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Alcorta A, López-Gómez L, Capasso R, Abalo R. Vitamins and fatty acids against chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 261:108689. [PMID: 38972454 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Chemotherapy has allowed an increase in cancer survivorship, but it causes important adverse effects. Mucositis affecting the gastrointestinal tract is one of the main problems acutely caused by many antineoplastic drugs, such as 5-fluorouracil or methotrexate. Mucositis may cause pain, diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss, systemic infections and even death. This narrative review focuses on intestinal mucositis and the role that some nutraceuticals, namely vitamins (both lipid- and water-soluble) as well as fatty acids (FAs) and lipid-based products, can have in it. In preclinical (cell cultures, animal models) and/or human studies, vitamins A, D, E, B2, B9 and C, omega-3 long-chain FAs (eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, conjugated linoleic acid), short-chain FAs (mainly butyrate), medium-chain FAs (capric acid), and different lipid-based products (emu oil, extra-virgin olive oil, lipid replacement therapy), enriched in beneficial FAs and natural antioxidants, were shown to exert beneficial effects (both preventative and palliative) against chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis. Although the exact mechanisms of action involved in these effects are not yet well known, our review highlights the interest of investigating on diet and nutrition to implement scientifically robust strategies to improve protection of cancer patients against chemotherapy-induced adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Alcorta
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Laura López-Gómez
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System (NeuGut-URJC), URJC, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy.
| | - Raquel Abalo
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System (NeuGut-URJC), URJC, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; Associated R+D+i Unit to the Institute of Medicinal Chemistry (IQM), Scientific Research Superior Council (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain; Working Group of Basic Sciences on Pain and Analgesia of the Spanish Pain Society (Grupo de Trabajo de Ciencias Básicas en Dolor y Analgesia de la Sociedad Española del Dolor), 28046 Madrid, Spain; Working Group of Basic Sciences on Cannabinoids of the Spanish Pain Society (Grupo de Trabajo de Cannabinoides de la Sociedad Española del Dolor), 28046 Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Hall CA, Potvin DA, Conroy GC. A new candling procedure for thick and opaque eggs and its application to avian conservation management. Zoo Biol 2022; 42:296-307. [PMID: 36070084 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ability to monitor developing avian embryos and their associated vascular system via candling enables the application of important reproductive management techniques. Egg candling facilitates the confirmation of egg viability throughout the incubation process and identification of a precise position on a vein for the safe extraction of blood. Blood samples may then be analysed to retrieve vital health and genetic information to assist in conservation management. However, the thick or opaque egg shell characteristics of some avian species prevents the observation of egg contents using traditional candling methods, thus limiting management options. This paper tests a novel method of preparing thick-shelled or opaque eggs so that traditional egg candling and blood extraction methods may be applied. Eggs from captive emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae, Latham 1790) and southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius johnsonii, Linnaeus 1758) were obtained, and partial fenestration was performed on two areas of shell either before incubation or at ⅓ of incubation. Hatchability and weight loss were examined as a measure of effect of the fenestration process on the developing embryo. Clear observation of vascular development was successful in 97% of viable fenestrated eggs, without affecting hatchability or weight loss. Blood samples were taken from developing embryos and DNA was successfully extracted for proof of concept of this new technique. The ability to observe vascular development and monitor the developing embryo in thick and opaque eggs will significantly improve both in situ and ex situ population management options such as in ovo sexing in species of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clancy A Hall
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Dominique A Potvin
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Gabriel C Conroy
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
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3
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Ahmad S, Ruby T, Shahzad MI, Rivera G, Carriola DVN, Khan AA. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral activity, and gas chromatographic analysis of Varanus griseus oil extracts. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:531. [PMID: 35904606 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03138-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop natural antimicrobials for the control of rapidly mutating drug-resistant bacteria and poultry viruses. Five extracts were prepared using diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, methanol, 1-butanol and n-hexane from abdominal fats of Varanus griseus locally known as Indian desert monitor. Antibacterial, antioxidant and antiviral activities from oil extracts were done through disc diffusion method, stable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and in ovo antiviral assay, respectively. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were used to determine principal active compounds and chemical profile of each oil extract. n-Hexane extract showed clear zones of inhibition (ZOI) against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae (12 ± 0.5 mm, 9 ± 0.5 mm, and 9 ± 0.5 mm) while diethyl ether extract exhibited significant antibacterial activity (11 ± 0.5 mm) against Proteus vulgaris only. In case of drug-resistant strains, methanol extract was active (6 ± 0.5 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus, whereas n-hexane extract has shown ZOI 11 ± 0.5 mm against P. aeruginosa. Range of percentage scavenging activity of V. griseus oil extracts from DPPH free radical assay was 34.9-70.7%. For antiviral potential, growth of new castle disease virus (NDV) was effectively inhibited by all five extracts (HA titer = 0-4). The highest antiviral activity against avian influenza virus (H9N2) was observed from methanol, diethyl ether and 1-Butanol oil extracts with HA titers of 2, 2 and 0, respectively. Methanol, diethyl ether, 1-butanol and n-hexane oil extracts produced best hemagglutination assay (HA) titer values (0, 0, 4 and 0) against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Ethyl acetate and 1-Butanol extract exhibited good antiviral potential against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) with indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) titers of 8 and 4, respectively. Main classes of identified compounds through gas chromatography were aldehydes, fatty acids, phenols and esters. GC-MS identified 11 bioactive compounds in V. griseus oil extracts. It is summarized that V. griseus oil has strong antioxidant activity and good antimicrobial potential because of its bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel Ahmad
- Zoology Division, Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Tahira Ruby
- Zoology Division, Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Mirza Imran Shahzad
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Mexico
| | | | - Aleem Ahmed Khan
- Zoology Division, Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
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4
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Wright K, Nip KM, Kim JE, Cheng KM, Birol I. Seasonal and sex-dependent gene expression in emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) fat tissues. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9419. [PMID: 35676317 PMCID: PMC9177602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13681-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) farming has been gaining wide interest for fat production. Oil rendered from this large flightless bird’s fat is valued for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties for uses in therapeutics and cosmetics. We analyzed the seasonal and sex-dependent differentially expressed (DE) genes involved in fat metabolism in emus. Samples were taken from back and abdominal fat tissues of a single set of four male and four female emus in April, June, and November for RNA-sequencing. We found 100 DE genes (47 seasonally in males; 34 seasonally in females; 19 between sexes). Seasonally DE genes with significant difference between the sexes in gene ontology terms suggested integrin beta chain-2 (ITGB2) influences fat changes, in concordance with earlier studies. Six seasonally DE genes functioned in more than two enriched pathways (two female: angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL); four male: lumican (LUM), osteoglycin (OGN), aldolase B (ALDOB), and solute carrier family 37 member 2 (SLC37A2)). Two sexually DE genes, follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) and perilipin 2 (PLIN2), had functional investigations supporting their influence on fat gain and loss. The results suggested these nine genes influence fat metabolism and deposition in emus.
