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McCarthy JS, Brown KE, King CK, Nielsen UN, Plaisted K, Wallace SMN, Reichman SM. Population growth of two limno-terrestrial Antarctic microinvertebrates in different aqueous soil media. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:33086-33097. [PMID: 38676867 PMCID: PMC11133119 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32905-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Terrestrial microinvertebrates provide important carbon and nutrient cycling roles in soil environments, particularly in Antarctica where larger macroinvertebrates are absent. The environmental preferences and ecology of rotifers and tardigrades in terrestrial environments, including in Antarctica, are not as well understood as their temperate aquatic counterparts. Developing laboratory cultures is critical to provide adequate numbers of individuals for controlled laboratory experimentation. In this study, we explore aspects of optimising laboratory culturing for two terrestrially sourced Antarctic microinvertebrates, a rotifer (Habrotrocha sp.) and a tardigrade (Acutuncus antarcticus). We tested a soil elutriate and a balanced salt solution (BSS) to determine their suitability as culturing media. Substantial population growth of rotifers and tardigrades was observed in both media, with mean rotifer population size increasing from 5 to 448 ± 95 (soil elutriate) and 274 ± 78 (BSS) individuals over 60 days and mean tardigrade population size increasing from 5 to 187 ± 65 (soil elutriate) and 138 ± 37 (BSS) over 160 days. We also tested for optimal dilution of soil elutriate in rotifer cultures, with 20-80% dilutions producing the largest population growth with the least variation in the 40% dilution after 36 days. Culturing methods developed in this study are recommended for use with Antarctica microinvertebrates and may be suitable for similar limno-terrestrial microinvertebrates from other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S McCarthy
- Centre for Anthropogenic Pollution Impact and Management (CAPIM), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Kathryn E Brown
- Environmental Stewardship Program, Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia
| | - Catherine K King
- Environmental Stewardship Program, Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia
| | - Uffe N Nielsen
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2750, Australia
| | - Katie Plaisted
- Centre for Anthropogenic Pollution Impact and Management (CAPIM), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Stephanie M N Wallace
- Centre for Anthropogenic Pollution Impact and Management (CAPIM), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Suzie M Reichman
- Centre for Anthropogenic Pollution Impact and Management (CAPIM), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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2
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Giovannini I, Manfrin C, Greco S, Vincenzi J, Altiero T, Guidetti R, Giulianini P, Rebecchi L. Increasing temperature-driven changes in life history traits and gene expression of an Antarctic tardigrade species. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1258932. [PMID: 37766751 PMCID: PMC10520964 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1258932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Antarctic region has been experiencing some of the planet's strongest climatic changes, including an expected increase of the land temperature. The potential effects of this warming trend will lead ecosystems to a risk of losing biodiversity. Antarctic mosses and lichens host different microbial groups, micro-arthropods and meiofaunal organisms (e.g., tardigrades, rotifers). The eutardigrade Acutuncus antarcticus is considered a model animal to study the effect of increasing temperature due to global warming on Antarctic terrestrial communities. In this study, life history traits and fitness of this species are analyzed by rearing specimens at two different and increasing temperatures (5°C vs. 15°C). Moreover, the first transcriptome analysis on A. antarcticus is performed, exposing adult animals to a gradual increase of temperature (5°C, 10°C, 15°C, and 20°C) to find differentially expressed genes under short- (1 day) and long-term (15 days) heat stress. Acutuncus antarcticus specimens reared at 5°C live longer (maximum life span: 686 days), reach sexual maturity later, lay more eggs (which hatch in longer time and in lower percentage) compared with animals reared at 15°C. The fitness decreases in animals belonging to the second generation at both rearing temperatures. The short-term heat exposure leads to significant changes at transcriptomic level, with 67 differentially expressed genes. Of these, 23 upregulated genes suggest alterations of mitochondrial activity and oxido-reductive processes, and two intrinsically disordered protein genes confirm their role to cope with heat stress. The long-term exposure induces alterations limited to 14 genes, and only one annotated gene is upregulated in response to both heat stresses. The decline in transcriptomic response after a long-term exposure indicates that the changes observed in the short-term are likely due to an acclimation response. Therefore, A. antarcticus could be able to cope with increasing temperature over time, including the future conditions imposed by global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Giovannini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Manfrin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Samuele Greco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Joel Vincenzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Tiziana Altiero
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Education and Humanities, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Roberto Guidetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Piero Giulianini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorena Rebecchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
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3
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Gąsiorek P. Eventually tested: Phylogenetic position of “Testechiniscus” meridionalis (Murray, 1906) (Heterotardigrada) revealed. ZOOL ANZ 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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4
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Vecchi M, Tsvetkova A, Stec D, Ferrari C, Calhim S, Tumanov D. Expanding Acutuncus: Phylogenetics and morphological analyses reveal a considerably wider distribution for this tardigrade genus. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 180:107707. [PMID: 36681365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The tardigrade genus Acutuncus has been long thought to be an Antarctic endemism, well adapted to this harsh environment. The Antarctic endemicity of Acutuncus was recently dispelled with the description of Acutuncus mariae Zawierucha, 2020 found in the Svalbard archipelago. The integrated analyses on two newly found Acutuncus populations from UK and Italy, and a population of Acutuncus antarcticus found close to its type locality allowed us to expand the climatic and geographic range of the genus Acutuncus. These findings also allowed us to re-evaluate the morphological diagnoses of Acutuncus and accommodate it in the newly proposed monotypic family Acutuncidae fam. nov. Two new Acutuncus species morpho-groups are instituted based on eggs morphology: one (Acutuncus antarcticus morphogroup) including the Antarctic Acutuncus taxa characterized by eggs with long pillars within the chorion and eggs laid freely to the environment, the other (Acutuncus mariae morphogroup) including the European species, characterized by eggs with short pillars within the chorion and eggs laid in the exuvium. Finally, we describe two new Acutuncus species from Europe: Acutuncus mecnuffisp. nov. and Acutuncus giovanniniaesp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Vecchi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, PO Box 35, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland.
