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Wötzel S, Andrello M, Albani MC, Koch MA, Coupland G, Gugerli F. Arabis alpina: A perennial model plant for ecological genomics and life-history evolution. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 22:468-486. [PMID: 34415668 PMCID: PMC9293087 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Many model organisms were chosen and achieved prominence because of an advantageous combination of their life‐history characteristics, genetic properties and also practical considerations. Discoveries made in Arabidopsis thaliana, the most renowned noncrop plant model species, have markedly stimulated studies in other species with different biology. Within the family Brassicaceae, the arctic–alpine Arabis alpina has become a model complementary to Arabidopsis thaliana to study the evolution of life‐history traits, such as perenniality, and ecological genomics in harsh environments. In this review, we provide an overview of the properties that facilitated the rapid emergence of A. alpina as a plant model. We summarize the evolutionary history of A. alpina, including genomic aspects, the diversification of its mating system and demographic properties, and we discuss recent progress in the molecular dissection of developmental traits that are related to its perennial life history and environmental adaptation. From this published knowledge, we derive open questions that might inspire future research in A. alpina, other Brassicaceae species or more distantly related plant families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wötzel
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt and Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Marco Andrello
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in the Marine Environment, National Research Council, CNR-IAS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria C Albani
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcus A Koch
- Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - George Coupland
- Department of Plant Development Biology, MPI for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix Gugerli
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Rominger KR, Meyer SE, Van Buren R, Searle AB. Phenological Patterns in the Desert Spring Ephemeral Astragalus holmgreniorum Barneby (Fabaceae). WEST N AM NATURALIST 2019. [DOI: 10.3398/064.079.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan E. Meyer
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory, Provo, UT 84606
| | - Renee Van Buren
- Department of Biology, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT 84058
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Algarra JA, Cariñanos P, Herrero J, Delgado-Capel M, Ramos-Lorente MM, Díaz de la Guardia C. Tracking Montane Mediterranean grasslands: Analysis of the effects of snow with other related hydro-meteorological variables and land-use change on pollen emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:889-901. [PMID: 30179817 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper explores the dynamics of temporal evolution of the high mountain Mediterranean grasslands, (Sierra Nevada, Spain SE). The indicator used is the emission of pollen (Pollen Index, PI) with respect to two important aspects: the incidence of the snow dynamic together with other hydro-meteorological parameters, and the changes in land use, which can Influence the evolution of the grasslands throughout time. The results reveal that pollen emissions in the last 25 years have shown a slight downward trend, with large interannual fluctuations, which are a consequence of diverse environmental factors, both general and specific to the area. One of the most influential parameters on pollen concentrations is snow cover, which reinforces the importance of the presence of snow-packs as water resource outside the winter season in the High Mediterranean Mountain environments. The changes in land use experienced in the area are a driver of change, especially due to the losses experienced in the last decades in the preferred habitats for many species of grasses. It can be concluded that the vulnerability of these ecosystems will be affected by an increase in winter temperatures and/or a decrease in rainfall (climate change) and an increase in the intensity of anthropogenic activities on land use. In this context, the PI is shown as a useful indicator of global change given its sensitivity to both anthropic and hydro-meteorological changes. In addition, it has a wide range of spatial detection and discrimination capacity by altitudinal dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Algarra
- Curator, Botanic Garden Detunda-Cueva de Nerja, C/Minerva, 7 edif. Zeus n°3, 18014 Granada, Spain.
