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Guzmán-Ardiles RE, Pegoraro C, da Maia LC, Costa de Oliveira A. Genetic changes in the genus Vitis and the domestication of vine. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1019311. [PMID: 36926258 PMCID: PMC10011507 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1019311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The genus Vitis belongs to the Vitaceae family and is divided into two subgenera: Muscadinia and Vitis, the main difference between these subgenera being the number of chromosomes. There are many hypotheses about the origin of the genus, which have been formed with archaeological studies and lately with molecular analyses. Even though there is no consensus on the place of origin, these studies have shown that grapes have been used by man since ancient times, starting later on its domestication. Most studies point to the Near East and Greece as the beginning of domestication, current research suggests it took place in parallel in different sites, but in all cases Vitis vinifera (L.) subsp. sylvestris [Vitis vinifera (L.) subsp. sylvestris (Gmelin) Hagi] seems to be the species chosen by our ancestors to give rise to the now known Vitis vinifera (L.) subsp. vinifera [=sativa (Hegi)= caucasica (Vavilov)]. Its evolution and expansion into other territories followed the formation of new empires and their expansion, and this is where the historical importance of this crop lies. In this process, plants with hermaphrodite flowers were preferentially selected, with firmer, sweeter, larger fruits of different colors, thus favoring the selection of genes associated with these traits, also resulting in a change in seed morphology. Currently, genetic improvement programs have made use of wild species for the introgression of disease resistance genes and tolerance to diverse soil and climate environments. In addition, the mapping of genes of interest, both linked to agronomic and fruit quality traits, has allowed the use of molecular markers for assisted selection. Information on the domestication process and genetic resources help to understand the gene pool available for the development of cultivars that respond to producer and consumer requirements.
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Jež-Krebelj A, Rupnik-Cigoj M, Stele M, Chersicola M, Pompe-Novak M, Sivilotti P. The Physiological Impact of GFLV Virus Infection on Grapevine Water Status: First Observations. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11020161. [PMID: 35050050 PMCID: PMC8780503 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In a vineyard, grapevines are simultaneously exposed to combinations of several abiotic (drought, extreme temperatures, salinity) and biotic stresses (phytoplasmas, viruses, bacteria). With climate change, the incidences of drought in vine growing regions are increased and the host range of pathogens with increased chances of virulent strain development has expanded. Therefore, we studied the impact of the combination of abiotic (drought) and biotic (Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) infection) stress on physiological and molecular responses on the grapevine of cv. Schioppettino by studying the influence of drought and GFLV infection on plant water status of grapevines, on grapevine xylem vessel occlusion, and on expression patterns of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 1 (NCED1), 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 2 (NCED2), WRKY encoding transcription factor (WRKY54) and RD22-like protein (RD22) genes in grapevines. A complex response of grapevine to the combination of drought and GFLV infection was shown, including priming in the case of grapevine water status, net effect in the case of area of occluded vessels in xylem, and different types of interaction of both stresses in the case of expression of four abscisic acid-related genes. Our results showed that mild (but not severe) water stress can be better sustained by GFLV infection rather than by healthy vines. GFLV proved to improve the resilience of the plants to water stress, which is an important outcome to cope with the challenges of global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastazija Jež-Krebelj
- School for Viticulture and Enology, University of Nova Gorica (UNG), Glavni trg 8, 5271 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; (M.R.-C.); (M.P.-N.); (P.S.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology (NIB), Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.S.); (M.C.)
- Regional Development Agency of Northern Primorska Ltd. Nova Gorica (RRA SP), Trg Edvarda Kardelja 3, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
- Department of Fruit Growing, Viticulture and Oenology, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia (KIS), Hacquetova Ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
| | - Maja Rupnik-Cigoj
- School for Viticulture and Enology, University of Nova Gorica (UNG), Glavni trg 8, 5271 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; (M.R.-C.); (M.P.-N.); (P.S.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology (NIB), Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.S.); (M.C.)
- Regional Development Agency of Northern Primorska Ltd. Nova Gorica (RRA SP), Trg Edvarda Kardelja 3, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Marija Stele
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology (NIB), Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Marko Chersicola
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology (NIB), Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Maruša Pompe-Novak
- School for Viticulture and Enology, University of Nova Gorica (UNG), Glavni trg 8, 5271 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; (M.R.-C.); (M.P.-N.); (P.S.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology (NIB), Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Paolo Sivilotti
- School for Viticulture and Enology, University of Nova Gorica (UNG), Glavni trg 8, 5271 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; (M.R.-C.); (M.P.-N.); (P.S.)
- Department of AgriFood, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via Palladio 8, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Rienth M, Vigneron N, Walker RP, Castellarin SD, Sweetman C, Burbidge CA, Bonghi C, Famiani F, Darriet P. Modifications of Grapevine Berry Composition Induced by Main Viral and Fungal Pathogens in a Climate Change Scenario. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:717223. [PMID: 34956249 PMCID: PMC8693719 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.717223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The grapevine is subject to high number of fungal and viral diseases, which are responsible for important economic losses in the global wine sector every year. These pathogens deteriorate grapevine berry quality either directly via the modulation of fruit metabolic pathways and the production of endogenous compounds associated with bad taste and/or flavor, or indirectly via their impact on vine physiology. The most common and devastating fungal diseases in viticulture are gray mold, downy mildew (DM), and powdery mildew (PM), caused, respectively by Botrytis cinerea, Plasmopara viticola, and Erysiphe necator. Whereas B. cinerea mainly infects and deteriorates the ripening fruit directly, deteriorations by DM and PM are mostly indirect via a reduction of photosynthetic leaf area. Nevertheless, mildews can also infect berries at certain developmental stages and directly alter fruit quality via the biosynthesis of unpleasant flavor compounds that impair ultimate wine quality. The grapevine is furthermore host of a wide range of viruses that reduce vine longevity, productivity and berry quality in different ways. The most widespread virus-related diseases, that are known nowadays, are Grapevine Leafroll Disease (GLRD), Grapevine Fanleaf Disease (GFLD), and the more recently characterized grapevine red blotch disease (GRBD). Future climatic conditions are creating a more favorable environment for the proliferation of most virus-insect vectors, so the spread of virus-related diseases is expected to increase in most wine-growing regions. However, the impact of climate change on the evolution of fungal disease pressure will be variable and depending on region and pathogen, with mildews remaining certainly the major phytosanitary threat in most regions because their development rate is to a large extent temperature-driven. This paper aims to provide a review of published literature on most important grapevine fungal and viral pathogens and their impact on grape berry physiology and quality. Our overview of the published literature highlights gaps in our understanding of plant-pathogen interactions, which are valuable for conceiving future research programs dealing with the different pathogens and their impacts on grapevine berry quality and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rienth
- Changins College for Viticulture and Oenology, University of Sciences and Art Western Switzerland, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Vigneron
- Changins College for Viticulture and Oenology, University of Sciences and Art Western Switzerland, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Robert P. Walker
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Simone Diego Castellarin
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Crystal Sweetman
- College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Crista A. Burbidge
- School of Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Claudio Bonghi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova Agripolis, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Philippe Darriet
- Univ. Bordeaux, Unité de recherche Œnologie EA 4577, USC 1366 INRAE, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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