| | - Alexandra Tsvetkova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daniel Stec
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland
| | - Claudio Ferrari
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 33/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Calhim
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, PO Box 35, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Denis Tumanov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034, Universitetskaja nab. 1, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
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5
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Giovannini I, Corsetto PA, Altiero T, Montorfano G, Guidetti R, Rizzo AM, Rebecchi L. Antioxidant Response during the Kinetics of Anhydrobiosis in Two Eutardigrade Species. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:817. [PMID: 35743848 PMCID: PMC9225123 DOI: 10.3390/life12060817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anhydrobiosis, a peculiar adaptive strategy existing in nature, is a reversible capability of organisms to tolerate a severe loss of their body water when their surrounding habitat is drying out. In the anhydrobiotic state, an organism lacks all dynamic features of living beings since an ongoing metabolism is absent. The depletion of water in the anhydrobiotic state increases the ionic concentration and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). An imbalance between the increased production of ROS and the limited action of antioxidant defences is a source of biomolecular damage and can lead to oxidative stress. The deleterious effects of oxidative stress were demonstrated in anhydrobiotic unicellular and multicellular organisms, which counteract the effects using efficient antioxidant machinery, mainly represented by ROS scavenger enzymes. To gain insights into the dynamics of antioxidant patterns during the kinetics of the anhydrobiosis of two tardigrade species, Paramacrobiotus spatialis and Acutuncus antarcticus, we investigated the activity of enzymatic antioxidants (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) and the amount of non-enzymatic antioxidants (glutathione) in the course of rehydration. In P. spatialis, the activity of catalase increases during dehydration and decreases during rehydration, whereas in A. antarcticus, the activity of superoxide dismutase decreases during desiccation and increases during rehydration. Genomic varieties, different habitats and geographical regions, different diets, and diverse evolutionary lineages may have led to the specialization of antioxidant strategies in the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Giovannini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (I.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Paola Antonia Corsetto
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (P.A.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Tiziana Altiero
- Department of Education and Humanities, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Gigliola Montorfano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (P.A.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Roberto Guidetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (I.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Angela Maria Rizzo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (P.A.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Lorena Rebecchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (I.G.); (R.G.)
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An ancient, Antarctic-specific species complex: large divergences between multiple Antarctic lineages of the tardigrade genus Mesobiotus. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 170:107429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Guil N, Guidetti R, Cesari M, Marchioro T, Rebecchi L, Machordom A. Molecular Phylogenetics, Speciation, and Long Distance Dispersal in Tardigrade Evolution: A case study of the genusMilnesium. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 169:107401. [PMID: 35031462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms (sensu lato, i.e., including micrometazoans) are thought to have cosmopolitan geographic distributions due to their theoretically unlimited dispersal capabilities, a consequence of their tiny size, population dynamics, and resistant forms. However, several molecular studies of microorganisms have identified biogeographic patterns indicating cryptic speciation and/or weak species definitions. Using a multi-locus approach with the genus Milnesium (Tardigrada), we aimed to determine the genetic structure of populations worldwide and the effects of long distance dispersal (LDD) on genetic connectivity and relationships across the six continents. Our results on this micrometazoan's genetic structure and LDD at global and micro-local scales indicate contrasting patterns not easily explained by a unique or simple phenomenon. Overall, we report three key findings: (i) confirmation of long distance dispersal for tardigrades, (ii) populations with globally-shared or endemic micro-local haplotypes, and (iii) a supported genetic structure instead of the homogeneous genetic distribution hypothesized for microorganisms with LDD capabilities. Moreover, incongruences between our morphological and molecular results suggest that species delimitation within the genus Milnesium could be problematic due to homoplasy. Duality found for Milnesium populations at the global scale, namely, a molecular phylogenetic structure mixed with widely distributed haplotypes (but without any apparent biogeographic structure), is similar to patterns observed for some unicellular, prokaryotic and eukaryotic, microorganisms. Factors influencing these patterns are discussed within an evolutionary framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Guil
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC). José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - R Guidetti
- Department of Life Sciences. University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/D, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - M Cesari
- Department of Life Sciences. University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/D, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - T Marchioro
- Department of Life Sciences. University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/D, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - L Rebecchi
- Department of Life Sciences. University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/D, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - A Machordom