| | - Paloma Cariñanos
- Department of Botany, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA), Edf. CEAMA, University of Granada, Av. del Mediterráneo s/n, 18006 Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Herrero
- Fluvial Dynamics and Hydrology Research Group, Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA), University of Córdoba, Rabanales Campus, Leonardo da Vinci Building, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - María M Ramos-Lorente
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Av. de la Ilustración n°60, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Van Dijk H, Hautekèete NC. Evidence of genetic change in the flowering phenology of sea beets along a latitudinal cline within two decades. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1572-81. [PMID: 24835689 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Sea beets grown from seeds collected in 1989 and 2009 along the coasts of France and adjacent regions were compared for flowering date under controlled conditions. Seeds from both collection years were sown simultaneously and cultivated under the same glasshouse conditions. Date of flowering onset and year of first flowering were recorded. There was an overall northward shift in flowering time of about 0.35° latitude (i.e. 39 km) over the 20-year period. The southern portion of the latitudinal gradient--that is, from 44.7°N to 47.28°N--flowered significantly later by a mean of 1.78 days, equivalent to a 43.2-km northward shift of phenotypes. In the northern latitudes between 48.6°N and 52°N, flowering date was significantly earlier by a mean of 4.04 days, corresponding to a mean northward shift of 104.9 km, and this shift was apparently due to a diminished requirement of exposure to cold temperatures (i.e. vernalization), for which we found direct and indirect evidence. As all plants were grown from seed under identical conditions, we conclude that genetic changes occurred in the sensitivity to environmental cues that mediate the onset of flowering in both the northern and the southern latitudes of the gradient. Microevolution and gene flow may have contributed to this change. There was no significant change in the frequency of plants that flowered without vernalization. The lack of vernalization requirement may be associated with environmental instability rather than with climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Van Dijk
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Evolution des Populations Végétales, UMR CNRS 8198, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille - Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Preston JC, Sandve SR. Adaptation to seasonality and the winter freeze. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:167. [PMID: 23761798 PMCID: PMC3669742 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flowering plants initially diversified during the Mesozoic era at least 140 million years ago in regions of the world where temperate seasonal environments were not encountered. Since then several cooling events resulted in the contraction of warm and wet environments and the establishment of novel temperate zones in both hemispheres. In response, less than half of modern angiosperm families have members that evolved specific adaptations to cold seasonal climates, including cold acclimation, freezing tolerance, endodormancy, and vernalization responsiveness. Despite compelling evidence for multiple independent origins, the level of genetic constraint on the evolution of adaptations to seasonal cold is not well understood. However, the recent increase in molecular genetic studies examining the response of model and crop species to seasonal cold offers new insight into the evolutionary lability of these traits. This insight has major implications for our understanding of complex trait evolution, and the potential role of local adaptation in response to past and future climate change. In this review, we discuss the biochemical, morphological, and developmental basis of adaptations to seasonal cold, and synthesize recent literature on the genetic basis of these traits in a phylogenomic context. We find evidence for multiple genetic links between distinct physiological responses to cold, possibly reinforcing the coordinated expression of these traits. Furthermore, repeated recruitment of the same or similar ancestral pathways suggests that land plants might be somewhat pre-adapted to dealing with temperature stress, perhaps making inducible cold traits relatively easy to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill C. Preston
- Department of Plant Biology, University of VermontBurlington, VT, USA
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Quilot-Turion B, Leppälä J, Leinonen PH, Waldmann P, Savolainen O, Kuittinen H. Genetic changes in flowering and morphology in response to adaptation to a high-latitude environment in Arabidopsis lyrata. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:957-68. [PMID: 23519836 PMCID: PMC3631339 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The adaptive plastic reactions of plant populations to changing climatic factors, such as winter temperatures and photoperiod, have changed during range shifts after the last glaciation. Timing of flowering is an adaptive trait regulated by environmental cues. Its genetics has been intensively studied in annual plants, but in perennials it is currently not well characterized. This study examined the genetic basis of differentiation in flowering time, morphology, and their plastic responses to vernalization in two locally adapted populations of the perennial Arabidopsis lyrata: (1) to determine whether the two populations differ in their vernalization responses for flowering phenology and morphology; and (2) to determine the genomic areas governing differentiation and vernalization responses. METHODS Two A. lyrata populations, from central Europe and Scandinavia, were grown in growth-chamber conditions with and without cold treatment. A QTL analysis was performed to find genomic regions that interact with vernalization. KEY RESULTS The population from central Europe flowered more rapidly and invested more in inflorescence growth than the population from alpine Scandinavia, especially after vernalization. The alpine population had consistently a low number of inflorescences and few flowers, suggesting strong constraints due to a short growing season, but instead had longer leaves and higher leaf rosettes. QTL mapping in the F2 population revealed genomic regions governing differentiation in flowering time and morphology and, in some cases, the allelic effects from the two populations on a trait were influenced by vernalization (QTL × vernalization interactions). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that many potentially adaptive genetic changes have occurred during colonization; the two populations have diverged in their plastic responses to vernalization in traits closely connected to fitness through changes in many genomic areas.
