1
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Arroyo-Currás N. Beyond the Gold-Thiol Paradigm: Exploring Alternative Interfaces for Electrochemical Nucleic Acid-Based Sensing. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2228-2236. [PMID: 38661283 PMCID: PMC11129698 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based electrochemical sensors (NBEs) use oligonucleotides as affinity reagents for the detection of a variety of targets, ranging from small-molecule therapeutics to whole viruses. Because of their versatility in molecular sensing, NBEs are being developed broadly for diagnostic and biomedical research applications. Benchmark NBEs are fabricated via self-assembly of thiol-based monolayers on gold. Although robust for rapid prototyping, thiol monolayers suffer from limitations in terms of stability under voltage modulation and in the face of competitive ligands such as thiolated molecules naturally occurring in biofluids. Additionally, gold cannot be deployed as an NBE substrate for all biomedical applications, such as in cases where molecular measurements coupled to real-time, under-the-sensor tissue imaging is needed. Seeking to overcome these limitations, the field of NBEs is pursuing alternative ligands and electrode surfaces. In this perspective, I discuss new interface fabrication strategies that have successfully achieved NBE sensing, or that have the potential to allow NBE sensing on conductive surfaces other than gold. I hope this perspective will provide the reader with a fresh view of how future NBE interfaces could be constructed and will serve as inspiration for the pursuit of collaborative developments in the field of NBEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netzahualcóyotl Arroyo-Currás
- Department of Pharmacology
and Molecular
Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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2
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Billon J, Omelchuk A, Shkirskiy V, Dabos-Seignon S, Alévêque O, Levillain E, Breton T, Gautier C. An innovative method for controlled synthesis of bicomponent monolayer films obtained by reduction of diazonium. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:19213-19218. [PMID: 37987201 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03946c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a novel method based on the electrochemical co-reduction of two aryldiazonium salts, enabling the synthesis of controlled two-component monolayer thin films on carbon in a single step. By introducing a 12-carbon alkyl chain as a spacer between the aryldiazonium function and the functional group, precise control over film thickness and composition was achieved. The alkyl chain effectively standardizes the reduction potential, enabling the equalization of reactivity and precise stoichiometric control. Experimental results from spectroscopic, electrochemical, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses validate the effectiveness of the method in controlling the composition of the mixed layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Billon
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France.
| | - Anna Omelchuk
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France.
| | | | | | - Olivier Alévêque
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France.
| | - Eric Levillain
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France.
| | - Tony Breton
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France.
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3
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Zong Y, Zhang C, Cao H. Chiral functionalization of solid surfaces with amino acid derivatives: diazonium grafting regulated by enantioselective processes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:14906-14911. [PMID: 36106924 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02418g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chiral inorganic nanostructures are essential for many enantioselective processes. It is possible to bestow chirality on otherwise achiral inorganic materials, via covalent functionalization of their surfaces with chiral organic molecules. However, controlling the degree of covalent functionalization is challenging, and there is an urgent need to find new avenues that can be applied to attach chiral moieties on different types of surfaces. By taking advantage of the versatility of diazonium chemistry, here we present a combined SPM/Raman study of the covalent grafting of amino acid-derived molecules on two different solid surfaces, with the intention to evaluate the effect of chiral reductants, chirally functionalized surfaces and chiral solvents on the chiral functionalization of solid surfaces. We show that the all three chiral species have an effect on the grafting of amino acid derivatives on solid surfaces, but affect the covalent attachment in different fashions. With a survey of the different aspects at play in chiral functionalization of solid surfaces, this study may offer a potential solution for the controlled production of many chiral nanostructures, and might also shine some light on the understanding of enantiospecific processes on inorganic crystalline surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Hai Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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4