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC). José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Phenotypically exceptional Echiniscus species (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) from Argentina (Neotropics). ZOOL ANZ 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Morek W, Surmacz B, López‐López A, Michalczyk Ł. "Everything is not everywhere": Time-calibrated phylogeography of the genus Milnesium (Tardigrada). Mol Ecol 2021; 30:3590-3609. [PMID: 33966339 PMCID: PMC8361735 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is ample evidence that macroscopic animals form geographic clusters termed as zoogeographic realms, whereas distributions of species of microscopic animals are still poorly understood. The common view has been that micrometazoans, thanks to their putatively excellent dispersal abilities, are subject to the "Everything is everywhere but environment selects" hypothesis (EiE). One of such groups, <1 mm in length, are limnoterrestrial water bears (Tardigrada), which can additionally enter cryptobiosis that should further enhance their potential for long distance dispersion (e.g., by wind). However, an increasing number of studies, including the most recent phylogeny of the eutardigrade genus Milnesium, seem to question the general applicability of the EiE hypothesis to tardigrade species. Nevertheless, all Milnesium phylogenies published to date were based on a limited number of populations, which are likely to falsely suggest limited geographic ranges. Thus, in order to test the EiE hypothesis more confidently, we considerably enlarged the Milnesium data set both taxonomically and geographically, and analysed it in tandem with climate type and reproductive mode. Additionally, we time-calibrated our phylogeny to align it with major geological events. Our results show that, although cases of long distance dispersal are present, they seem to be rare and mostly ancient. Overall, Milnesium species are restricted to single zoogeographic realms, which suggests that these tardigrades have limited dispersal abilities. Finally, our results also suggest that the breakdown of Gondwana may have influenced the evolutionary history of Milnesium. In conclusion, phylogenetic relationships within the genus seem to be determined mainly by paleogeography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Morek
- Department of Invertebrate EvolutionInstitute of Zoology and Biomedical ResearchFaculty of BiologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - Bartłomiej Surmacz
- Department of Invertebrate EvolutionInstitute of Zoology and Biomedical ResearchFaculty of BiologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - Alejandro López‐López
- Department of Invertebrate EvolutionInstitute of Zoology and Biomedical ResearchFaculty of BiologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - Łukasz Michalczyk
- Department of Invertebrate EvolutionInstitute of Zoology and Biomedical ResearchFaculty of BiologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
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10
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Gąsiorek P, Vončina K, Zając K, Michalczyk Ł. Phylogeography and morphological evolution of Pseudechiniscus (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae). Sci Rep 2021; 11:7606. [PMID: 33828125 PMCID: PMC8027217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tardigrades constitute a micrometazoan phylum usually considered as taxonomically challenging and therefore difficult for biogeographic analyses. The genus Pseudechiniscus, the second most speciose member of the family Echiniscidae, is commonly regarded as a particularly difficult taxon for studying due to its rarity and homogenous sculpturing of the dorsal plates. Recently, wide geographic ranges for some representatives of this genus and a new hypothesis on the subgeneric classification have been suggested. In order to test these hypotheses, we sequenced 65 Pseudechiniscus populations extracted from samples collected in 19 countries distributed on 5 continents, representing the Neotropical, Afrotropical, Holarctic, and Oriental realms. The deep subdivision of the genus into the cosmopolitan suillus-facettalis clade and the mostly tropical-Gondwanan novaezeelandiae clade is demonstrated. Meridioniscus subgen. nov. is erected to accommodate the species belonging to the novaezeelandiae lineage characterised by dactyloid cephalic papillae that are typical for the great majority of echiniscids (in contrast to pseudohemispherical papillae in the suillus-facettalis clade, corresponding to the subgenus Pseudechiniscus). Moreover, the evolution of morphological traits (striae between dorsal pillars, projections on the pseudosegmental plate IV', ventral sculpturing pattern) crucial in the Pseudechiniscus taxonomy is reconstructed. Furthermore, broad distributions are emphasised as characteristic of some taxa. Finally, the Malay Archipelago and Indochina are argued to be the place of origin and extensive radiation of Pseudechiniscus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Gąsiorek
- Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Vončina
- Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Zając
- Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Michalczyk
- Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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11
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Mioduchowska M, Kačarević U, Miamin V, Giginiak Y, Parnikoza I, Roszkowska M, Kaczmarek Ł. Redescription of Antarctic eutardigrade Dastychius improvisus (Dastych, 1984) and some remarks on phylogenetic relationships within Isohypsibioidea. THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2020.1854877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Mioduchowska
- Department of Genetics and Biosystematics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Marine Plankton Research, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Gdynia, Poland
| | - U. Kačarević
- Department of Morphology, Systematics and Phylogeny of Animals, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - V. Miamin
- Sector for Monitoring and Cadastre of Animal World, Scientific and Practical Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus for Biological Resources, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Y. Giginiak
- Sector for Monitoring and Cadastre of Animal World, Scientific and Practical Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus for Biological Resources, Minsk, Belarus
| | - I. Parnikoza
- Department of Biology and Ecology, National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - M. Roszkowska
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ł. Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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12
