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Sineshchekov VA. Two Distinct Molecular Types of Phytochrome A in Plants: Evidence of Existence and Implications for Functioning. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098139. [PMID: 37175844 PMCID: PMC10179679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochrome (phy) system in plants comprising a small number of phytochromes with phyA and phyB as major ones is responsible for acquiring light information in the red-far-red region of the solar spectrum. It provides optimal strategy for plant development under changing light conditions throughout all its life cycle beginning from seed germination and seedling establishment to fruiting and plant senescence. The phyA was shown to participate in the regulation of this cycle which is especially evident at its early stages. It mediates three modes of reactions-the very low and low fluence responses (VLFR and LFR) and the high irradiance responses (HIR). The phyA is the sole light receptor in the far-red spectral region responsible for plant's survival under a dense plant canopy where light is enriched with the far-red component. Its appearance is believed to be one of the main factors of plants' successful evolution. So far, it is widely accepted that one molecular phyA species is responsible for its complex functional manifestations. In this review, the evidence of the existence of two distinct phyA types-major, light-labile and soluble phyA' and minor, relatively light-stable and amphiphilic phyA″-is presented as what may account for the diverse modes of phyA action.
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Sineshchekov VA. Two Distinct Molecular Types of Phytochrome A in Plants: Evidence of Existence and Implications for Functioning. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8139. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochrome (phy) system in plants comprising a small number of phytochromes with phyA and phyB as major ones is responsible for acquiring light information in the red—far-red region of the solar spectrum. It provides optimal strategy for plant development under changing light conditions throughout all its life cycle beginning from seed germination and seedling establishment to fruiting and plant senescence. The phyA was shown to participate in the regulation of this cycle which is especially evident at its early stages. It mediates three modes of reactions—the very low and low fluence responses (VLFR and LFR) and the high irradiance responses (HIR). The phyA is the sole light receptor in the far-red spectral region responsible for plant’s survival under a dense plant canopy where light is enriched with the far-red component. Its appearance is believed to be one of the main factors of plants′ successful evolution. So far, it is widely accepted that one molecular phyA species is responsible for its complex functional manifestations. In this review, the evidence of the existence of two distinct phyA types—major, light-labile and soluble phyA′ and minor, relatively light-stable and amphiphilic phyA″—is presented as what may account for the diverse modes of phyA action.
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Phytochrome A in plants comprises two structurally and functionally distinct populations — water-soluble phyA′ and amphiphilic phyA″. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:905-921. [DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-00974-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Sineshchekov V, Shor E, Koppel L. The phosphatase/kinase balance affects phytochrome A and its native pools, phyA′ and phyA″, in etiolated maize roots: evidence from the induction of phyA′ destruction by a protein phosphatase inhibitor sodium fluoride. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1429-1437. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1007/s43630-021-00110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
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Sineshchekov V, Shor E, Koppel L. The phosphatase/kinase balance affects phytochrome A and its native pools, phyA' and phyA″, in etiolated maize roots: evidence from the induction of phyA' destruction by a protein phosphatase inhibitor sodium fluoride. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1429-1437. [PMID: 34586621 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phytochrome A (phyA) comprises two native types, phyA' and phyA″, with distinct spectroscopic, photochemical, and functional properties, differing at the N-terminal extension, probably, by the state of phosphorylation. To find out if and how protein phosphatases (PP) affect the state of the phyA species in planta, we studied the effect of the non-specific phosphatase inhibitor NaF on etiolated maize seedlings with the use of low-temperature fluorescence spectroscopy and photochemistry. In roots, phosphatase inhibition facilitated photoreceptor destruction in its labile phyA' form and shifted the phyA'/phyA″ ratio towards the more stable phyA″. The effect of NaF was not observed in stems. It was similar, though less pronounced, in comparison to the effects of the serine/threonine PP inhibitors, okadaic and cantharidic acids (OA and CA), which likewise facilitate the destruction of phyA' in etiolated maize stems, not, however, in roots (Sineshchekov et al., Photochem. Photobiol 89:83-96, 2013). The phyA'/phyA″ balance thus depends on the kinase/phosphatase equilibrium in the root cells. The relatively low effect of NaF on phyA in roots, together with the lack of the effect of OA and CA in them, may imply that the mechanism controlling the phyA'/phyA″ balance in roots can be different from that in shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Sineshchekov