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A mechanistic approach to the electrografting of carbon surfaces and electrochemical properties of the grafted films – A critical review. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Electro-polymerization rates of diazonium salts are dependent on the crystal orientation of the surface. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 626:985-994. [PMID: 35839679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Electro-polymerization of diazonium salts is widely used for modifying surfaces with thin organic films. Initially this method was primarily applied to carbon, then to metals, and more recently to semiconducting Si. Unlike on other surfaces, electrochemical reduction of diazonium salts on Si, which is one of the most industrially dominant material, is not well understood. Here, we report the electrochemical reduction of diazonium salts on a range of silicon electrodes of different crystal orientations (111, 211, 311, 411, and 100). We show that the kinetics of surface reaction and the reduction potential is Si crystal-facet dependent and is more favorable in the hierarchical order (111) > (211) > (311) > (411) > (100), a finding that offers control over the surface chemistry of diazonium salts on Si. The dependence of the surface reaction kinetics on the crystal orientation was found to be directly related to differences in the potential of zero charge (PZC) of each crystal orientation, which in turn controls the adsorption of the diazonium cations prior to reduction. Another consequence of the effect of PZC on the adsorption of diazonium cations, is that molecules terminated by distal diazonium moieties form a compact film in less time and requires less reduction potentials compared to that formed from diazonium molecules terminated by only one diazo moiety. In addition, at higher concentrations of diazonium cations, the mechanism of electrochemical polymerization on the surface becomes PZC-controlled adsorption-dominated inner-sphere electron transfer while at lower concentrations, diffusion-based outer-sphere electron transfer dominates. These findings help understanding the electro-polymerization reaction of diazonium salts on Si en route towards an integrated molecular and Si electronics technology.
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6
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Nishitani S, Fukuma T, Himori S, Man Y, Shiratori R, Sakata T. Densification of Diazonium-Based Organic Thin Film as Bioelectrical Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:14369-14379. [PMID: 34854684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aryl diazonium chemistry generates a covalently attached thin film on various materials. This chemistry has diverse applications owing to the stability, ease of functionalization, and versatility of the film. However, the uncontrolled growth into a polyaryl film has limited the controllability of the film's beneficial properties. In this study, we developed a multistep grafting protocol to densify the film while maintaining a thickness on the order of nanometers. This simple protocol enabled the full passivation of a nitrophenyl polyaryl film, completely eliminating the electrochemical reactions at the surface. We then applied this protocol to the grafting of phenylphosphorylcholine films, with which the densification significantly enhanced the antifouling property of the film. Together with its potential to precisely control the density of functionalized surfaces, we believe this grafting procedure will have applications in the development of bioelectrical interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Nishitani
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Toru Fukuma
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shogo Himori
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Youyuan Man
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Reiko Shiratori
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Toshiya Sakata
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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7
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Sengupta S, Das P. Application of diazonium chemistry in purine modifications: A focused review. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saumitra Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad India
| | - Parthasarathi Das
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad India
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8
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Suni II. Substrate Materials for Biomolecular Immobilization within Electrochemical Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:239. [PMID: 34356710 PMCID: PMC8301891 DOI: 10.3390/bios11070239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors have potential applications for agriculture, food safety, environmental monitoring, sports medicine, biomedicine, and other fields. One of the primary challenges in this field is the immobilization of biomolecular probes atop a solid substrate material with adequate stability, storage lifetime, and reproducibility. This review summarizes the current state of the art for covalent bonding of biomolecules onto solid substrate materials. Early research focused on the use of Au electrodes, with immobilization of biomolecules through ω-functionalized Au-thiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), but stability is usually inadequate due to the weak Au-S bond strength. Other noble substrates such as C, Pt, and Si have also been studied. While their nobility has the advantage of ensuring biocompatibility, it also has the disadvantage of making them relatively unreactive towards covalent bond formation. With the exception of Sn-doped In2O3 (indium tin oxide, ITO), most metal oxides are not electrically conductive enough for use within electrochemical biosensors. Recent research has focused on transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) such as MoS2 and on electrically conductive polymers such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, and polythiophene. In addition, the deposition of functionalized thin films from aryldiazonium cations has attracted significant attention as a substrate-independent method for biofunctionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Ivar Suni
- Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; ; Tel.: +1-618-453-7822
- School of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Materials Engineering, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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9
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Ramírez-Chan DE, Frontana C, González FJ. Electrografting of Carbon Surfaces with Aliphatic Chains and its Effect on the Rectification of Ferrocene as Redox Probe in Solution. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:944-951. [PMID: 33792153 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The mediated oxidation of acetate and octanoate ions in acetonitrile was used to covalently modify carbon surfaces with films bearing saturated aliphatic chains of different length. Film thickness increases proportionally with the length of the aliphatic chain within the carboxylate precursor. The thickest film was obtained from octanoate oxidation and rectification occurs when ferrocene is used as redox probe in acetonitrile solution. This effect increases with the bulky and hydrophobic nature of the supporting electrolyte cations; n-Hx4 N+ >n-Bu4 N+ >Me4 N+ . The combination of the bulky and hydrophobic properties of the supporting electrolyte ions as well as the hydrophobic properties of the electrografted films is the basis of rectification of ferrocene in cyclic voltammetry experiments. This phenomenon was simulated through a CEC mechanism in solution, where the mass transport inside the film channels was emulated through single chemical equilibria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Ramírez-Chan
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, C.P., 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Frontana
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, S.C., Parque Tecnológico Querétaro S/N, Sanfandila, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, C.P. 76703, Mexico
| | - Felipe J González
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, C.P., 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
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10
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Wu T, Fitchett CM, Brooksby PA, Downard AJ. Building Tailored Interfaces through Covalent Coupling Reactions at Layers Grafted from Aryldiazonium Salts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:11545-11570. [PMID: 33683855 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aryldiazonium ions are widely used reagents for surface modification. Attractive aspects of their use include wide substrate compatibility (ranging from plastics to carbons to metals and metal oxides), formation of stable covalent bonding to the substrate, simplicity of modification methods that are compatible with organic and aqueous solvents, and the commercial availability of many aniline precursors with a straightforward conversion to the active reagent. Importantly, the strong bonding of the modifying layer to the surface makes the method ideally suited to further on-surface (postfunctionalization) chemistry. After an initial grafting from a suitable aryldiazonium ion to give an anchor layer, a target species can be coupled to the layer, hugely expanding the range of species that can be immobilized. This strategy has been widely employed to prepare materials for numerous applications including chemical sensors, biosensors, catalysis, optoelectronics, composite materials, and energy conversion and storage. In this Review our goal is first to summarize how a target species with a particular functional group may be covalently coupled to an appropriate anchor layer. We then review applications of the resulting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Christopher M Fitchett
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Paula A Brooksby
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Alison J Downard
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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11
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Tuning the Covering on Gold Surfaces by Grafting Amino-Aryl Films Functionalized with Fe(II) Phthalocyanine: Performance on the Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Reduction. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061631. [PMID: 33804112 PMCID: PMC7998582 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Current selective modification methods, coupled with functionalization through organic or inorganic molecules, are crucial for designing and constructing custom-made molecular materials that act as electroactive interfaces. A versatile method for derivatizing surfaces is through an aryl diazonium salt reduction reaction (DSRR). A prominent feature of this strategy is that it can be carried out on various materials. Using the DSRR, we modified gold surface electrodes with 4-aminebenzene from 4-nitrobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate (NBTF), regulating the deposited mass of the aryl film to achieve covering control on the electrode surface. We got different degrees of covering: monolayer, intermediate, and multilayer. Afterwards, the ArNO2 end groups were electrochemically reduced to ArNH2 and functionalized with Fe(II)-Phthalocyanine to study the catalytic performance for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The thickness of the electrode covering determines its response in front of ORR. Interestingly, the experimental results showed that an intermediate covering film presents a better electrocatalytic response for ORR, driving the reaction by a four-electron pathway.