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Gąsiorek P, Oczkowski A, Blagden B, Kristensen RM, Bartels PJ, Nelson DR, Suzuki AC, Michalczyk Ł. New Asian and Nearctic Hypechiniscus species (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) signalize a pseudocryptic horn of plenty. Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The cosmopolitan echiniscid genus Hypechiniscus contains exclusively rare species. In this contribution, by combining statistical morphometry and molecular phylogeny, we present qualitative and quantitative aspects of Hypechiniscus diversity, which remained hidden under the two purportedly cosmopolitan species: H. gladiator and H. exarmatus. A neotype is designated for H. gladiator from Creag Meagaidh (Scotland), and an informal re-description is provided for H. exarmatus based on animals from Creag Meagaidh and the Isle of Skye (Inner Hebrides). Subspecies/forms of H. gladiator are suppressed due to the high developmental variability of the cirrus dorsalis. At the same time, four species of the genus are described: H. daedalus sp. nov. from Roan Mountain and the Great Smoky Mountains (Southern Appalachian Mountains, USA), H. flavus sp. nov. and H. geminus sp. nov. from the Yatsugatake Mountains (Honshu, Japan), and H. cataractus sp. nov. from the Malay Archipelago (Borneo and the Moluccas). Dorsal and ventral sculpturing, together with morphometric traits, are shown to be the key characters that allow for the phenotypic discrimination of species within the genus. Furthermore, the morphology of Hypechiniscus is discussed and compared to that of the most similar genera, Pseudechiniscus and Stellariscus. Finally, a diagnostic key to all recognized Hypechiniscus species is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Gąsiorek
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
| | - Artur Oczkowski
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
| | - Brian Blagden
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
| | - Reinhardt M Kristensen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Paul J Bartels
- Department of Biology, Warren Wilson College, Asheville, NC, USA
| | - Diane R Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | | | - Łukasz Michalczyk
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
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Zawierucha K, Buda J, Jaromerska TN, Janko K, Gąsiorek P. Integrative approach reveals new species of water bears (Pilatobius, Grevenius, and Acutuncus) from Arctic cryoconite holes, with the discovery of hidden lineages of Hypsibius. ZOOL ANZ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Zawierucha K, Porazinska DL, Ficetola GF, Ambrosini R, Baccolo G, Buda J, Ceballos JL, Devetter M, Dial R, Franzetti A, Fuglewicz U, Gielly L, Łokas E, Janko K, Novotna Jaromerska T, Kościński A, Kozłowska A, Ono M, Parnikoza I, Pittino F, Poniecka E, Sommers P, Schmidt SK, Shain D, Sikorska S, Uetake J, Takeuchi N. A hole in the nematosphere: tardigrades and rotifers dominate the cryoconite hole environment, whereas nematodes are missing. J Zool (1987) 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Zawierucha
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | - D. L. Porazinska
- Department of Entomology and Nematology University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - G. F. Ficetola
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of Milan Milan Italy
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine University Grenoble Alpes Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS LECA Grenoble France
| | - R. Ambrosini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of Milan Milan Italy
| | - G. Baccolo
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Department University of Milano‐Bicocca Milan Italy
| | - J. Buda
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | - J. L. Ceballos
- Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies IDEAM Bogota' Colombia
| | - M. Devetter
- Institute of soil Biology Biology Centre CAS České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Centre for Polar Ecology Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - R. Dial
- Institute of Culture and the Environment Alaska Pacific University Anchorage AK USA
| | - A. Franzetti
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Department University of Milano‐Bicocca Milan Italy
| | | | - L. Gielly
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine University Grenoble Alpes Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS LECA Grenoble France
| | - E. Łokas
- Department of Mass Spectroscopy Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków Poland
| | - K. Janko
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Libechov Czech Republic
- Department of Biology and Ecology Faculty of Science University of Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic
| | | | | | - A. Kozłowska
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | - M. Ono
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - I. Parnikoza
- State Institution National Antarctic Center of Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine
| | - F. Pittino
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Department University of Milano‐Bicocca Milan Italy
| | - E. Poniecka
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences Cardiff University Cardiff UK
| | - P. Sommers
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department University of Colorado Boulder CO USA
| | - S. K. Schmidt
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department University of Colorado Boulder CO USA
| | - D. Shain
- Biology Department Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Camden NJ USA
| | - S. Sikorska
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | - J. Uetake
- The Arctic Environment Research Center National Institute of Polar Research Tachikawa Japan
| | - N. Takeuchi
- Department of Earth Sciences Graduate School of Science Chiba University Chiba Japan
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15
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Buda J, Łokas E, Pietryka M, Richter D, Magowski W, Iakovenko NS, Porazinska DL, Budzik T, Grabiec M, Grzesiak J, Klimaszyk P, Gaca P, Zawierucha K. Biotope and biocenosis of cryoconite hole ecosystems on Ecology Glacier in the maritime Antarctic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 724:138112. [PMID: 32408434 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent great interest in glacier ecosystems in the continental Antarctic, little is known about their maritime counterparts. Our study presents descriptive data on cryoconite sediments and cryoconite holes on Ecology Glacier (King George Island) to accomplish three main objectives: (a) to identify main eukaryotic (algae, invertebrates) and prokaryotic (cyanobacteria) components of microbial communities; (b) to provide a "baseline" of community composition, organic matter and artificial contamination; and (c) to identify key abiotic factors that might be important in community assembly. Cryoconite holes were sampled along an altitudinal gradient of Ecology Glacier in January, mid Austral Summer 2017. Cryoconite holes located in lower altitude were deeper than those located in the middle and the highest altitude. Seventeen species of algae and cyanobacteria with biomass of 0.79 to 5.37 μg/cm3 have been found in sediments. Dominant species were cyanobacterial Pseudanabaena frigida and Bacillariophyceae Microcostaus sp. Biomass of Bacillariophyceae was significantly higher than that of Chlorophyta and Cyanobacteria. We found three species of rotifers (potentially two new to science) and for the first time a glacier dwelling Acari (suspension feeder, Nanorchestes nivalis). Organic matter content ranged from 5.4% to 7.6%. Investigated artificial radionuclides included 137Cs, 238Pu, 239+240Pu and 241Am. 210Pb seems to be related to organic matter content. Overall, cryoconite holes on Ecology Glacier present unique habitats that serve as biodiversity hotspots of psychrophiles, source of organic matter, matrices for radioactivity tracking and model for observing changes in supraglacial ecosystems in the maritime Antarctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Buda
