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The challenge of assisted reproduction for conservation of wild felids - A reality check. Theriogenology 2023; 197:133-138. [PMID: 36502591 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Threats to the Earth's biodiversity are increasing exponentially, driven by human population growth and resource consumption. As many as one million wildlife species may disappear within the next few decades due to this human-induced extinction event. This represents our current reality and has profound implications for wildlife conservation. Within this context, application of assisted reproductive technology (ART) to conservation management is unlikely to mitigate broad-scale species loss, but for select species, such as wild cats, ART may determine if populations survive or disappear. In North American and European zoos, 20 of the world's 38 wild felid species are managed within structured breeding programs, but most are not sustainable with natural breeding alone. Zoo-based breeding programs are facing tenuous futures due to triage-based responses to this growing sustainability crisis. Theoretically, ART could benefit conservation management, but only by recognizing and addressing its present challenges. The application of ART to wildlife has been rarely successful, with only 62 mammal species (including 15 cat species) ever propagated by AI, and just 35 of these species (6 cats) reproduced following frozen semen AI. Even this most basic form of ART has a minimal impact on wildlife sustainability. The drivers of this deficit include lack of species-specific reproductive knowledge and limited access to animals for study, but also is exacerbated by a science-conservation disconnect that attempts to apply advanced reproductive technologies to species in which basic ART remains unproven. For a few felid species, these scientific challenges have been overcome and AI with frozen semen is becoming feasible as a practical management tool; for other felids, further research is needed. Non-scientific issues also impair our ability to use ART to implement global management plans. Political dysfunction, regulatory barriers and societal indifference create inertia that interferes with achieving meaningful progress in applying ART to wildlife. Collectively, these challenges may seem insurmountable but human resiliency is essential if we are to resolve these issues in a systematic manner. It will require expanding collaborative efforts substantially and intensifying efforts to conserve wildlife species that are literally running out of time. Our goal is to create a new reality that includes a sustainable future for wild felids and other imperiled wildlife species.
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Sukparangsi W, Thongphakdee A, Karoon S, Suban Na Ayuthaya N, Hengkhunthod I, Prakongkaew R, Bootsri R, Sikaeo W. Establishment of fishing cat cell biobanking for sustainable conservation. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:989670. [PMID: 36439340 PMCID: PMC9684188 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.989670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus) is a vulnerable wild felid that is currently under threat from habitat destruction and other human activities. The zoo provides insurance to ensure the survival of the fishing cat population. Creating a biobank of fishing cats is a critical component of recent zoo strategies for securely stocking cell samples for long-term survival. Here, our goal was to compare cell biobanking techniques (tissue collection, primary culture, and reprogramming) and tissue sources (ear skin, abdominal skin, testis) from captive (n = 6)/natural (n = 6) vs. living (n = 8)/postmortem (n = 4) fishing cats. First, we show that dermal fibroblasts from the medial border of the helix of the ear pinna and abdominal tissues of living fishing cats can be obtained, whereas postmortem animals provided far fewer fibroblasts from the ears than from the testes. Furthermore, we can extract putative adult spermatogonial stem cells from the postmortem fishing cat's testes. The main barrier to expanding adult fibroblasts was early senescence, which can be overcome by overexpressing reprogramming factors through felid-specific transfection programs, though we demonstrated that reaching iPSC state from adult fibroblasts of fishing cats was ineffective with current virus-free mammal-based induction approaches. Taken together, the success of isolating and expanding primary cells is dependent on a number of factors, including tissue sources, tissue handling, and nature of limited replicative lifespan of the adult fibroblasts. This study provides recommendations for tissue collection and culture procedures for zoological research to facilitate the preservation of cells from both postmortem and living felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woranop Sukparangsi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chon Buri, Thailand
| | - Ampika Thongphakdee
- Wildlife Reproductive Innovation Center, Animal Conservation and Research Institute, Zoological Park Organization of Thailand Under the Royal Patronage of H.M. the King, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Santhita Karoon
- Wildlife Reproductive Innovation Center, Animal Conservation and Research Institute, Zoological Park Organization of Thailand Under the Royal Patronage of H.M. the King, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Intira Hengkhunthod
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chon Buri, Thailand
| | | | - Rungnapa Bootsri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chon Buri, Thailand
| | - Wiewaree Sikaeo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chon Buri, Thailand