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5
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Kim JE, Bennett DC, Wright K, Cheng KM. Seasonal and sexual variation in mRNA expression of selected adipokine genes affecting fat deposition and metabolism of the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Sci Rep 2022; 12:6325. [PMID: 35428830 PMCID: PMC9012844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10232-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emus are farmed for fat production. Oil rendered from their back and abdominal fat pads has good anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and has ingredients that promote cell growth. Our objective is to examine the mRNA expression of 7 emu adipokine genes (eFABP4, eSCD1, eAdipoQ, eAdipoR1, eAdipoR2, eLEP and eLepR) to identify gene markers that may help improve emu fat production. Back and abdominal fat tissues from 11 adult emus were biopsied at four time points (April, June, August and November). Total RNA was isolated and cDNA was synthesized. Gene specific primers were designed for partial cloning fragments to amplify the open reading frame of the 7 genes. eLEP was not expressed in emu fat tissue. Nucleotides and amino acids sequences of the 6 expressed gene were compared with homologs from other species and phylogenetic relationships established. Seasonal mRNA expression of each gene was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR and differential expression analysed by the 2−ΔΔCT method. The 6 expressed genes showed seasonal variation in expression and showed association of expression level with back fat adiposity. More whole-genome scanning studies are needed to develop novel molecular markers that can be applied to improve fat production in emus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Avian Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Darin C Bennett
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Avian Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Animal Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Kristina Wright
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research Institute, 570 West 7th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Kimberly M Cheng
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Avian Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Mashtoub S, Chartier LC, Trinder D, Lawrance IC, Howarth GS. Emu Oil Attenuates Disease Severity and Results in Fewer Large Colonic Tumors in a Mouse Model of Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:715-723. [PMID: 33840308 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.1909737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis patients have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of the current study was to determine whether Emu Oil (EO) could reduce the severity of colitis, thereby inhibiting colitis-associated CRC (CA-CRC) development. Female C57BL/6 mice (n = 8/group) were injected (i.p.) with saline or azoxymethane (AOM) (7.4 mg/kg). Mice underwent three dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)/water cycles. Mice were orally-administered either water (160 µL) or EO (80 µL or 160 µL) thrice weekly and euthanized after 12 weeks. AOM/DSS decreased bodyweight compared with normal controls (max. 20%; p < 0.05). In AOM/DSS mice, EO (160 µL) increased bodyweight compared with untreated and 80 µL EO-treated mice (max. 10%; p < 0.05). Both volumes of EO reduced disease activity index (DAI) scores on day 49, 56-63 (max. 40%; p < 0.05), compared with AOM/DSS controls. Histological damage was increased in the distal colon of AOM/DSS mice, and reduced by EO (160 µL; p < 0.05). Mucin-secreting goblet cells were increased by AOM/DSS compared to normal, with no effect observed following EO treatment (p > 0.05). Large tumor numbers were decreased in EO-treated mice (160 µL; 2 ± 0.6) compared with AOM/DSS controls (5 ± 0.7; p < 0.05). EO did not impact overall tumor number (p > 0.05). Other analyses remained unchanged across groups (p > 0.05). EO demonstrates promise as an adjunct to conventional treatment options for colitis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Mashtoub
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lauren C Chartier
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Debbie Trinder
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ian C Lawrance
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Saint John of God Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gordon S Howarth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
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7
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Mitchell CJ, Howarth GS, Chartier LC, Trinder D, Lawrance IC, Huang LS, Mashtoub S. Orally administered emu oil attenuates disease in a mouse model of Crohn's-like colitis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:1697-1707. [PMID: 32903038 PMCID: PMC7802385 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220951105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease is a severe, incurable inflammatory bowel disease. Orally administered emu oil has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in previous models of gastrointestinal disease. We aimed to determine whether orally administered emu oil could attenuate disease in a mouse model of Crohn's-like colitis. Female ARC(s) mice (CD-1 equivalent, n = 10/group) were intra-rectally administered water (120 μL) or trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS; 3 mg in 50% ethanol; 120 μL bolus) on day 0. Mice were orally administered water (80 μL) or emu oil (80 μL or 160 μL) daily for five days and euthanized on day six. Bodyweight and disease activity were recorded daily. Colonoscopy, burrowing activity, facial grimace, histological parameters (damage severity, small intestinal villus height/crypt depth and colonic crypt depth), myeloperoxidase activity and intestinal permeability were assessed. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. TNBS decreased bodyweight (days 1, 2, 4; P < 0.05) and increased disease activity (days 1-6; P < 0.01), compared to normal controls. Emu oil (80 μL) attenuated disease activity on days 5-6 (P < 0.05), although bodyweight loss was not significantly impacted (P > 0.05). Facial grimace and colonoscopy scores were significantly increased in TNBS-control mice; effects attenuated by both volumes of emu oil (P < 0.001). TNBS increased histological damage severity compared to normal controls (P < 0.05); an effect attenuated by 80 μL emu oil (proximal and distal colon; P < 0.05) and 160 μL emu oil (distal colon; P < 0.01). In the ileum, villus height and crypt depth were unaffected by TNBS or emu oil treatment compared to normal (P > 0.05). TNBS-induced distal colonic crypt lengthening was unaffected following emu oil administration (P > 0.05). Remaining parameters, including burrowing, myeloperoxidase activity and intestinal permeability, were unchanged across all treatment groups (P > 0.05). In normal mice, emu oil treatment did not significantly impact any parameter compared to normal controls. In conclusion, emu oil reduced overall disease severity and facial grimace scores in TNBS mice. These results suggest therapeutic potential for orally administered emu oil in the management of Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Mitchell
- Gastroenterology Department, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia
| | - Gordon S Howarth
- Gastroenterology Department, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Lauren C Chartier
- Gastroenterology Department, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Debbie Trinder
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Ian C Lawrance
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
- Saint John of God Hospital, Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Li San Huang
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia
| | - Suzanne Mashtoub
- Gastroenterology Department, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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8
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Bucław M, Majewska D, Szczerbińska D, Ligocki M. The influence of age and gender on emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) fat. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11082. [PMID: 32632331 PMCID: PMC7338381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies were carried out to determine the influence of age and sex on two types of fat (back fat and abdominal fat) in the emu, as these are factors that influence the composition of animal tissues. The material involved 26 emus at the age 1 (6 males), 3 (6 males) and 15 years (8 females and 6 males), kept on the same farm and fed the feed of the same nutritional value. The basic chemical composition, cholesterol and mineral content, as well as fatty acid profile of back and abdominal fat of emu were determined. Abdominal fat was characterized by higher content of fat and ash, as well as Mn and Ba. Back fat, on the other hand, showed a higher level of protein, cholesterol, C16:1 and the elements K, P, Si, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Se and Cu. With age, regardless of the type of fat tissue, fat content decreased and water content increased. The highest content of protein, ash, cholesterol, some fatty acids (C18:0, C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c), generally higher content of MUFA, PUFA and the elements K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Pb, Se, Cr, Cd, were found in the fatty tissue of 15-year-old emus. Sex did influence the content of Si, Ca, Cu, Sr, which was higher in the fatty tissue of males. The composition of emu storage fat is determined by factors such as age, sex and the location of the fat tissue in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Bucław
- Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Laboratory of Poultry Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Janickiego Str. 29, 71-270, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Danuta Majewska
- Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Laboratory of Poultry Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Janickiego Str. 29, 71-270, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Danuta Szczerbińska
- Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Laboratory of Poultry Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Janickiego Str. 29, 71-270, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marek Ligocki
- Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Laboratory of Poultry Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Janickiego Str. 29, 71-270, Szczecin, Poland
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9
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Vahedian V, Asadi A, Esmaeili P, Zamani S, Zamani R, Hajazimian S, Isazadeh A, Shanehbandi D, Maroufi NF. Anti-inflammatory activity of emu oil-based nanofibrous scaffold through downregulation of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α pro-inflammatory cytokines. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2020; 41:hmbci-2019-0052. [PMID: 31967960 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2019-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Inflammation is one of the most important responses of the body against infection or disease, and it protects tissues from injury; however, it causes redness, swelling, pain, fever and loss of function. The aim of this present study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of emu oil (Eu) formulated nanofibrous scaffold in HFFF2 fibroblast cells. Materials and methods Eu was formulated successfully in nanofibers through the electrospinning method. Besides, the morphological and structural properties of Eu nanofibres were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The MTT assay (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) was performed to evaluate the HFFF2 fibroblast cells' viability. Also, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory signaling pathway in treated HFFF2 cells with Eu nanofiber. Results Our study showed that the Eu nanofiber increased the viability of fibroblast HFFF2 cells (p < 0.05). Also, the expression of interleukin1 (IL1), IL6 and tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-α) pro-inflammatory cytokines genes were significantly decreased in treated HFFF2 cells with Eu nanofiber (p < 0.05). Conclusions In conclusion, Eu nanofiber scaffold potentially can reduce the inflammation process through downregulation of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Vahedian
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, Rofeydeh Hospital, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilition Sciences (USWR), Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University (IUA), Sari, Iran
| | - Amirhooman Asadi
- Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Parisa Esmaeili
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Department of Immunology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Shahbaz Zamani
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Reza Zamani
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Saba Hajazimian
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Isazadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, Tel.: +98-41-3288386, Fax: +98-41-3288386
| | - Nazila Fathi Maroufi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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10
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Kang ES, Kim HJ, Han SG, Seo HG. Duck Oil-loaded Nanoemulsion Inhibits Senescence of Angiotensin II-treated Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by Upregulating SIRT1. Food Sci Anim Resour 2020; 40:106-117. [PMID: 31970335 PMCID: PMC6957441 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2019.e93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is associated with age-related vascular disorders and has
been implicated in vascular dysfunctions. Here, we show that duck oil-loaded
nanoemulsion (DO-NE) attenuates premature senescence of vascular smooth muscle
cells (VSMCs) triggered by angiotensin II (Ang II). Compared with control
nanoemulsion (NE), DO-NE significantly inhibited the activity of
senescence-associated β-galactosidase, which is a biomarker of cellular
senescence, in Ang II-treated VSMCs. SIRT1 protein expression was dose- and
time-dependently induced in VSMCs exposed to DO-NE, but not in those exposed to
NE, and SIRT1 promoter activity was also elevated. Consistently, DO-NE also
dose-dependently rescued Ang II-induced repression of SIRT1 expression,
indicating that SIRT1 is linked to the anti-senescence action of DO-NE in VSMCs
treated with Ang II. Furthermore, the SIRT1 agonist resveratrol potentiated the
effects of DO-NE on VSMCs exposed to Ang II, whereas the SIRT1 inhibitor
sirtinol elicited the opposite effect. These findings indicate that DO-NE
inhibits senescence by upregulating SIRT1 and thereby impedes vascular aging
triggered by Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sil Kang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hyo Juong Kim
- Taekyung Food and Processing R&D Center, Seoul 07057, Korea
| | - Sung Gu Han
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Han Geuk Seo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Kang ES, Hur J, Jo Y, Kim HJ, Han SG, Seo HG. Comparative effects of nanoemulsions loaded with duck oil and lard oil on palmitate-induced lipotoxicity. J Food Biochem 2019; 44:e13117. [PMID: 31823402 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of duck oil and lard oil on lipotoxicity induced by saturated long-chain fatty acids were evaluated in HepG2 cells. Lipotoxicity triggered by palmitate, a saturated fatty acid, was inhibited more by duck oil-loaded nanoemulsion (DO-NE) than by lard oil-loaded nanoemulsion (LO-NE) and control nanoemulsion (NE) in HepG2 cells. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species and lipid vacuoles in HepG2 cells induced by palmitate treatment was inhibited by DO-NE but not by LO-NE. Consistently, treatment of HepG2 cells with DO-NE, but not with NE or LO-NE, significantly reduced the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2 and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1, which are key regulatory proteins in hepatic lipid accumulation. In addition, the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspase-3 were reduced more by DO-NE than by LO-NE, indicating that DO-NE directly attenuates cellular damage induced by palmitate. Collectively, these results imply that the biological activity of duck oil against palmitate-induced cellular damage is more potent than that of lard oil. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Accumulated lipids in nonadipose tissues, especially the liver, cause lipotoxicity, a pathologic feature of hepatic disorders, by inducing oxidative stress. A nanoemulsion loaded with duck oil, which is a functional food widely consumed by Korean people, inhibited lipotoxicity by suppressing lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells exposed to palmitate, which mimic nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Thus, we propose that duck oil can be used as a functional food to improve lipid-induced hepatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sil Kang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinwoo Hur
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoenji Jo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Juong Kim
- Taekyung Food and Processing R&D Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Gu Han