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Edyta Łokas
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
| | - Mirosława Pietryka
- Department of Botany and Plant Ecology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Science, pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dorota Richter
- Department of Botany and Plant Ecology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Science, pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wojciech Magowski
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Nataliia S Iakovenko
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, CZ - 165 21 Praha 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Dorota L Porazinska
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tomasz Budzik
- Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Mariusz Grabiec
- Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Jakub Grzesiak
- Department of Antarctic Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Klimaszyk
- Department of Water Protection, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Gaca
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - Krzysztof Zawierucha
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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16
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Gąsiorek P, Michalczyk Ł. Phylogeny of Itaquasconinae in the light of the evolution of the flexible pharyngeal tube in Tardigrada. ZOOL SCR 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Gąsiorek
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
| | - Łukasz Michalczyk
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
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17
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Marine tardigrades from Lützow-Holm Bay, East Antarctica with the description of a new species. Polar Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-020-02671-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Investigating Algal Communities in Lacustrine and Hydro-Terrestrial Environments of East Antarctica Using Deep Amplicon Sequencing. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040497. [PMID: 32244517 PMCID: PMC7232531 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antarctica has one of the most extreme environments on Earth, with low temperatures and low nutrient levels. Antarctica’s organisms live primarily in the coastal, ice-free areas which cover approximately 0.18% of the continent’s surface. Members of Cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae are important primary producers in Antarctica since they can synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water using solar energy. However, community structures of photosynthetic algae in Antarctica have not yet been fully explored at molecular level. In this study, we collected diverse algal samples in lacustrine and hydro-terrestrial environments of Langhovde and Skarvsnes, which are two ice-free regions in East Antarctica. We performed deep amplicon sequencing of both 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) and 18S rRNA genes, and we explored the distribution of sequence variants (SVs) of these genes at single nucleotide difference resolution. SVs of filamentous Cyanobacteria genera, including Leptolyngbya, Pseudanabaena, Phormidium, Nodosilinea, Geitlerinama, and Tychonema, were identified in most of the samples, whereas Phormidesmis SVs were distributed in fewer samples. We also detected unicellular, multicellular or heterocyst forming Cyanobacteria strains, but in relatively small abundance. For SVs of eukaryotic algae, Chlorophyta, Cryptophyta, and Ochrophyta were widely distributed among the collected samples. In addition, there was a red colored bloom of eukaryotic alga, Geminigera cryophile (Cryptophyta), in the Langhovde coastal area. Eukaryotic SVs of Acutuncus antarcticus and/or Diphascon pingue of Tardigrada were dominant among most of the samples. Our data revealed the detailed structures of the algal communities in Langhovde and Skarvsnes. This will contribute to our understanding of Antarctic ecosystems and support further research into this subject.
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New Records of Antarctic Tardigrada with Comments on Interpopulation Variability of the Paramacrobiotus fairbanksi Schill, Förster, Dandekar and Wolf, 2010. DIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12030108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies on Antarctic tardigrades started at the beginning of the twentieth century and have progressed very slowly and ca. 75 tardigrade species are known from this region. Paramacrobiotus fairbanksi was described from USA based on genetic markers and later reported from Italy, Poland, and Spain. The “everything is everywhere” hypothesis suggests that microscopic organisms have specific features which help them to inhabit most of environments and due to this they can be considered cosmopolitan. In the present paper, we report eight tardigrade taxa from Antarctic, including the first report of Pam. fairbanksi from Southern Hemisphere, which could suggest that the “everything is everywhere” hypothesis could be true, at least for some tardigrade species. Moreover, we also genetically and morphologically compare a few different populations of Pam. fairbanksi. The p-distances between COI haplotypes of all sequenced Pam. fairbanksi populations from Antarctica, Italy, Spain, USA and Poland ranged from 0.002% to 0.005%. In the case of COI polymorphism analyses, only one haplotype was observed in populations from Antarctica, USA and Poland, two haplotypes were found in population from Spain, and six haplotypes were observed in population from Italy. We also found some statistically significant morphometrical differences between the populations of Pam. fairbanksi from different regions and designed a new specific primers for Paramacrobiotus taxa.