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Li XF, Jia LY, Xu J, Deng XJ, Wang Y, Zhang W, Zhang XP, Fang Q, Zhang DM, Sun Y, Xu L. FT-like NFT1 gene may play a role in flower transition induced by heat accumulation in Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:270-81. [PMID: 23303875 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The low-temperature flowering-response pathway, used as an inductive stimulus to induce flowering in plant species from temperate regions in response to cold temperature, has been extensively studied. However, limited information is available on the flower transition of several bulbous species, which require high temperature for flower differentiation. Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis (Chinese narcissus) exhibits a 2 year juvenile phase, and flower initiation within its bulbs occurs during summer dormancy. The genetic factors that control flower initiation are mostly unknown in Chinese narcissus. In the present study, we found that a high storage temperature is necessary for flower initiation. Flower initiation was advanced in bulbs previously exposed to extended high temperature. The heat accumulation required for flower transition was also determined. High temperature treatment rescued the low flower percentage resulting from short storage duration under natural conditions. In addition, extended high storage temperature was found to increase the flowering percentage of 2-year-old plants, which can be applied in breeding. Narcissus FLOWERING LOCUS T1 (NFT1), a homolog of the Arabidopsis thaliana gene FLOWERING LOCUS T, was isolated in this study. NFT1 transcripts were abundant during flower initiation in mature bulbs and were up-regulated by high temperature. The genetic experiments, coupled with an expression profiling assay, suggest that NFT1 possibly takes part in flower transition control in response to high temperature.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Flowers/genetics
- Flowers/growth & development
- Flowers/ultrastructure
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant
- Hot Temperature
- Meristem/genetics
- Meristem/metabolism
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Narcissus/anatomy & histology
- Narcissus/genetics
- Narcissus/growth & development
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/growth & development
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Species Specificity
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fang Li
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, PR China
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Kemi U, Niittyvuopio A, Toivainen T, Pasanen A, Quilot-Turion B, Holm K, Lagercrantz U, Savolainen O, Kuittinen H. Role of vernalization and of duplicated FLOWERING LOCUS C in the perennial Arabidopsis lyrata. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:323-335. [PMID: 23106477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) is one of the main genes influencing the vernalization requirement and natural flowering time variation in the annual Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we studied the effects of vernalization on flowering and its genetic basis in the perennial Arabidopsis lyrata. Two tandemly duplicated FLC genes (FLC1 and FLC2) were compared with respect to expression and DNA sequence. The effect of vernalization on flowering and on the expression of FLC1 was studied in three European populations. The genetic basis of the FLC1 expression difference between two of the populations was further studied by expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping and sequence analysis. FLC1 was shown to have a likely role in the vernalization requirement for flowering in A. lyrata. Vernalization decreased its expression and the northern study populations showed higher FLC1 expression than the southern one. eQTL mapping between two of the populations revealed one eQTL affecting FLC1 expression in the genomic region containing the FLC genes. Most FLC1 sequence differences between the study populations were found in the promoter region and in the first intron. Variation in the FLC1 sequence may cause differences in FLC1 expression between late- and early-flowering A. lyrata populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Kemi
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FIN-90401, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anne Niittyvuopio
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FIN-90401, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomas Toivainen
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FIN-90401, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anu Pasanen
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FIN-90401, Oulu, Finland
| | - Bénédicte Quilot-Turion
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FIN-90401, Oulu, Finland
- INRA, UR1052 Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, F-84143, Montfavet, France
| | - Karl Holm
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752, 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Lagercrantz
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752, 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Outi Savolainen
