugated polymers utilizing transition metal catalysed C-H bond activation chemistry. A variety of conjugated polymers via DArP including poly(thiophene), thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione)-containing, fluorenyl-containing, benzothiadiazole-containing and diketopyrrolopyrrole-containing copolymers, were summarized. Conjugated polymers obtained through Ox-DArP were outlined and compared. Furthermore, poly(annulation) using transition metal catalysed C-H bond activation chemistry was also reviewed. In the last part of this review, difficulties and perspective to make use of transition metal catalysed C-H activation polymerization to prepare conjugated polymers were discussed and commented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hui Chua
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhuang Mao Png
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
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Neo WT, Ye Q, Chua MH, Zhu Q, Xu J. Solution-Processable Copolymers Based on Triphenylamine and 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene: Facile Synthesis and Multielectrochromism. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000156. [PMID: 32578302 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In comparison with traditional inorganic electrochromic materials, organic polymers offer advantages such as fast switching speed, flexibility, lightweightness, low cost and nontoxicity, solution-processability, and color tunability. Herein, a series of hyper-branched copolymers are synthesized from triphenylamine and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene with different feed ratios via iron(III) chloride (FeCl3 )-mediated oxidative polymerization. The resultant organic-soluble polymers are easily processable and their corresponding electrochromic devices are found to be stable with limited degradation upon 2500 cycles. In addition to their facile synthesis to achieve solution-processable polymers, studies also show that the polymers exhibit multielectrochromic properties and give rise to five colored states upon oxidative-doping by applying an external voltage between 0 and 2.0 V, providing an interesting example of polymers with unique electrochromic switching among up to five colors, from yellow at the neutral state, to pale green, pale purple, orange, and finally gray.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Teng Neo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A:STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Qun Ye
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A:STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ming Hui Chua
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A:STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A:STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A:STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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Gu H, Ming S, Lin K, Chen S, Liu X, Lu B, Xu J. Isoindigo as an electron−deficient unit for high−performance polymeric electrochromics. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Suganya S, Kim N, Jeong JY, Park JS. Benzotriazole-based donor-acceptor type low band gap polymers with a siloxane-terminated side-chain for electrochromic applications. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zong Y, Hor TSA. The 5th Molecular Materials Meeting (M3) @ Singapore. Aust J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/chv69n4_fo] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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