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20
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Kaczmarek Ł, Roszkowska M, Poprawa I, Janelt K, Kmita H, Gawlak M, Fiałkowska E, Mioduchowska M. Integrative description of bisexual Paramacrobiotus experimentalis sp. nov. (Macrobiotidae) from republic of Madagascar (Africa) with microbiome analysis. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 145:106730. [PMID: 31904510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In a moss samples collected on Madagascar two populations of Paramacrobiotus experimentalis sp. nov. were found. Paramacrobiotus experimentalis sp. nov. with the presence of a microplacoid and areolatus type of eggs is similar to Pam. danielae, Pam. garynahi, Pam. hapukuensis, Pam. peteri, Pam. rioplatensis and Pam. savai, but it differs from them by some morphological and morphometric characters of the eggs. The p-distance between two COI haplotypes of Pam. experimentalis sp. nov. was 0.17%. In turn, the ranges of uncorrected genetic p-distances of all Paramacrobiotus species available in GenBank was from 18.27% (for Pam. lachowskae) to 25.26% (for Pam. arduus) with an average distance of 20.67%. We also found that Pam. experimentalis sp. nov. is bisexual. This observation was congruent on three levels: (i) morphological - specimen size dimorphism; (ii) structural (primary sexual characteristics) - females have an unpaired ovary while males have an unpaired testis and (iii) molecular - heterozygous and homozygous strains of the ITS-2 marker. Although symbiotic associations of hosts with bacteria (including endosymbiotic bacteria) are common in nature and these interactions exert various effects on the evolution, biology and reproductive ecology of hosts, there is still very little information on the bacterial community associated with tardigrades. To fill this gap and characterise the bacterial community of Pam. experimentalis sp. nov. populations and microbiome of its microhabitat, high throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable regions in the bacterial 16S rRNA gene fragment was performed. The obtained 16S rRNA gene sequences ranged from 92,665 to 131,163. In total, 135 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified across the rarefied dataset. Overall, both Pam. experimentalis sp. nov. populations were dominated by OTUs ascribed to the phylum Proteobacteria (89-92%) and Firmicutes (6-7%). In the case of samples from tardigrades' laboratory habitat, the most abundant bacterial phylum was Proteobacteria (51-90%) and Bacteroides (9-48%). In all compared microbiome profiles, only 16 of 137 OTUs were shared. We found also significant differences in beta diversity between the partly species-specific microbiome of Pam. experimentalis sp. nov. and its culturing environment. Two OTUs belonging to a putative bacterial endosymbiont were identified - Rickettsiales and Polynucleobacter. We also demonstrated that each bacterial community was rich in genes involved in membrane transport, amino acid metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Milena Roszkowska
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Izabela Poprawa
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Kamil Janelt
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Hanna Kmita
- Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Gawlak
- The Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Węgorka 20, 60-318 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Edyta Fiałkowska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Monika Mioduchowska
- Department of Genetics and Biosystematics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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21
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Gąsiorek P, Jackson KJ, Meyer HA, Zając K, Nelson DR, Kristensen RM, Michalczyk Ł. Echiniscus virginicus complex: the first case of pseudocryptic allopatry and pantropical distribution in tardigrades. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMainly because of the problems with species delineation, the biogeography of microscopic organisms is notoriously difficult to elucidate. In this contribution, variable nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers were sequenced from individual specimens representing the Echiniscus virginicus complex that are morphologically indistinguishable under light microscopy (five populations from the temperate Eastern Nearctic and 13 populations from the subtropical and tropical zone). A range of methods was used to dissect components of variability within the complex (Bayesian inference, haplotype networks, Poisson tree processes, automatic barcode gap discovery delineations, principal components analysis and ANOVA). We found deep divergence between the temperate Eastern Nearctic E. virginicus and pantropical Echiniscus lineatus in all three genetic markers. In contrast, intraspecific genetic variation was very low, regardless of the geographical distance between the populations. Moreover, for the first time, statistical predictions of tardigrade geographical distributions were modelled. The factor determining the allopatric geographical ranges of deceptively similar species analysed in this study is most likely to be the type of climate. Our study shows that widespread tardigrade species exist, and both geographical distribution modelling and the genetic structure of populations of the pantropical E. lineatus suggest wind-mediated (aeolian) passive long-distance dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Gąsiorek
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kathy J Jackson
- Department of Biology, McNeese State University, Lake Charles, LA, USA
| | - Harry A Meyer
- Department of Biology, McNeese State University, Lake Charles, LA, USA
| | - Krzysztof Zając
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
| | - Diane R Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Reinhardt M Kristensen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Łukasz Michalczyk
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
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22
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Gąsiorek P, Blagden B, Michalczyk Ł. Towards a better understanding of echiniscid intraspecific variability: A redescription of Nebularmis reticulatus (Murray, 1905) (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscoidea). ZOOL ANZ 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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23