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Geuk Seo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Chartier LC, Howarth GS, Mashtoub S. Combined Nutraceuticals: A Novel Approach to Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer? Nutr Cancer 2019; 71:199-206. [PMID: 30862196 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1578391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is an unremitting and lifelong inflammatory bowel disease that is increasing in prevalence worldwide. Patients display various clinical symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea and fatigue. The etiology of ulcerative colitis remains unknown and the current pharmaceutical treatments are variably effective and not curative, highlighting the need for improved therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, patients with ulcerative colitis are at an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. Some naturally sourced agents, named nutraceuticals, have been identified to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Of particular interest is Emu Oil, grape seed extract and Japanese Kampo medicine. Previously, Emu Oil has protected and repaired intestinal damage in models of gastrointestinal diseases including colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Additionally, grape seed extract possesses anticancer properties in vitro. Moreover, Kampo medicine, composed of herbal ingredients, is widely used in Japan for the treatment of various medical conditions and has demonstrated efficacy in targeting cancer cells in vitro. Nutraceuticals in combination have not yet been widely investigated in a setting of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Investigation into the efficacy of Emu Oil combined with other nutraceuticals, including grape seed extract and Kampo medicine, is warranted as they may provide a novel approach to conventional colitis and colorectal cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Chartier
- a Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia.,b Department of Gastroenterology , Women's and Children's Hospital , North Adelaide , South Australia
| | - Gordon S Howarth
- a Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia.,b Department of Gastroenterology , Women's and Children's Hospital , North Adelaide , South Australia.,c School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences , The University of Adelaide , Roseworthy , South Australia
| | - Suzanne Mashtoub
- a Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia.,b Department of Gastroenterology , Women's and Children's Hospital , North Adelaide , South Australia
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Safaeian R, Howarth GS, Lawrance IC, Trinder D, Mashtoub S. Emu Oil reduces disease severity in a mouse model of chronic ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2019; 54:273-280. [PMID: 30907169 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2019.1581253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by mucosal inflammation and ulceration of the large intestine. Emu Oil (EO) has been reported to protect the intestine against mucositis, NSAID-enteropathy, UC-associated colorectal cancer and acute UC. We aimed to determine whether EO could reduce the severity chronic UC in mice. Methods: Female C57BL/6 mice (n = 10/group) were orally administered (gavage) water (Groups 1-2) or EO (Groups 3: low dose-80 µl and 4: high dose-160 µl), thrice weekly. Group 1 mice consumed plain drinking water throughout the trial. Groups 2-4 mice underwent two cycles [each consisting of seven days dextran sulfate sodium (DSS; 2% w/v) and 14 days water], followed by a third DSS week. All mice were euthanized two days later (day 51). Bodyweight, disease activity index (DAI), burrowing activity, myeloperoxidase activity, crypt depth and histologically assessed damage severity were assessed. p < .05 was considered significant. Results: DSS decreased bodyweight and increased DAI compared to normal controls (p < .05), which was partially attenuated by both EO doses (p < .05). Burrowing activity was impaired in DSS-controls compared to normal controls (days 27 and 40); an effect prevented by both EO doses (p < .05). DSS increased colonic myeloperoxidase activity and crypt depth compared to controls (p < .05), with no significant EO effect. Moreover, DSS increased colonic damage severity compared to normal controls (p < .001). Importantly, both EO doses decreased distal colonic damage severity compared to DSS-controls (p < .001). Conclusions: Emu Oil attenuated clinically- and histologically-assessed disease severity in a mouse model of chronic UC. Emu Oil demonstrates promise as an adjunct to conventional treatment options for UC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Safaeian
- a Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia.,b Gastroenterology Department , Women's and Children's Hospital , North Adelaide , South Australia
| | - Gordon S Howarth
- a Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia.,b Gastroenterology Department , Women's and Children's Hospital , North Adelaide , South Australia.,c School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences , The University of Adelaide , Roseworthy , South Australia
| | - Ian C Lawrance
- d School of Medicine , The University of Western Australia , Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch , Western Australia.,e Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases , Saint John of God Hospital , Subiaco , Western Australia
| | - Debbie Trinder
- d School of Medicine , The University of Western Australia , Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch , Western Australia.,f Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research , Murdoch , Western Australia
| | - Suzanne Mashtoub
- a Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia.,b Gastroenterology Department , Women's and Children's Hospital , North Adelaide , South Australia.,d School of Medicine , The University of Western Australia , Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch , Western Australia
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Mashtoub S, Cheah KY, Lymn KA, Howarth GS. Intestinal homeostasis is restored in mice following a period of intestinal growth induced by orally administered Emu Oil. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2018; 243:945-952. [PMID: 29985049 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218787457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that orally administered Emu Oil (EO) increases mucosal thickness in the small intestine and colon in rodent models of chemotherapy-induced mucositis and colitis. However, it remains unclear whether mucosal thickening (crypt and villus lengthening) represents a process of normal or aberrant growth. We sought to determine if villus height (VH) and crypt depth (CD) measurements returned to normal in EO-treated rats following withdrawal of EO therapy. Dark agouti rats ( n = 8/group) were gavaged daily for 10 days with water, olive oil (OO), or EO (0.5 mL or 1 mL). Groups of rats were euthanized on days 10 and 17. Intestinal weights, lengths, VH, and CD were quantified. P < 0.05 was considered significant. On day 10, jejuno-ileum weight was increased by OO (26%) and EO (0.5 mL: 15%; 1 mL: 29%) compared to water controls ( P < 0.01), which was normalized by day 17. On days 10 and 17, jejuno-ileum length was greater in OO- (12%) and EO-treated rats (0.5 mL: 8%; 1 mL: 12%; P < 0.05), relative to water controls. On day 10, OO and EO increased ileal VH (OO: 32%; 0.5 EO: 22%; EO: 35%; P < 0.01) and CD (OO: 17%; 0.5 EO: 13%; EO: 22%) compared to water controls. Importantly, however, after withdrawal of all oils, VH and CD measurements returned to normal control values. Moreover, the VH:CD ratio (potential indicator of dysplasia) remained unchanged in all experimental groups on days 10 and 17. The restoration of normal intestinal architecture following cessation of Emu Oil therapy supports its safety for application in intestinal disorders. Impact statement Uncontrolled inflammation and intestinal proliferation can predispose to the development of colorectal cancer. In previous pre-clinical studies, we demonstrated that oral administration of Emu Oil promotes intestinal repair via stimulation of the mucosa in response to tissue injury and inflammation. Therefore, it was important to determine if Emu Oil administration did not promote the precocious development of colorectal cancer. The current study revealed that Emu Oil returned indicators of intestinal proliferation back to normal values after a period of seven days. These data strongly support the safety of Emu Oil for further studies in the context of bowel inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Mashtoub
- 1 School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6150, Australia.,2 Gastroenterology Department, Women's & Children's Hospital, North Adelaide 5006, Australia.,3 Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Ker Y Cheah
- 2 Gastroenterology Department, Women's & Children's Hospital, North Adelaide 5006, Australia
| | - Kerry A Lymn
- 4 School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5371, Austalia
| | - Gordon S Howarth
- 2 Gastroenterology Department, Women's & Children's Hospital, North Adelaide 5006, Australia.,3 Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia.,4 School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5371, Austalia