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12
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Electrochemical determination of kinetic parameters of surface confined redox probes in presence of intermolecular interactions by means of Cyclic Voltammetry. Application to TEMPO monolayers in gold and platinum electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Pilan L. Tailoring the performance of electrochemical biosensors based on carbon nanomaterials via aryldiazonium electrografting. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 138:107697. [PMID: 33486222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials (CNs) offer some of the most valuable properties for electrochemical biosensing applications, such as good electrical conductivity, wide electrochemical stability, high specific surface area, and biocompatibility. Regardless the envisioned sensing application, endowing CNs with specific functions through controlled chemical functionalization is fundamental for promoting the specific binding of the analyte. As a versatile and straightforward method of surface functionalization, aryldiazonium chemistry have been successfully used to accommodate in a stable and reproducible way different functionalities, while the electrochemical route has become the favourite choice since the deposition conditions can be readily controlled and adapted to the substrate. In particular, the modification of CNs by electrochemical reduction of aryl diazonium salts is established as a powerful tool which allows tailoring the chemical and electronic properties of the sensing platform. By outlining the stimulating results disclosed in the last years, this article provides not only a comprehensively review, but also a rational assessment on contribution of aryldiazonium electrografting in developing CNs-based electrochemical biosensors. Furthermore, some of the emerging challenges to be surpassed to effectively implement this methodology for in vivo and point of care analysis are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Pilan
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
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14
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Blond P, Bevernaegie R, Troian-Gautier L, Lagrost C, Hubert J, Reniers F, Raussens V, Jabin I. Ready-to-Use Germanium Surfaces for the Development of FTIR-Based Biosensors for Proteins. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:12068-12076. [PMID: 33007158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Germanium is particularly suitable for the design of FTIR-based biosensors for proteins. The grafting of stable and thin organic layers on germanium surfaces remains, however, challenging. To tackle this problem, we developed a calix[4]arene-tetradiazonium salt decorated with four oligo(ethylene glycol) chains and a terminal reactive carboxyl group. This versatile molecular platform was covalently grafted on germanium surfaces to yield robust ready-to-use surfaces for biosensing applications. The grafted calixarene monolayer prevents nonspecific adsorption of proteins while allowing bioconjugation with biomolecules such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) or biotin. It is shown that the native form of the investigated proteins was maintained upon immobilization. As a proof of concept, the resulting calix[4]arene-based germanium biosensors were used through a combination of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy for the selective detection of streptavidin from a complex medium. This study opens real possibilities for the development of sensitive and selective FTIR-based biosensors devoted to the detection of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Blond
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory for the Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Centre for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, CP206/02, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robin Bevernaegie
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Julie Hubert
- Chemistry of Surfaces, Interfaces and Nanomaterials, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 255, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Reniers
- Chemistry of Surfaces, Interfaces and Nanomaterials, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 255, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Raussens
- Laboratory for the Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Centre for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, CP206/02, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ivan Jabin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Rodríguez González MC, Brown A, Eyley S, Thielemans W, Mali KS, De Feyter S. Self-limiting covalent modification of carbon surfaces: diazonium chemistry with a twist. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:18782-18789. [PMID: 32970069 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05244b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of carbon surfaces has regained traction in recent years in view of its applicability towards covalent modification of a variety of (2D) materials. A general requisite is the formation of a dense and well-defined monolayer of aryl groups covalently bound to the surface. Given the use of reactive chemistries however, it is often not easy to achieve precise control over the monolayer growth while maintaining high grafting densities. Here we present a straightforward experimental protocol for the fabrication of well-defined covalent monolayers onto the surface of graphite. Using a combination of surface analytical tools, we demonstrate that the ascorbic acid mediated dediazoniation of aryldiazonium salts leads to self-limiting growth of monolayers with high grafting densities. The aryl radicals preferentially attach to the basal plane of the substrate and once the surface is covered with a covalent monolayer, the surface reaction does not proceed further to an appreciable extent. The layer thickness of the covalent films was measured using atomic force microscopy whereas the grafting efficiencies were assessed using Raman spectroscopy. The chemical composition of the grafted films was studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy whereas scanning tunneling microscopy provided nanometer scale insight into the structure of the covalent films. Mechanistic aspects of the process are also discussed. The self-terminating chemistry described here is a new addition to the synthetic armory for covalent modification of materials and sets a strong foundation for achieving precise nanoscale control over the covalent functionalization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam C Rodríguez González
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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16
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Gross AJ, Tanaka S, Colomies C, Giroud F, Nishina Y, Cosnier S, Tsujimura S, Holzinger M. Diazonium Electrografting
vs
. Physical Adsorption of Azure A at Carbon Nanotubes for Mediated Glucose Oxidation with FAD‐GDH. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Gross
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (DCM) Univ. Grenoble Alpes – CNRS 570 rue de la Chimie 38041 Grenoble France
| | - Shunya Tanaka
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (DCM) Univ. Grenoble Alpes – CNRS 570 rue de la Chimie 38041 Grenoble France
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Science University of Tsukuba 1-1-1, Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-5358 Japan
| | - Clara Colomies
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (DCM) Univ. Grenoble Alpes – CNRS 570 rue de la Chimie 38041 Grenoble France
| | - Fabien Giroud
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (DCM) Univ. Grenoble Alpes – CNRS 570 rue de la Chimie 38041 Grenoble France
| | - Yuta Nishina
- Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences Okayama University 3-1-1, Tsushimanaka Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Serge Cosnier
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (DCM) Univ. Grenoble Alpes – CNRS 570 rue de la Chimie 38041 Grenoble France
| | - Seiya Tsujimura
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Science University of Tsukuba 1-1-1, Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-5358 Japan
| | - Michael Holzinger
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (DCM) Univ. Grenoble Alpes – CNRS 570 rue de la Chimie 38041 Grenoble France
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17
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Yao X, Sun X, Lafolet F, Lacroix JC. Long-Range Charge Transport in Diazonium-Based Single-Molecule Junctions. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:6899-6907. [PMID: 32786941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thin layers of cobalt and ruthenium polypyridyl-oligomers with thicknesses between 2 and 8 nm were deposited on gold by electrochemical reduction of diazonium salts. A scanning tunneling microscope was used to create single-molecule junctions (SMJs). The charge transport properties of the Au-[Co(tpy)2]n-Au (n = 1-4) SMJs do not depend markedly on the oligomer length, have an extremely low attenuation factor (β ∼ 0.19 nm-1), and do not show a thickness-dependent transition between two mechanisms. Resonant charge transport is proposed as the main transport mechanism. The SMJ conductance decreases by 1 order of magnitude upon changing the metal from Co to Ru. In Au-[Ru(tpy)2]n-Au and Au-[Ru(bpy)3]n-Au SMJs, a charge transport transition from direct tunneling to hopping is evidenced by a break in the length-dependent β-plot. The three different mechanisms observed are a clear molecular signature on transport in SMJs. Most importantly, these results are in good agreement with those obtained on large-area molecular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Yao
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Xiaonan Sun
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Frédéric Lafolet
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lacroix
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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18
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Subrata A, Veksha A, Pong ZY, Lisak G, Webster RD. Electrografting of Sterically Bulky Tetramethylaniline Groups on Glassy Carbon Electrodes through Aryldiazonium Chemistry: Reasons for the Formation of Multilayers. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Subrata
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University (NTU) Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Andrei Veksha
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3 C)Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI)Nanyang Technological University (NTU) 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One Singapore 637141 Singapore
| | - Zhi Yi Pong
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University (NTU) Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Grzegorz Lisak
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3 C)Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI)Nanyang Technological University (NTU) 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One Singapore 637141 Singapore