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Tsujimoto M, Kagoshima H, Kanda H, Watanabe K, Imura S. Reproductive performance of the Antarctic tardigrades, Acutuncus antarcticus (Eutardigrada: Hypsibiidae), revived after being frozen for over 30 years and of their offspring. Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Studies on the long-term survival of animals often focus on the specific instance of survival of animals only, and descriptions of subsequent reproduction are generally not reported. In this study, we recorded the reproductive performance of the first-generation offspring of the resuscitated individual (SB-1) and the hatchling of the resuscitated egg (SB-3) of the Antarctic tardigrade, Acutuncus antarcticus, after being frozen for 30.5 years. By providing further detailed description of the reproduction of SB-1 and SB-3 after revival, and then comparing the reproductive performance with that of their first-generation offspring, the possible indications of the damage accrued during the long-term preservation in SB-1 and SB-3 were more specifically detected. Additionally, the DNA analysis revealed two distinctively different mitochondrial genetic sequences of A. antarcticus between the SB strains and the LSW strain. The observed differences in some of the reproductive parameters between the two genetic types suggested a possible relationship between the life-history traits and genetic type in the species A. antarcticus. Further experiments using the SB-1 and SB-3 strains reared for a long period to exclude the instant effect of preservation are expected to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the long-term survival of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumu Tsujimoto
- National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR), Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Kanda
- National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR), Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Watanabe
- National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR), Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Imura
- National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR), Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Heatwole H, Miller WR. Structure of micrometazoan assemblages in the Larsemann Hills, Antarctica. Polar Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-019-02557-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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25
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Guidetti R, Massa E, Bertolani R, Rebecchi L, Cesari M. Increasing knowledge of Antarctic biodiversity: new endemic taxa of tardigrades (Eutardigrada; Ramazzottiidae) and their evolutionary relationships. SYST BIODIVERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2019.1649737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Guidetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 213/D, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Edoardo Massa
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 213/D, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Roberto Bertolani
- Department of Education and Humanities, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Allegri, 9, Reggio Emilia, 42121, Italy
- Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria 9, Verona, 37129, Italy
| | - Lorena Rebecchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 213/D, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Michele Cesari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 213/D, Modena, 41125, Italy
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26
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Cesari M, Montanari M, Kristensen RM, Bertolani R, Guidetti R, Rebecchi L. An integrated study of the biodiversity within the Pseudechiniscus suillus–facettalis group (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pseudechiniscus is the second most species-rich genus in Heterotardigrada and in the family Echiniscidae. However, previous studies have pointed out polyphyly and heterogeneity in this taxon. The recent erection of the genus Acanthechiniscus was another step in making Pseudechiniscus monophyletic, but species identification is still problematic. The present investigation aims at clarifying biodiversity and taxonomy of Pseudechiniscus taxa, with a special focus on species pertaining to the so-called ‘suillus–facettalis group’, by using an integrated approach of morphological and molecular investigations. The analysis of sequences from specimens sampled in Europe and Asia confirms the monophyly of the genus Pseudechiniscus. Inside the genus, two main evolutionary lineages are recognizable: the P. novaezeelandiae lineage and the P. suillus–facettalis group lineage. Inside the P. suillus–facettalis group, COI molecular data points out a very high variability between sampled localities, but in some cases also among specimens sampled in the same locality (up to 33.3% p-distance). The integrated approach to the study of Pseudechiniscus allows confirmation of its monophyly and highlights the relationships in the taxon, pointing to its global distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Cesari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Martina Montanari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Bertolani
- Department of Education and Humanities, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Civic Museum of Natural History, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Guidetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Lorena Rebecchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
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27
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Kaczmarek Ł, Zawierucha K, Buda J, Stec D, Gawlak M, Michalczyk Ł, Roszkowska M. An integrative redescription of the nominal taxon for the Mesobiotus harmsworthi group (Tardigrada: Macrobiotidae) leads to descriptions of two new Mesobiotus species from Arctic. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204756. [PMID: 30332426 PMCID: PMC6192594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mesobiotus harmsworthi group has a global distribution, with localities in polar, temperate and tropical zones. Since the first species of the harmsworthi group was described in the beginning of the 20th century, tens of new species within the group were found and named. However, the diagnosis of the nominal Mesobiotus harmsworthi is insufficient and enigmatic, thus it can be is a serious obstacle in solving the taxonomy of this group. Here, we integratively redescribe the nominal species for the genus Mesobiotus, i.e., Mesobiotus harmsworthi and clarify taxonomic statuses of the two subspecies: M. harmsworthi harmsworthi and M. harmsworthi obscurus that have been recognised as distinct taxa for more than three decades. Traditionally, egg chorion in M. harmsworthi was considered almost smooth and without any traces of areolation, however here we report many misunderstandings that accumulated across decades and we show that, in fact, the chorion in this species exhibits a partially developed areolation. We present an integrative (morphological, morphometric and molecular) diagnosis of the nominal taxon and we confirm that it differs from other species of the harmsworthi group by morphological characters of both animals and eggs. Additionally, we describe two new species of the genus Mesobiotus: M. skorackii sp. nov. from the Kyrgyz Republic (using classical morphological description) and M. occultatus sp. nov. from Svalbard Archipelago (by means of integrative taxonomy). Finally, we also provide the first genetic phylogeny of the genus Mesobiotus based on COI sequences which, together with molecular species delimitation, independently confirms the validity of the analysed taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Zawierucha