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Ponphaiboon J, Limmatvapirat S, Chaidedgumjorn A, Limmatvapirat C. Physicochemical property, fatty acid composition, and antioxidant activity of ostrich oils using different rendering methods. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Farahpour MR, Vahid M, Oryan A. Effectiveness of topical application of ostrich oil on the healing of Staphylococcus aureus- and Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected wounds. Connect Tissue Res 2018; 59:212-222. [PMID: 28682114 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2017.1350174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Management of infected wounds is one of the major challenges that surgeons and nurses face. Several antimicrobial agents have been used, but the toxicity, drug resistance, and their effect on the healing process remain a matter of concern. The present study was designed to analyze the accelerative impact of topical application of ostrich oil on infected wounds in a mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS 72 BALB/c mice were divided into four main groups of control-sham, mupirocin, and two treatment groups receiving 2% and 4% (w/w) concentrations of ostrich oil, topically. The mice were routinely anesthetized and wounds were created by excising the skin with a 5-mm biopsy punch. Immediately after wounding, an aliquot of 25 × 107 Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was suspended in 50-μL phosphate-buffered saline and applied on the wound and the wound was left open. The healing rate in the infected wound was assessed using wound area, histopathological characteristics, and expression of growth factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2). RESULTS The wound area significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the treated animals. There was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in new vessels, fibroblasts count, and collagen deposition in the ostrich oil-treated animals. Expression of VEGF, TGF-β1, and FGF-2 revealed the immunomodulation and angiogenesis effects of the ostrich oil on wound healing. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that ostrich oil may be a useful treatment in infected cutaneous wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahsa Vahid
- b Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences , Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University , Urmia , Iran
| | - Ahmad Oryan
- c Department of Pathology , School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
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Retracted:A Biomimetic Emu Oil-Blended Electrospun Nanofibrous Mat for Maintaining Stemness of Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells. Biopreserv Biobank 2018; 16:66-76. [DOI: 10.1089/bio.2017.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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19
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Miyashita T, Minami K, Ito M, Koizumi R, Sagane Y, Watanabe T, Niwa K. Emu Oil Reduces LPS-Induced Production of Nitric Oxide and TNF-α but not Phagocytosis in RAW 264 Macrophages. J Oleo Sci 2018. [PMID: 29526880 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emu is the second-largest extant bird native to Australia. Emu oil, obtained from the emu's fat deposits, is used as an ingredient in cosmetic skincare products. Emu oil has been reported to improve several inflammatory symptoms; however, the mechanisms of these anti-inflammatory effects are largely unknown. This study investigated the effects of emu oil on the inflammatory macrophage response in vitro. A murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264, was incubated in culture media supplemented with or without emu oil and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We determined phagocytic activity by measuring the number of fluorescent microspheres taken up by the cells. The phagocytic activity of RAW 264 cells in the presence of LPS was unaffected by emu oil. We also determined production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the culture medium using the Griess reaction and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively, and the protein expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) using western blotting. The results indicated that emu oil reduced the LPS-induced production of NO, TNF-α, and iNOS expression in a dose-dependent manner. The results suggested that emu oil does not reduce the phagocytic clearance rate of inflammatory matter; however, it does reduce the production of NO and TNF-α in macrophages. These latter products enhance the inflammatory response and emu oil thereby demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazuhiro Minami
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Minoru Ito
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Ryosuke Koizumi
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Yoshimasa Sagane
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Toshihiro Watanabe
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Koichi Niwa
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture
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20
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Clarke PA. A review of early Indigenous artefacts incorporating bird materials in the Lower Murray River region, South Australia. T ROY SOC SOUTH AUST 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/03721426.2018.1424505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chartier LC, Howarth GS, Lawrance IC, Trinder D, Barker SJ, Mashtoub S. Emu Oil Improves Clinical Indicators of Disease in a Mouse Model of Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63:135-145. [PMID: 29214422 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Ulcerative colitis is a remitting and relapsing inflammatory bowel disorder. Current treatments are limited, and if poorly controlled, colitis may progress to colorectal cancer. Previously, Emu Oil protected the intestine in experimental models of gut damage. We aimed to determine whether Emu Oil could reduce the severity of chronic colitis and prevent the onset of neoplasia in a mouse model of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. METHODS Female C57BL/6 mice were injected (day 0) with azoxymethane, followed by ad libitum access to three dextran sulfate sodium/water cycles (7 days of dextran sulfate sodium and 14 days of water). Mice (n = 9/group) were orally administered either water or Emu Oil (low dose 80 µL or high dose 160 µL), thrice weekly for 9 weeks. Bodyweight and disease activity index were measured daily. Colitis progression was monitored by colonoscopy on days 20, 41 and 62. At killing, tumor number and size were recorded. RESULTS Azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium induced significant bodyweight loss (maximum 24%) which was attenuated by Emu Oil treatment (low dose days 9, 10, 14: maximum 7%; high dose days 7-15, 30-36: maximum 11%; p < 0.05). Emu Oil reduced disease activity index of azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium mice at most time points (maximum 20%; p < 0.05). Additionally, Emu Oil reduced colonoscopically assessed colitis severity (days 20 and 62) compared to disease controls (p < 0.05). Finally, in azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium mice, low-dose Emu Oil resulted in fewer small colonic tumors (p < 0.05) compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Emu Oil improved clinical indicators and reduced severity of colitis-associated colorectal cancer, suggesting therapeutic potential in colitis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Chartier
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Gastroenterology Department, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
| | - Gordon S Howarth
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Gastroenterology Department, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Ian C Lawrance
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Saint John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - Debbie Trinder
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Scott J Barker
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Gastroenterology Department, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
| | - Suzanne Mashtoub
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia. .,Gastroenterology Department, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia. .,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
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Mansour RSH, Sallam AA, Hamdan II, Khalil EA, Yousef I. Elucidation of penetration enhancement mechanism of Emu oil using FTIR microspectroscopy at EMIRA laboratory of SESAME synchrotron. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 185:1-10. [PMID: 28527394 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that Emu oil possesses skin permeation-enhancing effect. This study aimed to address its possible penetration enhancement mechanism(s) using IR microscopy, in accordance with LPP theory. The penetration of Emu oil through the layers of human skin was accomplished by monitoring oil-IR characteristic feature at 3006cm-1. The unsaturated components of Emu oil accumulated at about 270μm depth of skin surface. The interaction of Emu oil with lipid and protein constituents of SC was investigated in comparison with a commonly used enhancer, IPM. Inter-sample spectral differences were identified using PCA and linked with possible enhancement mechanisms. Emu oil treatment caused a change in the slope of the right contour of amide I band of the protein spectral range. This was also clear in the second derivative spectra where the emergence of a new shoulder at higher frequency was evident, suggesting disorganization of keratin α-helix structure. This effect could be a result of disruption of some hydrogen bonds in which amide CO and NH groups of keratin are involved. The low intensity of the emerged shoulder is also in agreement with formation of weaker hydrogen bonds. IPM did not affect the protein component. No conclusions regarding the effect of penetration enhancers on the SC lipids were obtained. This was due to the overlap of the endogenous (skin) and exogenous (oil) CH stretching and scissoring frequencies. The SC carbonyl stretching peak disappeared as a result of IPM treatment which may reflect some degree of lipid extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Imad I Hamdan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, 11942 Amman, Jordan