- School of Civil and Environmental EngineeringNanyang Technological University (NTU) 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Richard D. Webster
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University (NTU) Singapore 637371 Singapore
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19
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Mattiuzzi A, Lenne Q, Carvalho Padilha J, Troian-Gautier L, Leroux YR, Jabin I, Lagrost C. Strategies for the Formation of Monolayers From Diazonium Salts: Unconventional Grafting Media, Unconventional Building Blocks. Front Chem 2020; 8:559. [PMID: 32766206 PMCID: PMC7381217 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pioneered by J. Pinson and coll. in 1990s, the reductive grafting of aryldiazonium salts has become a powerful method for surface functionalization. Highly robust interfaces result from this surface attachment, resistant to heat, chemical degradation and ultrasonication. Importantly, this approach can be applied to many materials, ranging from conducting, semi-conducting, oxides to insulating substrates. In addition, either massive, flat surfaces or nanomaterials can be functionalized. The method is easy to process and fast. The grafting process involves the formation of highly reactive aryl radicals able to attack the substrate. However, the generated radicals can also react with already-grafted aryl species, leading to the formation of loosely-packed polyaryl multilayer films, typically of 10-15 nm thick. It is thus highly challenging to control the vertical extension of the deposited layer and to form well-ordered monolayers from aryldiazonium salts. In this mini review, we briefly describe the different strategies that have been developed to prepare well-ordered monolayers. We especially focus on two strategies successfully used in our laboratories, namely the use of unconventional solvents, i.e., room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), as grafting media and the use of calixarene macrocycles by taking benefit of their pre-organized structure. These strategies give large possibilities for the structuring of interfaces with the widest choice of materials and highlight the potential of aryldiazonium grafting as a competitive alternative to self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkyl thiols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janine Carvalho Padilha
- Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ivan Jabin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Troian-Gautier L, Mattiuzzi A, Reinaud O, Lagrost C, Jabin I. Use of calixarenes bearing diazonium groups for the development of robust monolayers with unique tailored properties. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:3624-3637. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00070a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Calixarene-based diazonium salts can be easily synthesized in a few steps. This review surveys recent examples that illustrate the key advantages of these highly reactive molecular platforms for surface modification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Mattiuzzi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
- X4C
| | - Olivia Reinaud
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques
- CNRS UMR 8601
- Université de Paris
- 75006 Paris
- France
| | | | - Ivan Jabin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
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21
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Puyo M, Fau P, Kahn ML, Mesguich D, Launay J, Fajerwerg K. Removable Composite Electrode Made of Silver Nanoparticles on Pyrolyzed Photoresist Film for the Electroreduction of 4-Nitrophenol. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:14194-14202. [PMID: 31550887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Access to removable nanocomposite electrodes for electrosensing of pollutants is of great importance. However, the preparation of reproducible and reliable carbon electrodes decorated with metallic nanoparticles, a prerequisite for trustworthy devices, remains a challenge. Here we describe an innovative and easy method to prepare such electrodes. These latter are silicon-coated with a thin carbon film on which controlled silver nanostructures are grafted. Different silver nanostructures and surface coverage of the carbon electrode (16, 36, 51, and 67%) can be obtained through a careful control of the time of the hydrogenolysis of the N-N' isopropyl butylamidinate silver organometallic precursor (t = 1, 5, 15, and 60 min, respectively). Importantly, all nanocomposite surfaces are efficient for the electrodetection of 4-nitrophenol with a remarkable decrease of the overpotential of the reduction of such molecule up to 330 mV. The surfaces are characterized by atomic force microscopy, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, surface-enhanced Raman scattering effect is also observed. The exaltation of the Raman intensity is proportional to the surface coverage of the electrode; the number of hot spots increases with the surface coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Puyo
- LCC-CNRS , University of Toulouse , 205 route de Narbonne , F-31077 Toulouse , France
| | - Pierre Fau
- LCC-CNRS , University of Toulouse , 205 route de Narbonne , F-31077 Toulouse , France
| | - Myrtil L Kahn
- LCC-CNRS , University of Toulouse , 205 route de Narbonne , F-31077 Toulouse , France
| | - David Mesguich
- CIRIMAT , University of Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3 Paul-Sabatier , 118 route de Narbonne , F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9 , France
