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Soley JT, du Plessis L, Sutovsky M, Sutovsky P. Steps of spermiogenesis in the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Cell Tissue Res 2023; 394:209-227. [PMID: 37430159 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Few studies describe the sequence of morphological events that characterize spermiogenesis in birds. In this paper, the clearly observable steps of spermiogenesis are described and illustrated for the first time in a commercially important ratite, the ostrich, based on light microscopy of toluidine blue-stained plastic sections. Findings were supplemented and supported by ultrastructural observations, PNA labeling of acrosome development, and immunocytochemical labeling of isolated spermatogenic cells. Spermiogenesis in the ostrich followed the general pattern described in non-passerine birds. Eight steps were identified based on changes in nuclear shape and contents, positioning of the centriolar complex, and acrosome development. Only two steps could be recognized with certainty during development of the round spermatid which contributed to the fewer steps recorded for the ostrich compared to that described in some other bird species. The only lectin that displayed acrosome reactivity was PNA and only for the first three steps of spermiogenesis. This suggests that organizational and/or compositional changes may occur in the acrosome during development and merits further investigation. Immunological labeling provided additional evidence to support the finding of previous studies that the tip of the nucleus in the ostrich is shaped by the forming acrosome and not by the microtubular manchette. To our knowledge, this is the first complete description of spermiogenesis in ostrich and one of few in any avian species. In addition to comparative reproduction and animal science, this work has implications for evolutionary biology as the reported germ cell features provide a bridge between reptile and ratite-avian spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Soley
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - L du Plessis
- Electron Microscope Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - M Sutovsky
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - P Sutovsky
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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Smith AMJ, Bonato M, Dzama K, Malecki IA, Cloete SWP. Liquid storage of Ostrich (Struthio camelus) semen at 5 °C through intermediate dilution. Anim Reprod Sci 2023; 249:107148. [PMID: 36621189 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.107148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dilution rate, dilution temperature and storage time have been recognized as vital steps in the processing of semen for storage before artificial insemination. The objective of this study was to determine optimal dilution and dilution temperature with an ostrich-specific semen extender for chilled storage. Four preselected ostrich (Struthio camelus var. domesticus) males, known for their ease of collection and specific semen quality parameters, were collected using the "dummy" female method. Dilution of 384 semen samples, at rates of 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 and 1:8 semen/diluent ratio with a diluent set at 5, 21 and 38 °C was performed and stored for 48 h at 5 °C. In vitro sperm function tests were conducted to evaluate treated semen during different storage intervals of 1, 5, 24 and 48 h. Motility and kinematic parameters were measured by the Sperm Class Analyzer®, the percentage live sperm measured by fluorescence SYBR14®/PI (LIVE/DEAD®), the percentage of sperm able to resist the hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) stress test and sperm morphology determined by Nigrosin-Eosin staining. Progressive motility (PMOT), motility (MOT), sperm kinematics, LIVE and HOS were best (P < 0.05) maintained at a higher dilution of 1:4-1:8. The beneficial effect (P < 0.05) of a higher dilution temperature (21 °C) was prominent in terms of PMOT at a higher dilution. Storage of chilled semen at 5 °C requires dilution, at interpolated rates of 1:6-1:7, together with an extender temperature of 21 °C, to maintain optimal sperm function with minimal loss over a 48 h storage period.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M J Smith
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - M Bonato
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - K Dzama
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - I A Malecki
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - S W P Cloete
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Directorate Animal Sciences, Elsenburg, Private Bag XI, Elsenburg 7607, South Africa
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Muvhali PT, Bonato M, Malecki IA, Cloete SW. Minimum sperm dose for optimal fertility after artificial insemination in ostriches. Theriogenology 2022; 187:34-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Muvhali PT, Bonato M, Malecki IA, Cloete SWP. Mass Sperm Motility Is Correlated to Sperm Motility as Measured by Computer-Aided Sperm Analysis (CASA) Technology in Farmed Ostriches. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091104. [PMID: 35565531 PMCID: PMC9102442 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Semen analyses have gained momentum in various livestock industries. However, in farmed ostriches, semen analysis is still in its experimental stage, and males are not screened for sperm quality before breeding. This study investigated the correlations between computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA) technology and the traditional, yet affordable, mass sperm motility score. Semen was collected from nine South African Black ostrich males (mean age ± SD: 5.25 ± 1.21 years), using the dummy female method for 5 consecutive days monthly, for 8 months. Mass sperm motility scores were recorded on a scale of 1−5 (1: little to no sperm movement; 5: rapid sperm movement). The CASA traits recorded were: total motility (MOT), progressive motility (PMOT), curve−linear velocity (VCL), straight-line velocity (VSL), average path velocity (VAP), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH), linearity (LIN), straightness (STR), wobble (WOB), and beat-cross frequency (BCF). The results revealed positive correlations between mass sperm motility and PMOT, MOT, VCL, and VAP ranging from 0.34 to 0.59 (p < 0.0001). In contrast, negative correlations were recorded between mass sperm motility and LIN, STR, and BCF, with correlations ranging from −0.20 to −0.39 (p < 0.0001). VSL, ALH, and WOB were not correlated to mass sperm motility (p > 0.05). Ostrich farmers may thus be able to evaluate sperm motility reliably and potentially select breeding males by using the affordable mass sperm motility scoring method. Determining the correlation between these methods and fertility after artificial insemination or natural mating is however needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pfunzo T. Muvhali
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; (M.B.); (I.A.M.); (S.W.P.C.)