| | - Enam A Khalil
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, 11942 Amman, Jordan
| | - Ibraheem Yousef
- SESAME Synchrotron, P.O. Box 7, 19252 Allan, Jordan; ALBA Synchrotron, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
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Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi Y, Nouri M, Martino MM, Fattahi A, Alizadeh E, Darabi M, Rahmati-Yamchi M, Zarghami N. Cytoprotection, proliferation and epidermal differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells on emu oil based electrospun nanofibrous mat. Exp Cell Res 2017; 357:192-201. [PMID: 28527695 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds containing natural substances with wound healing properties such as Emu oil (EO) may have a great potential for increasing the efficiency of stem cell-based skin bioengineering. For this purpose, EO blended PCL/PEG electrospun nanofibrous mats were successfully fabricated and characterized using FE-SEM, FTIR and Universal Testing Machine. The efficiency of the scaffolds in supporting the adherence, cytoprotection, proliferation and differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) to keratinocyte was evaluated. GC/MS and HPLC were used to determine the composition of pure EO, which revealed to be mainly fatty acids and carotenoids. FE-SEM and cell proliferation assays showed that adhesion and proliferation of ADSCs on EO-PCL/PEG nanofibers was significantly higher than on PCL/PEG nanofibers. Additionally, EO-PCL/PEG nanofibers with free radical scavenging properties conferred a cytoprotective effect against cell-damaging free radicals, while the ability to support cell adhesion and growth was maintained or even improved. Immunostaining of ADSCs on EO-PCL/PEG nanofibers confirmed the change in morphology of ADSCs from spindle to polygonal shape suggesting their differentiation toward an epidermal linage. Moreover, the expression levels of the keratin 10, filaggrin, and involucrin that are involved in epidermal differentiation were upregulated in a stage-specific manner. This preliminary study shows that EO-PCL/PEG nanofibers could be a good candidate for the fabrication of wound dressings and skin bioengineered substitutes with ADSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mikaël M Martino
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia
| | - Amir Fattahi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Effat Alizadeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoud Darabi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahmati-Yamchi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Mohammadian F, Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi Y, Zarghami F, Akbarzadeh A, Zarghami N. Upregulation of miR-9 and Let-7a by nanoencapsulated chrysin in gastric cancer cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:1-6. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1216854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Mohammadian
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Younes Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Faraz Zarghami
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Bennett DC, Leung G, Wang E, Ma S, Lo BKK, McElwee KJ, Cheng KM. Ratite oils promote keratinocyte cell growth and inhibit leukocyte activation. Poult Sci 2015. [PMID: 26217022 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, native Australian aborigines have used emu oil for the treatment of inflammation and to accelerate wound healing. Studies on mice suggest that topically applied emu oil may have anti-inflammatory properties and may promote wound healing. We investigated the effects of ratite oils (6 emu, 3 ostrich, 1 rhea) on immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) in vitro by culturing the cells in media with oil concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, and 1.0%. Peking duck, tea tree, and olive oils were used as comparative controls. The same oils at 0.5% concentration were evaluated for their influence on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) survival over 48 hr and their ability to inhibit IFNγ production in PBMCs activated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in ELISpot assays. Compared to no oil control, significantly shorter population doubling time durations were observed for HaCaT cells cultured in emu oil (1.51×faster), ostrich oil (1.46×faster), and rhea oil (1.64×faster). Tea tree oil demonstrated significant antiproliferative activity and olive oil significantly prolonged (1.35×slower) cell population doubling time. In contrast, almost all oils, particularly tea tree oil, significantly reduced PBMC viability. Different oils had different levels of inhibitory effect on IFNγ production with individual emu, ostrich, rhea, and duck oil samples conferring full inhibition. This preliminary investigation suggests that emu oil might promote wound healing by accelerating the growth rate of keratinocytes. Combined with anti-inflammatory properties, ratite oil may serve as a useful component in bandages and ointments for the treatment of wounds and inflammatory skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gigi Leung
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Eddy Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Sam Ma
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Blanche K K Lo
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Kevin J McElwee
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
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Zanardo V, Giarrizzo D, Maiolo L, Straface G. Efficacy of Topical Application of Emu Oil on Areola Skin Barrier in Breastfeeding Women. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2015; 21:10-3. [DOI: 10.1177/2156587215588653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate hydration and skin surface pH are of fundamental importance in preventing areola skin barrier damage and breastfeeding success. We studied the dermal effects of emu oil on areola skin soon after birth in 70 at-term breastfeeding mothers by noninvasive bioengineering method. Emu oil–based cream was found to be effective in improving stratum corneum hydration of breast areolae (mean ± standard deviation, from 56.9 ± 18.2 to 65.0 ± 17.2 conventional units, P < .003) and did not affect skin pH, temperature, or elasticity. The significant improvement in hydration values was more pronounced in the puerperae presenting with basal hydration in the lower quartiles (mean ± standard deviation, from 41.6 ± 17.2 to 59.6 ± 21.2 conventional units, P < .001). Further studies are warranted to confirm the long-term beneficial effects of this preparation in a very sensitive patient population.
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Vemu B, Selvasubramanian S, Pandiyan V. Anti-inflammatory Activity of Emu Oil in Indomethacin Induced Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-015-0564-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
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Re. “Review on emu products for use as complementary and alternative medicine”. Nutrition 2015; 31:415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Modulation of PPARγ and TNFα by emu oil and glycyrrhizin in ulcerative colitis. Inflammopharmacology 2015; 23:47-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-014-0226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Review on emu products for use as complementary and alternative medicine. Nutrition 2015; 31:21-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Turner A, Hancock G, Wells J, Whitehouse M. Traditional Medicinal Oils Sourced from Birds: Anti-inflammatories and Potential Immunoregulants. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2015; 70:155-178. [PMID: 26462367 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0927-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes medicinal oils of animal origin, used in Africa and Australasia both for nutritional and medicinally for treating pain and inflammation. Analytical studies of composition, bio-efficacy and their remarkable safety are described. For obtaining reproducible benefits, it is very important to introduce Quality Controls whenever possible. These should cover all stages of production, storage and certify the 'truth in their advertising': to help eliminate adulterated products and false claims for purity and potency.