| | - Jérôme Launay
- LAAS-CNRS , University of Toulouse , 7 avenue du colonel Roche , F-31077 Toulouse , France
| | - Katia Fajerwerg
- LCC-CNRS , University of Toulouse , 205 route de Narbonne , F-31077 Toulouse , France
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22
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Wu T, Lankshear ER, Downard AJ. Simultaneous Electro‐Click and Electrochemically Mediated Polymerization Reactions for One‐Pot Grafting from a Controlled Density of Anchor Sites. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- School of Physical and Chemical SciencesUniversity of Canterbury Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Ethan R. Lankshear
- School of Physical and Chemical SciencesUniversity of Canterbury Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Alison J. Downard
- School of Physical and Chemical SciencesUniversity of Canterbury Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
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23
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Soulignac C, Cornelio B, Brégier F, Le Derf F, Brière J, Clamens T, Lesouhaitier O, Estour F, Vieillard J. Heterogeneous-phase Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction on COC surface for the grafting of biomolecules – Application to isatin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 181:639-647. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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24
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Pichereau L, López I, Cesbron M, Dabos-Seignon S, Gautier C, Breton T. Controlled diazonium electrografting driven by overpotential reduction: a general strategy to prepare ultrathin layers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:455-457. [PMID: 30543211 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08331b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A global and extremely simple strategy to prepare a covalently attached monolayered organic film on a carbon surface is presented. The approach is centered on the strict control of the radical polymerization traditionally observed when aryldiazonium salts are reduced. By exploiting the reductive properties of superoxide ions generated from atmospheric dioxygen at the grafting potential, the diazonium concentration is drastically lowered at the substrate/solution interface, resulting in the formation of ultrathin films. As the presented approach does not require any specific synthesis or any redox mediator addition, and is only diffusion controlled by the dissolved dioxygen, it is suitable for the preparation of a large range of functional surfaces on the nanometric scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Pichereau
- MOLTECH-Anjou - UMR 6200 du CNRS, Université d'Angers, 2 Bd Lavoisier, Angers F-49045 Cedex, France.
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25
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Felpin FX, Sengupta S. Biaryl synthesis with arenediazonium salts: cross-coupling, CH-arylation and annulation reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:1150-1193. [PMID: 30608075 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00453f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The rich legacy of arenediazonium salts in the synthesis of unsymmetrical biaryls, built around the seminal works of Pschorr, Gomberg and Bachmann more than a century ago, continues to make important contributions at various evolutionary stages of modern biaryl synthesis. Based on in-depth mechanistic analysis and design of novel pathways and reaction conditions, the scope of biaryl synthesis with arenediazonium salts has enormously expanded in recent years through applications of transition metal/photoredox-catalysed cross-coupling, thermal/photosensitized radical chain CH-arylation of (hetero)arenes and arylative radical annulation reactions with alkynes. These recent developments have provided facile synthetic access to a wide variety of unsymmetrical biaryls of pharmaceutical, agrochemical and optoelectronic importance with green scale-up options and created opportunities for late-stage modification of peptides, nucleosides, carbon nanotubes and electrodes, the details of which are captured in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Xavier Felpin
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France. and Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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26
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Malytskyi V, Troian-Gautier L, Mattiuzzi A, Lambotte S, Cornelio B, Lagrost C, Jabin I. Synthesis of a Calix[4]arene-Monodiazonium Salt for Surface Modification. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Malytskyi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique; Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB); avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, B -1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique; Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB); avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, B -1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Alice Mattiuzzi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique; Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB); avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, B -1050 Brussels Belgium
- X4C; Rue Chêne Bonnet 128 6110 Montigny-le-Tilleul Belgium
| | - Sarah Lambotte
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique; Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB); avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, B -1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Benedetta Cornelio