- Directorate Animal Sciences, Western Cape Department of Agriculture Elsenburg, Private Bag X1, Elsenburg 7607, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-21-808-5229
| | - Maud Bonato
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; (M.B.); (I.A.M.); (S.W.P.C.)
| | - Irek A. Malecki
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; (M.B.); (I.A.M.); (S.W.P.C.)
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia
| | - Schalk W. P. Cloete
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; (M.B.); (I.A.M.); (S.W.P.C.)
- Directorate Animal Sciences, Western Cape Department of Agriculture Elsenburg, Private Bag X1, Elsenburg 7607, South Africa
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Ostrich ejaculate characteristics and male libido around equinox and solstice dates. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:2609-2619. [PMID: 32451835 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The study evaluated the effect of time of the year in which changes in photoperiod occurs on ostrich semen characteristics and male libido. Semen was collected for 5 days before, on and 5 days after winter solstice (21 June 2016), spring equinox (22 September 2016), summer solstice (21 December 2016) and autumn equinox (20 March 2017) in the southern hemisphere. Semen was collected from 10 South African Black ostrich males (average age ± standard deviation; 4.5 ± 2.27 years) using the dummy female. Semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm per ejaculate, sperm motility traits, percentage of normal sperm, head and tail abnormalities and percentage of affected sperm in the hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOS) were evaluated. Male libido defined as the willingness of males to mount the dummy female was also recorded. Semen samples collected around summer solstice, spring and autumn equinox were higher in sperm concentration and sperm output compared with winter solstice (P < 0.05). Study periods did not influence semen volume, sperm motility traits, the percentage of normal sperm, head abnormalities and HOS. Tail abnormalities were higher around winter solstice than around spring equinox (P < 0.05). Male libido and the success of semen collection were significantly higher around spring equinox (P < 0.05). Changes in photoperiod in the southern hemisphere do not affect semen production in ostriches. However, high sperm output and male libido around spring equinox and summer solstice dates suggest that these periods may be preferred for semen collection for artificial insemination and storage purposes.
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du Plessis L, Bonato M, Durandt C, Cloete SWP, Soley JT. Sperm macrocephaly syndrome in the ostrich Struthio camelus: morphological characteristics and implications for motility. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 31:712-723. [PMID: 30458919 DOI: 10.1071/rd18242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm macrocephaly syndrome (SMS) is characterised by a high percentage of spermatozoa with enlarged heads and multiple tails, and is related to infertility. Although this multiple sperm defect has been described in other mammalian species, little is known about this anomaly in birds. Morphological examination of semen from nine South African black ostriches (Struthio camelus var. domesticus) involved in an AI trial revealed the variable presence of spermatozoa with large heads and multiple tails. Ultrastructural features of the defect were similar to those reported in mammals except that the multiple tails were collectively bound within the plasmalemma. The tails were of similar length and structure to those of normal spermatozoa, and the heads were 1.6-fold longer, emphasising the uniformity of the anomaly across vertebrate species. Flow cytometry identified these cells as diploid and computer-aided sperm analysis revealed that they swim slower but straighter than normal spermatozoa, probably due to the increased drag of the large head and constrained movement of the merged multiple tails. The high incidence of this defect in one male ostrich indicates that, although rare, SMS can occur in birds and may potentially have an adverse effect on breeding programs, particularly for endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- L du Plessis
- Electron Microscope Unit, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - M Bonato
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - C Durandt
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, SAMRC Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - S W P Cloete
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - J T Soley
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
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Ostrich specific semen diluent and sperm motility characteristics during in vitro storage. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 193:107-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Mineral profiling of ostrich (Struthio camelus) seminal plasma and its relationship with semen traits and collection day. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 193:98-106. [PMID: 29653829 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Successful assisted reproduction techniques, with specific focus on in vitro semen storage for artificial insemination, are dependent on certain key elements which includes the biochemical profiling of semen. The objective of this study was to complete an ostrich seminal plasma (SP) evaluation by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) among seven males at different daily intervals (day 1, 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28) for a period of 28 days during spring (August to September) for mineral profiling. The effect of collection day and male on sperm concentration, semen volume and seminal plasma volume, was explored as well as the relationships amongst these specific sperm traits and SP minerals. Variation amongst SP mineral concentrations, accounted for by the fixed effects of sperm concentration, semen volume, seminal plasma volume, collection day and male, ranged from 18% to 77%. Male had the largest effect on variation in SP minerals, namely: phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), boron (B), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), barium (Ba), arsenic (As) and selenium (Se). Sperm concentration instigated fluctuations of P, magnesium (Mg), B, zinc (Zn), Fe, aluminium (Al), Se, manganese (Mn) and lead (Pb). Semen volume had an effect on Na, K, B, Pb and Ba while seminal plasma volume only influenced variation in Na. There were fluctuations among collection days of specific micro minerals, Ni and Mo, with initial Ni concentrations being relatively greater and Mo at lesser concentrations. Semen volume, seminal plasma volume and sperm concentration varied amongst males. Sperm concentrations during the initial collection days, 1 and 3, were less than that for days 7 to 28. Significant variation of SP minerals and sperm characteristics among ejaculates and males suggest an association of these specific elements with sperm function and are, therefore, considered to be of potential importance to success of assisted reproduction technology for the ostrich. The relationship amongst sperm concentration and collection day confirms the need to conduct an initial period of collection to stabilise a greater sperm concentration to optimise sperm numbers for artificial insemination purposes.
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Developing a female-only flock for artificial insemination purposes in ostriches: Progress and future directions. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 180:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Smith A, Bonato M, Dzama K, Malecki I, Cloete S. Classification of ostrich sperm characteristics. Anim Reprod Sci 2016; 168:138-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Łukaszewicz ET, Kowalczyk AM, Rzońca Z. Comparative Examination of Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus L.) Behaviour Responses and Semen Quality to Two Methods of Semen Collection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138415. [PMID: 26397704 PMCID: PMC4580405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial insemination (AI) is very helpful in solving the reproductive and biodiversity problems observed in small, closed avian populations. The successful production of fertilized eggs using AI is dependent on the collection of good quality semen. Two methods of male sexual stimulation and semen collection from captive kept capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus L.), one of the most seriously endangered grouse species in Europe, are compared in this study. Ejaculates were obtained either with the use of a dummy female or by the dorso-abdominal massage method. Differences in the individual responses of the males to the two methods of semen collection as well as in their semen quality were noted. Only sperm concentration (432.4 x 10(6) mL(-1) with dummy female and 614.5 x 10(6) mL(-1) for massage method) was significantly affected by capercaillie stimulation method. Sperm motility and morphology were not affected (P ≥ 0.05). Thus, for semen collection from captive kept capercaillie both methods can be used successfully. The dummy female can be an alternative to dorso-abdominal massage method, commonly used for semen collection from domesticated bird species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Teresa Łukaszewicz
- Division of Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Breeding, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Artur Mikołaj Kowalczyk
- Division of Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Breeding, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Predicting ejaculate quality and libido in male ostriches: Effect of season and age. Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 151:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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A morphological classification of sperm defects in the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 150:130-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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A re-evaluation of sperm ultrastructure in the emu, Dromaius novaehollandiae. Theriogenology 2014; 81:1073-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Dhama K, Singh R, Karthik K, Chakrabort S, Tiwari R, Wani M, Mohan J. Artificial Insemination in Poultry and Possible Transmission of Infectious
Pathogens: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2014.211.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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du Plessis L, Soley JT. Light microscopic features and morphometry of sperm in the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Theriogenology 2014; 81:203-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bonato M, Malecki IA, Wang MD, Cloete SW. Extensive human presence at an early age of ostriches improves the docility of birds at a later stage of life. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Singh RP, Rybnik-Trzaskowska PK, Farooq U, Malecki IA, Sastry KVH, Martin GB. In vitro initiation of the acrosome reaction in the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Br Poult Sci 2013; 54:259-64. [PMID: 23647191 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2013.767436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. An assessment of the efficiency of the acrosome reaction (AR) provides an important predictor of the fertilizing potential of semen and for diagnosis of the causes of infertility. A standardized protocol was therefore developed for initiation of the acrosome reaction in emu spermatozoa in vitro, and the role of CaCl2 or perivitelline membrane (PVM) proteins in determining the outcome of the reaction was investigated. 