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Mashtoub S, Bennett DC, Tran CD, Howarth GS. Processing and storage of ratite oils affects primary oxidation status and radical scavenging ability. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Treatments for diseases such as coronary artery disease and gastrointestinal disorders seek to minimise oxidative damage by free radicals through the use of antioxidants. Oils derived from ratites (flightless birds) have therapeutic potential, with varying fatty acid composition between species. The current study investigated the influence of farm location, rendering method, duration and storage mode on radical scavenging activity (RSA) and primary oxidation status of ratite oils. Emu Oil (n = 8; EO1, EO2a/b, EO3–7; varying processing and storage factors), Ostrich Oil (OsO), Rhea Oil (RO) and olive oil (OlO) were tested for free RSA against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydracyl (expressed as 1/IC50 g/mL) and primary oxidation (peroxide mEqO2/kg). RSA (g/mL) of EO1 (558 ± 22) was greater than EO2a (8 ± 0.6), EO5 (413 ± 26), EO6 (16 ± 0.3) and EO7 (2 ± 0.2), OsO (313 ± 12), RO (32 ± 12) and OlO (196 ± 4), and less than EO3 (717 ± 32; P < 0.001). Antioxidant properties of OsO were more pronounced than RO (P < 0.001). Primary oxidation (mEqO2/kg) of EO1 (97 ± 0.6) was greater than EO2a (57 ± 0.6), EO2b (28 ± 0.2), EO5 (11 ± 0.6), OsO (50 ± 0.9) and OlO (61 ± 0.9). The wide variability in RSA of oils highlights the need for standardisation of farm location, diet composition, rendering procedures, time of render and duration of storage. Regulatory control of these parameters is recommended in order to minimise differences in therapeutic efficacy of ratite oils.
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Improvement of Bioavailability and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Curcumin in Combination with Emu Oil. Inflammation 2014; 37:2139-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9948-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Menon DG, Bennett DC, Uttaro B, Schaefer AL, Cheng KM. Carcass yields and meat quality characteristics of adult emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) transported for 6h before slaughter. Meat Sci 2014; 98:240-6. [PMID: 24973774 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The meat quality characteristics of adult emus transported for 6h before slaughter were determined. Forty-two emus were used in two trials, undertaken under warm and cool weather conditions, respectively. Male emus had significantly higher fat yields than females (12.43kg vs 9.5kg, P=0.002). About 38.1% of the emus had no wounds or bruises, 40.5% had bruises, while 21.4% had small wounds after transport. Meat from injured emus had significantly higher pH45. In warm weather, emus experienced significantly higher loss in body weight than that under cool weather. Drip loss in meat after 24h of storage was higher in emus which had greater live weight loss after transport (r=0.66, P<0.0001), confirming the adverse effects of transport stress on meat quality. Nutrient supplementation did not significantly affect processing yield or meat quality characteristics. This study points to the need for optimizing transport conditions of emus to maintain meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa G Menon
- Avian Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Darin C Bennett
- Avian Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Bethany Uttaro
- Lacombe Research Centre, Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, 6000 C and E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - Allan L Schaefer
- Lacombe Research Centre, Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, 6000 C and E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - Kimberly M Cheng
- Avian Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Menon DG, Bennett DC, Schaefer AL, Cheng KM. Transportation stress and the incidence of exertional rhabdomyolysis in emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Poult Sci 2014; 93:273-84. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Mashtoub S, Tran CD, Howarth GS. Emu oil expedites small intestinal repair following 5-fluorouracil-induced mucositis in rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:1305-17. [PMID: 24047797 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213493718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucositis resulting from cancer chemotherapy is characterized by intestinal inflammation and ulceration. Previously, emu oil (EO) improved intestinal architecture (Br J Nutr, 2010) in a rat model of chemotherapy-induced mucositis. We investigated EO for its further potential to promote intestinal repair in this mucositis model. Female Dark Agouti rats (n = 8/group) were gavaged with water, olive oil (OO) or EO once daily (1 mL), injected with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or saline on day 5 and euthanized on day 8, 9, 10 or 11. Intestinal villus height (VH) and crypt depth (CD), neutral mucin-secreting goblet cell (GC) count, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and selected cytokines were quantified; P < 0.05 was considered significant. In 5-FU-injected rats, only EO administration significantly increased VH in the ileum (day 8), jejunum and jejunum-ileum junction (days 8 and 9) compared to 5-FU controls (P < 0.05). GC count was significantly reduced by 5-FU (jejunum: days 8 and 9; ileum: day 8; P < 0.05) and EO increased ileal GC on days 10 and 11 compared to 5-FU controls. MPO activity was significantly increased in jejunum (days 8 and 9) and ileum (day 8) following 5-FU injection, compared to normal controls (P < 0.05). Both EO and OO significantly reduced jejunal MPO on days 8 and 9; however, only EO decreased ileal MPO on day 8. Cytokine levels were not significantly affected by either oil or 5-FU administration at the day 8 time point. Promotion of repair from injury could represent a new mechanism of action for EO, suggesting potential as an adjunct to conventional treatment approaches for cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Mashtoub
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide 5006, Australia
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Abimosleh SM, Tran CD, Howarth GS. Emu oil reduces small intestinal inflammation in the absence of clinical improvement in a rat model of indomethacin-induced enteropathy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2013; 2013:429706. [PMID: 23573127 PMCID: PMC3612469 DOI: 10.1155/2013/429706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drug (NSAID) enteropathy is characterized by small intestinal damage and ulceration. Emu Oil (EO) has previously been reported to reduce intestinal inflammation. Aim. We investigated EO for its potential to attenuate NSAID-enteropathy in rats. Methods. Male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 10/group) were gavaged with Water, Olive Oil (OO), or EO (0.5 mL; days 0-12) and with 0.5 mL Water or the NSAID, Indomethacin (8 mg/kg; days 5-12) daily. Disease activity index (DAI), 13C-sucrose breath test (SBT), organ weights, intestinal damage severity (IDS), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were assessed. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results. In Indomethacin-treated rats, DAI was elevated (days 10-12) and SBT values (56%) and thymus weight (55%) were decreased, relative to normal controls. Indomethacin increased duodenum (68%), colon (24%), SI (48%), caecum (48%), liver (51%) and spleen (88%) weights, IDS scores, and MPO levels (jejunum: 195%, ileum: 104%) compared to normal controls. Jejunal MPO levels were decreased (64%) by both EO and OO, although only EO decreased ileal MPO (50%), compared to Indomethacin controls. Conclusions. EO reduced acute intestinal inflammation, whereas other parameters of Indomethacin-induced intestinal injury were not affected significantly. Increased EO dose and/or frequency of administration could potentially improve clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M. Abimosleh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Cuong D. Tran
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Gordon S. Howarth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