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique; Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB); avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, B -1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Corinne Lagrost
- Univ. Rennes; Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes -UMR 6226; Campus de Beaulieu; Rennes Cedex 35042 France
| | - Ivan Jabin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique; Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB); avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, B -1050 Brussels Belgium
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27
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Rodríguez González MC, Rivera LM, Pastor E, Hernández Creus A, García G. A facile method for the fabrication of hierarchical nanosized metal catalysts. J Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Richard W, Evrard D, Busson B, Humbert C, Dalstein L, Tadjeddine A, Gros P. The reduction of 4-nitrobenzene diazonium electrografted layer: An electrochemical study coupled to in situ sum-frequency generation spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Harris TGAA, Heidary N, Kozuch J, Frielingsdorf S, Lenz O, Mroginski MA, Hildebrandt P, Zebger I, Fischer A. In Situ Spectroelectrochemical Studies into the Formation and Stability of Robust Diazonium-Derived Interfaces on Gold Electrodes for the Immobilization of an Oxygen-Tolerant Hydrogenase. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:23380-23391. [PMID: 29943966 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b02273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy is used in situ to determine the electrochemical stability of organic interfaces deposited onto the surface of nanostructured, thin-film gold electrodes via the electrochemical reduction of diazonium salts. These interfaces are shown to exhibit a wide electrochemical stability window in both acetonitrile and phosphate buffer, far surpassing the stability window of thiol-derived self-assembled monolayers. Using the same in situ technique, the application of radical scavengers during the electrochemical reduction of diazonium salts is shown to moderate interface formation. Consequently, the heterogeneous charge-transfer resistance can be reduced sufficiently to enhance the direct electron transfer between an immobilized redox-active enzyme and the electrode. This was demonstrated for the oxygen-tolerant [NiFe] hydrogenase from the "Knallgas" bacterium Ralstonia eutropha by relating its electrochemical activity for hydrogen oxidation to the interface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomos G A A Harris
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , PC 14, Str. des 17. Juni 135 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Nina Heidary
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , PC 14, Str. des 17. Juni 135 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Jacek Kozuch
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , PC 14, Str. des 17. Juni 135 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Stefan Frielingsdorf
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , PC 14, Str. des 17. Juni 135 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Oliver Lenz
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , PC 14, Str. des 17. Juni 135 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
- FMF - Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum , Universität Freiburg , Stefan-Meier-Straße 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany
- FIT - Freiburger Zentrum für interaktive Werkstoffe und bioinspirierte Technologien , Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 , 79110 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Maria-Andrea Mroginski
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , PC 14, Str. des 17. Juni 135 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , PC 14, Str. des 17. Juni 135 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Ingo Zebger
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , PC 14, Str. des 17. Juni 135 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Anna Fischer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany
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30
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Smida H, Lebègue E, Bergamini JF, Barrière F, Lagrost C. Reductive electrografting of in situ produced diazopyridinium cations: Tailoring the interface between carbon electrodes and electroactive bacterial films. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 120:157-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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López I, Cesbron M, Levillain E, Breton T. Diazonium Grafting Control through a Redox Cross-Reaction: Elucidation of the Mechanism Involved when using 2,2-Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl as an Inhibitor. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201701331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isidoro López
- MOLTECH-Anjou - UMR 6200 CNRS; Université d'Angers; 2 Boulevard Lavoisier 49045 ANGERS Cedex FRANCE
| | - Marius Cesbron
- MOLTECH-Anjou - UMR 6200 CNRS; Université d'Angers; 2 Boulevard Lavoisier 49045 ANGERS Cedex FRANCE
| | - Eric Levillain
- MOLTECH-Anjou - UMR 6200 CNRS; Université d'Angers; 2 Boulevard Lavoisier 49045 ANGERS Cedex FRANCE
| | - Tony Breton
- MOLTECH-Anjou - UMR 6200 CNRS; Université d'Angers; 2 Boulevard Lavoisier 49045 ANGERS Cedex FRANCE
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