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jakub Buda
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Daniel Stec
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gawlak
- The Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute, Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Michalczyk
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Milena Roszkowska
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poznań, Poland
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Gąsiorek P, Vončina K, Michalczyk Ł. Echiniscus testudo (Doyère, 1840) in New Zealand: anthropogenic dispersal or evidence for the ‘Everything is Everywhere’ hypothesis? NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2018.1503607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Gąsiorek
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Vončina
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Michalczyk
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Vecchi M, Newton ILG, Cesari M, Rebecchi L, Guidetti R. The Microbial Community of Tardigrades: Environmental Influence and Species Specificity of Microbiome Structure and Composition. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2018; 76:467-481. [PMID: 29333583 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-1134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic associations of metazoans with bacteria strongly influence animal biology since bacteria are ubiquitous and virtually no animal is completely free from them. Tardigrades are micrometazoans famous for their ability to undergo ametabolic states (cryptobiosis) but very little information is available on potential microbial associations. We characterized the microbiomes of six limnoterrestrial tardigrade species belonging to several phylogenetic lines in tandem with the microbiomes of their respective substrates. The experimental design enabled us to determine the effects of both the environment and the host genetic background on the tardigrade microbiome; we were able to define the microbial community of the same species sampled from different environments, and the communities of different species from the same environment. Our 16S rRNA gene amplicon approach indicated that the tardigrade microbiome is species-specific and well differentiated from the environment. Tardigrade species showed a much lower microbial diversity compared to their substrates, with only one significant exception. Forty-nine common OTUs (operational taxonomic units) were classified into six bacterial phyla, while four common OTUs were unclassified and probably represent novel bacterial taxa. Specifically, the tardigrade microbiome appears dominated by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Some OTUs were shared between different species from geographically distant samples, suggesting the associated bacteria may be widespread. Putative endosymbionts of tardigrades from the order Rickettsiales were identified. Our results indicated that like all other animals, tardigrades have their own microbiota that is different among species, and its assembly is determined by host genotype and environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Vecchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/D, 41125, Modena, Italy.
| | - Irene L G Newton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Jordan Hall 221, 1001 E. 3rd St., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Michele Cesari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/D, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Lorena Rebecchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/D, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Roberto Guidetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/D, 41125, Modena, Italy
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Morek W, Stec D, Gąsiorek P, Surmacz B, Michalczyk Ł. Milnesium tardigradum
Doyère, 1840: The first integrative study of interpopulation variability in a tardigrade species. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Witold Morek
- Department of Entomology Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
| | - Daniel Stec
- Department of Entomology Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
| | - Piotr Gąsiorek
- Department of Entomology Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Surmacz
- Department of Entomology Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
| | - Łukasz Michalczyk
- Department of Entomology Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
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Giovannini I, Altiero T, Guidetti R, Rebecchi L. Will the Antarctic tardigrade Acutuncus antarcticus be able to withstand environmental stresses related to global climate change? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.160622. [PMID: 29242185 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.160622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Because conditions in continental Antarctica are highly selective and extremely hostile to life, its biota is depauperate, but well adapted to live in this region. Global climate change has the potential to impact continental Antarctic organisms because of increasing temperatures and ultraviolet radiation. This research evaluates how ongoing climate changes will affect Antarctic species, and whether Antarctic organisms will be able to adapt to the new environmental conditions. Tardigrades represent one of the main terrestrial components of Antarctic meiofauna; therefore, the pan-Antarctic tardigrade Acutuncus antarcticus was used as model to predict the fate of Antarctic meiofauna threatened by climate change. Acutuncus antarcticus individuals tolerate events of desiccation, increased temperature and UV radiation. Both hydrated and desiccated animals tolerate increases in UV radiation, even though the desiccated animals are more resistant. Nevertheless, the survivorship of hydrated and desiccated animals is negatively affected by the combination of temperature and UV radiation, with the hydrated animals being more tolerant than desiccated animals. Finally, UV radiation has a negative impact on the life history traits of successive generations of A. antarcticus, causing an increase in egg reabsorption and teratological events. In the long run, A. antarcticus could be at risk of population reductions or even extinction. Nevertheless, because the changes in global climate will proceed gradually and an overlapping of temperature and UV increase could be limited in time, A. antarcticus, as well as many other Antarctic organisms, could have the potential to overcome global warming stresses, and/or the time and capability to adapt to the new environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Giovannini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Tiziana Altiero
- Department of Education and Humanities, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Roberto Guidetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Lorena Rebecchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
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