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FIN-90401, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Helmi Kuittinen
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FIN-90401, Oulu, Finland
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Casao MC, Karsai I, Igartua E, Gracia MP, Veisz O, Casas AM. Adaptation of barley to mild winters: a role for PPDH2. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:164. [PMID: 22098798 PMCID: PMC3226555 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the adaptation of cereals to environmental conditions is one of the key areas in which plant science can contribute to tackling challenges presented by climate change. Temperature and day length are the main environmental regulators of flowering and drivers of adaptation in temperate cereals. The major genes that control flowering time in barley in response to environmental cues are VRNH1, VRNH2, VRNH3, PPDH1, and PPDH2 (candidate gene HvFT3). These genes from the vernalization and photoperiod pathways show complex interactions to promote flowering that are still not understood fully. In particular, PPDH2 function is assumed to be limited to the ability of a short photoperiod to promote flowering. Evidence from the fields of biodiversity, ecogeography, agronomy, and molecular genetics was combined to obtain a more complete overview of the potential role of PPDH2 in environmental adaptation in barley. RESULTS The dominant PPDH2 allele is represented widely in spring barley cultivars but is found only occasionally in modern winter cultivars that have strong vernalization requirements. However, old landraces from the Iberian Peninsula, which also have a vernalization requirement, possess this allele at a much higher frequency than modern winter barley cultivars. Under field conditions in which the vernalization requirement of winter cultivars is not satisfied, the dominant PPDH2 allele promotes flowering, even under increasing photoperiods above 12 h. This hypothesis was supported by expression analysis of vernalization-responsive genotypes. When the dominant allele of PPDH2 was expressed, this was associated with enhanced levels of VRNH1 and VRNH3 expression. Expression of these two genes is needed for the induction of flowering. Therefore, both in the field and under controlled conditions, PPDH2 has an effect of promotion of flowering. CONCLUSIONS The dominant, ancestral, allele of PPDH2 is prevalent in southern European barley germplasm. The presence of the dominant allele is associated with early expression of VRNH1 and early flowering. We propose that PPDH2 promotes flowering of winter cultivars under all non-inductive conditions, i.e. under short days or long days in plants that have not satisfied their vernalization requirement. This mechanism is indicated to be a component of an adaptation syndrome of barley to Mediterranean conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cristina Casao
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Aula Dei Experimental Station, EEAD-CSIC, Avda. Montañana 1005, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ildiko Karsai
- Agricultural Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, ARI-HAS, 2462 Martonvásár, Brunszvik u. 2, Hungary
| | - Ernesto Igartua
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Aula Dei Experimental Station, EEAD-CSIC, Avda. Montañana 1005, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Pilar Gracia
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Aula Dei Experimental Station, EEAD-CSIC, Avda. Montañana 1005, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Otto Veisz
- Agricultural Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, ARI-HAS, 2462 Martonvásár, Brunszvik u. 2, Hungary
| | - Ana M Casas
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Aula Dei Experimental Station, EEAD-CSIC, Avda. Montañana 1005, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
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Fortescue JA, Turner DW, Romero R. Evidence that banana (Musa spp.), a tropical monocotyledon, has a facultative long-day response to photoperiod. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2011; 38:867-878. [PMID: 32480944 DOI: 10.1071/fp11128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) may flower at any time of the year but they show seasonal variation in flowering. To determine whether photoperiod contributed to this seasonal variation, we calculated the thermal development units (DT) from planting to bunch appearance (flowering) using data from published planting date experiments in the tropics and subtropics. Minimising the coefficient of variation in DT across planting dates was used to evaluate the contribution of photoperiod and soil water balance to time of flowering. Coefficients evaluating sensitivity to photoperiod were estimated in some datasets and validated on independent datasets. Data on the rate of bunch appearance from four locations over several years were analysed to establish correlations between this, photoperiod and temperature. The time of bunch initiation was matched against photoperiod to determine whether short photoperiods delayed bunch initiation. Long photoperiods in the mid-vegetative phase hastened flowering while soil water deficits delayed it. Cultivars of the Cavendish subgroup (AAA) were more sensitive to photoperiod than the Maricongo cultivar (False Horn-type plantain, AAB). Long photoperiods during the reproductive phase were correlated with an increased rate of bunch appearance some 8 to 11 weeks later. Musa spp. show a facultative long-day response to photoperiod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanie A Fortescue