2. The acrosome reaction (assessed by FITC-PNA) was successfully induced in live spermatozoa by incubation for 2 min in NaCl-TES medium supplemented with 5 mM CaCl2. The maximum response was 32% live acrosome-reacted spermatozoa (LAR) achieved after 10 min incubation. 3. Compared to the outcome with 5 mM CaCl2 or PVM protein alone, the response was significantly better with a combination of PVM protein and CaCl2. 4. A significant variation in the percentage of LAR spermatozoa among individual males was observed. No treatment affected the percentage of dead acrosome-reacted spermatozoa. 5. The results emphasize the important role played by both PVM proteins and Ca(2+) in the in vitro initiation of the acrosome reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Singh
- School of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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Ledger JM, Malecki I, Groth DM. Characterisation of tetra-nucleotide microsatellite loci in the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Br Poult Sci 2012; 53:460-4. [PMID: 23130580 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2012.715280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Eleven polymorphic tetra-nucleotide microsatellite loci were identified in the ostrich (Struthio camelus) using a selective enrichment protocol. 2. The average number of alleles observed was 6·6 with an average heterozygosity of 0·4. 3. The population was found to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and two of the loci had a greater than 95% probability of having null alleles. 4. These microsatellite loci will add to the existing pool of markers available for the ostrich and help to facilitate analysis of population structure and pedigree determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ledger
- School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Hackett Drive, Crawley, Western Australia 6009.
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du Plessis L, Soley J. Structural peculiarities associated with multiflagellate sperm in the emu, Dromaius novaehollandiae. Theriogenology 2012; 78:1094-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bonato M, Cornwallis CK, Malecki IA, Rybnik-Trzaskowska PK, Cloete SW. The effect of temperature and pH on the motility and viability of ostrich sperm. Anim Reprod Sci 2012; 133:123-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Rybnik P, Horbańczuk J, Łukaszewicz E, Malecki I. The ostrich (Struthio camelus) ejaculate – effects of the method of collection, male age, month of the season, and daily frequency. Br Poult Sci 2012; 53:134-40. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2011.643223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sood S, Malecki IA, Tawang A, Martin GB. Response of spermatozoa from the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) to rapid cooling, hyperosmotic conditions and dimethylacetamide (DMA). Anim Reprod Sci 2011; 129:89-95. [PMID: 22078301 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments conducted to improve the survival of emu sperm during cryopreservation aimed to: (1) minimize chilling injury during the cooling phase; (2) determine the osmotic effects of dimethylacetamide (DMA), sucrose and trehalose; and (3) investigate the timing and nature of cryoprotectant toxicity. We measured sperm membrane integrity, motility, morphology and egg membrane penetration. In Experiment 1, semen diluted 1:1 with a pre-cooled diluent (5°C) prevented chilling injury. In Experiment 2, semen was diluted with DMA, trehalose or sucrose (300-2400mOsm/L) in deionized water. Only added DMA decreased the percentage of morphologically normal sperm. The percentage of motile sperm was higher with DMA than with the sugars, but membrane intact sperm were comparable amongst all cryoprotectants. As for the osmotic effects, the percentage of membrane intact sperm decreased with 2400mOsm/L and sperm motility decreased with 1200-2400mOsm/L, but sperm morphology was similar at all osmolarities. In Experiment 3, sperm membrane integrity, motility and morphology were comparable at all DMA osmolarities between sperm equilibrated for 0 and 15min, and remained unchanged after removal of DMA. We conclude that: (a) loss of sperm function during the cooling phase can be avoided by using a diluent maintained at 5°C; (b) emu spermatozoa tolerate upto 1400mOsm/L; (c) DMA results in a permanent change in sperm morphology when it is dissolved in deionized water, but does not alter sperm membrane integrity and motility; and (d) equilibration time of sperm with DMA can be less than 10min.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sood
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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du Plessis L, Soley JT. Incidence, structure and morphological classification of abnormal sperm in the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Theriogenology 2011; 75:589-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Twice daily collection yields greater semen output and does not affect male libido in the ostrich. Anim Reprod Sci 2011; 123:258-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Breeder Welfare: The Past, Present and Future. Anim Welf 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-19297-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Biochemical characterization and sperm motility parameters of ostrich (Struthio camelus) semen. Anim Reprod Sci 2010; 122:222-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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