- Biology Department, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina Shor
- Biology Department, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899, Russia
- Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Larissa Koppel
- Biology Department, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899, Russia
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Sineshchekov V, Koppel L, Riemann M, Nick P. Phytochrome A and its Functional Manifestations in Etiolated and Far‐red Light‐grown Seedlings of the Wild‐type Rice and its Hebiba and Cpm2 Mutants Deficient in the Defense‐related Phytohormone Jasmonic Acid. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:335-342. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1111/php.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
AbstractInteraction between phytochromes and hormones is becoming one of the major issues in plant photophysiology. In this work, effects of defense‐related jasmonic acid (JA) on phytochrome A (phyA) were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy making use of two JA biosynthesis mutants of rice: cpm2 with the inactivated gene allene oxide cyclase and hebiba with additional genes deleted. Constant far‐red light (FRc) mediated by phyA reduced its content in the wild type (WT) and mutants, and brought about domination of its light‐stable pool (phyA″) in WT and light‐labile pool (phyA′) in the mutants. Pulsed FRp was much less effective. This FR effect classifies as primarily HIR with a low fluence threshold; it comprises inhibition of phyA biosynthesis, stimulation of phyA″→phyA′ transformation and phyA′ destruction. In the mutants, phyA suppresses [Pchlide] under FRp (VLFR) and stimulates it under FRc (HIR); these effects are lacking in WT. Similarly, phyA suppresses roots'growth under FRp in the mutants but not in WT. These JA mutant features suggest that JA reduces the phyA functional activity primarily in its phyA″ form mediating HIR. This modulating JA action on phyA functions under FR limiting their extreme manifestations may have contributed to the evolutionary advances of the land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Sineshchekov
- Biology Department of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow 119899 Russia
| | - Larissa Koppel
- Biology Department of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow 119899 Russia
| | - Michael Riemann
- Botanical Institute 1 University of Karlsruhe Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Botanical Institute 1 University of Karlsruhe Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
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Sineshchekov V, Koppel L, Riemann M, Nick P. Phytochrome A and its Functional Manifestations in Etiolated and Far-red Light-grown Seedlings of the Wild-type Rice and its Hebiba and Cpm2 Mutants Deficient in the Defense-related Phytohormone Jasmonic Acid. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 97:335-342. [PMID: 33090519 DOI: 10.1111/php.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interaction between phytochromes and hormones is becoming one of the major issues in plant photophysiology. In this work, effects of defense-related jasmonic acid (JA) on phytochrome A (phyA) were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy making use of two JA biosynthesis mutants of rice: cpm2 with the inactivated gene allene oxide cyclase and hebiba with additional genes deleted. Constant far-red light (FRc) mediated by phyA reduced its content in the wild type (WT) and mutants, and brought about domination of its light-stable pool (phyA″) in WT and light-labile pool (phyA') in the mutants. Pulsed FRp was much less effective. This FR effect classifies as primarily HIR with a low fluence threshold; it comprises inhibition of phyA biosynthesis, stimulation of phyA″→phyA' transformation and phyA' destruction. In the mutants, phyA suppresses [Pchlide] under FRp (VLFR) and stimulates it under FRc (HIR); these effects are lacking in WT. Similarly, phyA suppresses roots'growth under FRp in the mutants but not in WT. These JA mutant features suggest that JA reduces the phyA functional activity primarily in its phyA″ form mediating HIR. This modulating JA action on phyA functions under FR limiting their extreme manifestations may have contributed to the evolutionary advances of the land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Sineshchekov
- Biology Department of the M. V. Lomonosov, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899, Russia
| | - Larissa Koppel
- Biology Department of the M. V. Lomonosov, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899, Russia
| | - Michael Riemann
- Botanical Institute 1, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Botanical Institute 1, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