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - David W Turner
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ronald Romero
- Chiquita Brands, PO Box 633-6150, Santa Ana, San José, Costa Rica
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12
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Greenup AG, Sasani S, Oliver SN, Walford SA, Millar AA, Trevaskis B. Transcriptome analysis of the vernalization response in barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedlings. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17900. [PMID: 21408015 PMCID: PMC3052371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperate cereals, such as wheat (Triticum spp.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), respond to prolonged cold by becoming more tolerant of freezing (cold acclimation) and by becoming competent to flower (vernalization). These responses occur concomitantly during winter, but vernalization continues to influence development during spring. Previous studies identified VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) as a master regulator of the vernalization response in cereals. The extent to which other genes contribute to this process is unclear. In this study the Barley1 Affymetrix chip was used to assay gene expression in barley seedlings during short or prolonged cold treatment. Gene expression was also assayed in the leaves of plants after prolonged cold treatment, in order to identify genes that show lasting responses to prolonged cold, which might contribute to vernalization-induced flowering. Many genes showed altered expression in response to short or prolonged cold treatment, but these responses differed markedly. A limited number of genes showed lasting responses to prolonged cold treatment. These include genes known to be regulated by vernalization, such as VRN1 and ODDSOC2, and also contigs encoding a calcium binding protein, 23-KD jasmonate induced proteins, an RNase S-like protein, a PR17d secretory protein and a serine acetyltransferase. Some contigs that were up-regulated by short term cold also showed lasting changes in expression after prolonged cold treatment. These include COLD REGULATED 14B (COR14B) and the barley homologue of WHEAT COLD SPECIFIC 19 (WSC19), which were expressed at elevated levels after prolonged cold. Conversely, two C-REPEAT BINDING FACTOR (CBF) genes showed reduced expression after prolonged cold. Overall, these data show that a limited number of barley genes exhibit lasting changes in expression after prolonged cold treatment, highlighting the central role of VRN1 in the vernalization response in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron G. Greenup
- Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Sharyar Sasani
- Department of Cereals Research, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sandra N. Oliver
- Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Sally A. Walford
- Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Anthony A. Millar
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ben Trevaskis
- Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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13
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Hemming MN, Trevaskis B. Make hay when the sun shines: the role of MADS-box genes in temperature-dependant seasonal flowering responses. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 180:447-53. [PMID: 21421391 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
MADS-box transcription factors specify plant meristem identity. In doing so, they determine when floral organs are produced at the shoot apex and control the timing of flowering. The transcriptional activity of key MADS-box genes is controlled by temperature in many plants, and this synchronises flowering with changing seasons. Here we review how seasonal temperature variation influences the developmental programme of plants via transcriptional regulation of MADS-box genes. In particular we examine the role of MADS-box genes in regulating the acceleration of flowering by vernalization (prolonged periods of cold), using FLOWERING LOCUS C of Arabidopsis and VERNALIZATION1 of cereals as examples. A potential role for SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE-like genes in controlling winter bud dormancy is also examined, as are potential roles for MADS-box genes in regulating developmental responses to elevated growth temperatures. We conclude that understanding how temperature regulates the transcription of MADS-box genes provides insight into how seasonal fluctuations in temperature influence plant development. Plant breeders may be able to use natural variation in temperature-responsive MADS-box genes to breed future crop varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan N Hemming
- CSIRO Division of Plant Industry, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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