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Kim JE, Leung FC, Jiang J, Kwok AHY, Bennett DC, Cheng KM. Expressed sequence tag analysis of the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) pituitary by 454 GS Junior pyrosequencing. Poult Sci 2012; 92:90-6. [PMID: 23243234 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) are farmed for their oil for pharmaceutical and cosmetic uses. This emu pituitary expressed sequence tag study was undertaken to identify novel transcripts in the emu pituitary to propel their identification and functional studies. By mapping reads derived from the Roche 454 GS Junior pyrosequencer to 8 reference species (human, mouse, chicken, zebra finch, fruit fly, turkey, round worm, and Carolina anole lizard) from the UniGene database, a total of 81,788 reads (53,312 mapped reads) were obtained and assembled with Reference Sequence (RefSeq). We annotated 6,676 potential emu genes by referencing 7 species (excluding lizard) and identified 1,232 potential genes common among 3 species (human, mouse, and chicken) with complete available reference genomes. Gene Ontology analysis revealed 376 Gene Ontology terms showing, with the highest counts, their involvements in biological processes, metabolism, and cellular components. These potential genes were detected to associate with 20 pathways including mitogen-activated protein kinase, insulin, neurotrophin signaling pathways, and carbohydrate digestion and absorption pathway. We also revealed a panel of tissue-specific genes including regulator of G-protein signaling protein (RGS), glucagon-like peptide receptor (GLPR), and growth hormone-inducible transmembrane protein (GHITM). Additionally, fatty acid binding protein (FABP), fatty acid desaturase (FAS), and stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase (SCD), key enzyme genes in fat metabolism, were found to be also expressed in emu pituitary. This expressed sequence tag study represents the first step in functional characterization of emu pituitary gene expression and SNP identification for the improvement of fat production in the emu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- Avian Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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Raghu Nadhanan R, Abimosleh SM, Su YW, Scherer MA, Howarth GS, Xian CJ. Dietary emu oil supplementation suppresses 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy-induced inflammation, osteoclast formation, and bone loss. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E1440-9. [PMID: 22436700 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00587.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer chemotherapy can cause osteopenia or osteoporosis, and yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, and currently, no preventative treatments are available. This study investigated damaging effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on histological, cellular, and molecular changes in the tibial metaphysis and potential protective benefits of emu oil (EO), which is known to possess a potent anti-inflammatory property. Female dark agouti rats were gavaged orally with EO or water (1 ml·day(-1)·rat(-1)) for 1 wk before a single ip injection of 5-FU (150 mg/kg) or saline (Sal) was given. The treatment groups were H(2)O + Sal, H(2)O + 5-FU, EO + 5-FU, and EO + Sal. Oral gavage was given throughout the whole period up to 1 day before euthanasia (days 3, 4, and 5 post-5-FU). Histological analysis showed that H(2)O + 5-FU significantly reduced heights of primary spongiosa on days 3 and 5 and trabecular bone volume of secondary spongiosa on days 3 and 4. It reduced density of osteoblasts slightly and caused an increase in the density of osteoclasts on trabecular bone surface on day 4. EO supplementation prevented reduction of osteoblasts and induction of osteoclasts and bone loss caused by 5-FU. Gene expression studies confirmed an inhibitory effect of EO on osteoclasts since it suppressed 5-FU-induced expression of proinflammatory and osteoclastogenic cytokine TNFα, osteoclast marker receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB, and osteoclast-associated receptor. Therefore, this study demonstrated that EO can counter 5-FU chemotherapy-induced inflammation in bone, preserve osteoblasts, suppress osteoclast formation, and potentially be useful in preventing 5-FU chemotherapy-induced bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rethi Raghu Nadhanan
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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Abimosleh SM, Tran CD, Howarth GS. Emu Oil: a novel therapeutic for disorders of the gastrointestinal tract? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27:857-61. [PMID: 22369065 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal diseases characterized by inflammation, including the inflammatory bowel diseases, chemotherapy-induced mucositis and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy, currently have variably effective treatment options, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Recently, naturally-sourced agents including prebiotics, probiotics, plant-extracts and marine-derived oils known to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties have been investigated in vitro and in vivo. However, animal-derived oils are yet to be extensively tested. Emu Oil is extracted from the subcutaneous and retroperitoneal fat of the Emu, a flightless bird native to Australia, and predominantly comprises fatty acids. Despite the limited rigorous scientific studies conducted to date, with largely anecdotal claims, Emu Oil, when administered topically and orally, has been shown to possess significant anti-inflammatory properties in vivo. These include a CD-1 mouse model of croton oil-induced auricular inflammation, experimentally-induced polyarthritis and dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Recently, Emu Oil has been demonstrated to endow partial protection against chemotherapy-induced mucositis, with early indications of improved intestinal repair. Emu Oil could therefore form the basis of an adjunct to conventional treatment approaches for inflammatory disorders affecting the gastrointestinal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Abimosleh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Orally administered emu oil decreases acute inflammation and alters selected small intestinal parameters in a rat model of mucositis. Br J Nutr 2010; 104:513-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s000711451000084x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mucositis resulting from cancer chemotherapy is a serious disorder of the alimentary tract. Emu oil has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in animal models of arthritis and wound healing; however, its effects on the intestine remain unknown. We investigated emu oil for its potential to decrease the severity of mucositis in a rat model. Female Dark Agouti rats (110–150 g) were orogastrically gavaged with emu oil (0·5 or 1 ml) or water (1 ml) for 5 d before intraperitoneal injection of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU, 150 mg/kg) or saline (control), and this was continued up to the day of sacrifice (48, 72 and 96 h post 5-FU administration). Histological (villus height, crypt depth (CD) and disease severity score) and biochemical (myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity) parameters were determined in intestinal tissues collected at sacrifice. Sucrase activity in vivo was quantified by the sucrose breath test. Activated neutrophil activity (MPO) in the ileum was significantly decreased by emu oil (0·5 ml, 451 (sem 168) U/g and 1 ml, 503 (sem 213) U/g) compared with 5-FU-treated controls (1724 (sem 431) U/g) 96 h post 5-FU administration. There were also significant increases in CD (152 (sem 8) μm) in the ileum of rats that receivied 1 ml emu oil at 96 h compared with 5-FU-treated controls (CD (106 (sem 12) μm)). Emu oil did not affect sucrase activity. Emu oil decreased acute ileal inflammation, and improved mucosal architecture in the intestine during recovery from chemotherapy in rats. Further studies investigating the potential benefits of emu oil as a nutritional supplement for the treatment of intestinal disorders are indicated.
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