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Sineshchekov VA, Bekasova OD. Two Distinct Photoprocesses in Cyanobacterial Bilin Pigments: Energy Migration in Light‐Harvesting Phycobiliproteins versus Photoisomerization in Phytochromes. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:750-767. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1111/php.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis, respiration and photoperception are connected with the appearance of cyanobacteria. The key compounds, which are involved in these processes, are tetrapyrroles: open chain — bilins and cyclic — chlorophylls and heme. The latter are characterized by their covalent bond with the apoprotein resulting in the formation of biliproteins. This type of photoreceptors is unique in that it can perform important and opposite functions—light‐harvesting in photosynthesis with the participation of phycobiliproteins and photoperception mediated by phycochromes and phytochromes. In this review, cyanobacterial phycobiliproteins and phytochrome Cph1 are considered from a comparative point of view. Structural features of these pigments, which provide their contrasting photophysical and photochemical characteristics, are analyzed. The determining factor in the case of energy migration with the participation of phycobiliproteins is blocking the torsional relaxations of the chromophore, its D‐ring, in the excited state and their freedom, in the case of phytochrome photoisomerization. From the energetics point of view, this distinction is preconditioned by the height of the activation barrier for the photoreaction and relaxation in the excited state, which depends on the degree of the chromophore fixation by its protein surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga D. Bekasova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry Fundamentals of Biotechnology Federal Research Centre Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
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Sineshchekov VA, Bekasova OD. Two Distinct Photoprocesses in Cyanobacterial Bilin Pigments: Energy Migration in Light-Harvesting Phycobiliproteins versus Photoisomerization in Phytochromes. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 96:750-767. [PMID: 31869438 DOI: 10.1111/php.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis, respiration and photoperception are connected with the appearance of cyanobacteria. The key compounds, which are involved in these processes, are tetrapyrroles: open chain - bilins and cyclic - chlorophylls and heme. The latter are characterized by their covalent bond with the apoprotein resulting in the formation of biliproteins. This type of photoreceptors is unique in that it can perform important and opposite functions-light-harvesting in photosynthesis with the participation of phycobiliproteins and photoperception mediated by phycochromes and phytochromes. In this review, cyanobacterial phycobiliproteins and phytochrome Cph1 are considered from a comparative point of view. Structural features of these pigments, which provide their contrasting photophysical and photochemical characteristics, are analyzed. The determining factor in the case of energy migration with the participation of phycobiliproteins is blocking the torsional relaxations of the chromophore, its D-ring, in the excited state and their freedom, in the case of phytochrome photoisomerization. From the energetics point of view, this distinction is preconditioned by the height of the activation barrier for the photoreaction and relaxation in the excited state, which depends on the degree of the chromophore fixation by its protein surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga D Bekasova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Fundamentals of Biotechnology Federal Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Sineshchekov VA, Belyaeva OB. Regulation of Chlorophyll Biogenesis by Phytochrome A. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:491-508. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919050043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Sineshchekov VA, Belyaeva OB. Regulation of Chlorophyll Biogenesis by Phytochrome A. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:491-508. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1134/s0006297919050043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
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Sineshchekov V, Koppel L, Kim JI. The dephosphorylated S8A and S18A mutants of (oat) phytochrome A comprise its two species, phyA’ and phyA’’, suggesting that autophosphorylation at these sites is not involved in the phyA differentiation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1242-1248. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1039/c8pp00574e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
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Sineshchekov V, Koppel L, Kim JI. The dephosphorylated S8A and S18A mutants of (oat) phytochrome A comprise its two species, phyA′ and phyA′′, suggesting that autophosphorylation at these sites is not involved in the phyA differentiation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1242-1248. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00574e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Modification of phytochrome A at the N-terminus yields its two types, phyA′ and phyA′′. This work excludes the known (oat) phyA autophosphorylation at serine 8 and serine 18 as its possible mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Sineshchekov
- Biology Department
- M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Moscow 119234
- Russia
| | - L. Koppel
- Biology Department
- M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Moscow 119234
- Russia
| | - J.-I. Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory
- Chonnam National University
- Gwangju 61186
- Republic of Korea
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