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Santos MVDO, Silva HVR, Bezerra LGP, Oliveira LRMD, Oliveira MFD, Alves ND, Silva LDMD, Silva AR, Pereira AF. Heterologous in vitro fertilization and embryo production for assessment of jaguar (Panthera onca Linnaeus, 1758) frozen-thawed semen in different extenders. Anim Reprod 2022; 19:e20210093. [PMID: 35371300 PMCID: PMC8958878 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2021-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous in vitro fertilization (IVF) is an important tool for assessing fertility of endangered mammals such as the jaguar, considering difficult access to females for artificial insemination and to obtain homologous oocytes. We aimed to evaluate the fertility of jaguar sperm cryopreserved with different extenders, using domestic cat oocytes to assess the development of hybrid embryos. Semen from four captive jaguars was obtained by electroejaculation. Samples were cryopreserved in powdered coconut water (ACP-117c) or Tris extender containing 20% egg yolk and 6% glycerol. Thawed spermatozoa were resuspended (2.0 × 106 spermatozoa/mL) in IVF medium and co-incubated with cat oocytes matured in vitro for 18 h. Presumptive zygotes were cultured for 7 days. After 48 h, cleavage rate was evaluated, and non-cleaved structures were stained for IVF evaluation. On days 5 and 7, the rate of morula and blastocyst formation was assessed. Data were analyzed using the Fisher exact test (p < 0.05). No difference was observed between ACP-117c and Tris extenders, respectively, for oocytes with 2nd polar body (2/51, 3.9 ± 2.9% vs. 2/56, 3.6 ± 3.1%), pronuclear structures (5/51, 9.8 ± 4.7% vs. 8/56, 14.3 ± 8.0%), and total IVF rates (7/36, 19.4 ± 5.0% vs. 10/37, 27.0 ± 13.8%). All the samples fertilized the oocytes, with 22.9 ± 3.2% (16/70) and 16.7 ± 3.6% (12/72) cleavage of mature oocytes for ACP-117c and Tris extenders, respectively. Morula rates of 4.3 ± 2.3% (3/70) and 5.6 ± 2.2% (4/72) were observed for ACP-117c and Tris, respectively. Only the Tris extender demonstrated blastocyst production (2/12, 16.7 ± 1.5% blastocyst/cleavage). We demonstrated that jaguar ejaculates cryopreserved using ACP-117c and Tris were suitable for IVF techniques, with blastocyst production by ejaculates cryopreserved in Tris. This is a first report of embryos produced in vitro using jaguar sperm and domestic cat oocytes through IVF.
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4
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Chatterjee A, Bhattacharyya S. Assessing the threats facing wetland mammals in India using an evidence‐based conservation approach. Mamm Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Chatterjee
- Department of Zoology University of Calcutta 35 Ballygunge Circular Road Kolkata700019India
| | - Sabuj Bhattacharyya
- Centre for Ecological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Bangalore Karnataka560012India
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Vansandt LM, Bateman HL, Miller AG, Herrick JR, Moresco A, González R, Iwaniuk ME, Swanson WF. Cross-species efficacy of a chemically-defined, soy lecithin-based cryomedium for semen banking in imperiled wild felids. Theriogenology 2020; 159:108-115. [PMID: 33130295 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Felid semen has historically been frozen using an egg yolk-based cryopreservation medium. However, the use of egg introduces several potential concerns, such as variability in composition, microbial contamination, and regulatory issues. In the present study, our aim was to compare a chemically-defined, soy-based medium (SOY) to a commercial egg yolk-based medium (TEY) for the cryopreservation of sperm in four imperiled small cat species. Semen was collected from adult male cats (n = 6 black-footed cats; n = 6 sand cats; n = 4 fishing cats; and n = 7 Pallas' cats) via electroejaculation, split into two aliquots, and cryopreserved in SOY or TEY. Frozen-thawed samples were evaluated for sperm motility and rate of progressive motility (up to 24 h post-thaw) and acrosome status (0 and 6 h). No difference in post-thaw traits were observed between treatments in all four species. Heterologous IVF using oocytes collected laparoscopically from domestic cats demonstrated no difference among freezing treatments in percentage of mature oocytes that cleaved or the mean number of blastomeres at 48 h post-insemination. More spermatozoa frozen with SOY were bound to the zona pellucida in the sand cat (P = 0.018), but no treatment effect was observed in the other three species. These findings collectively demonstrate that SOY may be a preferable alternative to TEY for sperm cryopreservation in these four wild felid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Marie Vansandt
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW), Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Helen L Bateman
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW), Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Amy G Miller
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW), Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jason R Herrick
- Department of Reproductive Sciences, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Anneke Moresco
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW), Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Raquel González
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW), Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - M E Iwaniuk
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - William F Swanson
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW), Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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6
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Fazio JM, Freeman EW, Bauer E, Rockwood L, Brown JL, Hope K, Siegal-Willott J, Parsons ECM. Longitudinal fecal hormone monitoring of adrenocortical function in zoo housed fishing cats (Prionailurus viverrinus) during institutional transfers and breeding introductions. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230239. [PMID: 32187226 PMCID: PMC7080239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ex situ population of fishing cats (Prionailurus viverrinus) has become increasingly important for the conservation of this species. Unfortunately, captivity-induced stress is a concern and potential factor for lack of breeding success in this small felid, resulting in an unsustainable population. The objectives of this study were to: 1) validate an enzyme immunoassay for monitoring of fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) concentrations in the fishing cat; 2) identify potential exogenous stressors in the captive environment; 3) pinpoint management techniques that may lower FGM concentrations; and 4) determine if FGM concentrations are related to breeding success. Through a successful adrenocorticotrophic hormone challenge and additional laboratory methods, a cortisol enzyme immunoassay was validated as an effective tool for detecting FGM in this species. Between 2010 and 2013, longitudinal FGM monitoring was conducted in 26 fishing cats in the North American Species Survival Plan®. Exogenous stressors that elevated FGM concentrations included: chemical immobilizations; permanent transfers between facilities; construction; facility events; and fights/aggression among breeding pairs. Management factors that lowered FGM concentrations included: increased animal-keeper interaction through formal training; and providing indoor, off-exhibit, holding areas. In addition, social housing of individuals (either established breeding pairs or same sex pairs) decreased FGM concentrations. Individuals with breeding success (defined as observed copulations during the study period) also had lower FGM concentrations than unsuccessful individuals. Findings indicate that management factors play a role in lowering glucocorticoid (stress) levels in fishing cats, which may ultimately affect breeding success in the ex situ population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilian M. Fazio
- Center for Animal Care Sciences, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Elizabeth W. Freeman
- School of Integrative Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Erika Bauer
- Center for Animal Care Sciences, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Larry Rockwood
- Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Janine L. Brown
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian’s Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Katharine Hope
- Center for Animal Care Sciences, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Jessica Siegal-Willott
- Center for Animal Care Sciences, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - E. C. M. Parsons
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
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Charlton SJ, Nielsen MB, Pedersen CR, Thomsen L, Kristjansen MP, Sørensen TB, Pertoldi C, Strand J. Strong Heterogeneity in Advances in Cryopreservation Techniques in the Mammalian Orders. Zoolog Sci 2019; 35:1-22. [PMID: 29417894 DOI: 10.2108/zs170037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Between 1970 and 2012, vertebrate abundance has declined by 58% with an average annual decline of 2%, calling for serious action to prevent a mass extinction and an irreversible loss of biodiversity. Cryobanks and cryopreservation have the potential to assist and improve ex situ and in situ conservation strategies by storing valuable genetic material. A great deal of studies concerning cryopreservation have been performed within the class Mammalia, although no systematic overview has previously been presented. The objective of this study is therefore to evaluate the status, pattern and future of cryopreservation within Mammalia. A strong disproportional distribution of studies in examined orders is displayed. For the majority of examined orders less than 10% of species has been examined. However, the cryopreservation of germplasm has in several cases been successful and resulted in successful applications of assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs). Various obstacles are associated with the development of cryopreservation protocols, and among them the most prominent is interspecific differences in cryotolerance. Extrapolation of protocols in closely related species is considered the most applicable procedure, and a future supplement to overcome this problem is the examination and comparison of cryobiological traits. Successful protocols have been developed for the vast majority of domesticated mammals, which gives incentive for the further extrapolation of protocols in threatened species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J Charlton
- 1 Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mikkel B Nielsen
- 1 Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Carina R Pedersen
- 1 Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lisette Thomsen
- 1 Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mads P Kristjansen
- 1 Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Thomas B Sørensen
- 1 Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Cino Pertoldi
- 1 Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark.,2 Aalborg Zoo, Aalborg, Mølleparkvej 63, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Julie Strand
- 3 Randers Regnskov, Randers, Tørvebryggen 11, 8900 Randers, Denmark
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8
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Swanson WF. Practical application of laparoscopic oviductal artificial insemination for the propagation of domestic cats and wild felids. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 31:27-39. [PMID: 32188540 DOI: 10.1071/rd18350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AI was first reported in cats almost 50 years ago but, unlike AI in other domesticated animals (e.g. dogs, cattle, horses), has not been widely used for routine propagation by veterinarians or breeders. Anatomical and physiological challenges with cats have hindered the efficiency of AI using standardised transcervical approaches applied to other species. Development of laparoscopic oviductal AI (LO-AI) has helped overcome some of these barriers and, during the past 7 years, produced high pregnancy percentages (>70%) in domestic cats using both fresh collected and frozen-thawed semen and resulted in the birth of full-term offspring in three cat hereditary disease models and six wild cat species (ocelot, Pallas's cat, fishing cat, sand cat, tiger, clouded leopard). The standard approach involves exogenous gonadotrophin treatment (typically equine chorionic gonadotrophin followed by porcine LH) to induce ovarian follicular growth and ovulation, with laparoscopic visualisation of the oviductal ostium for direct intraluminal insemination with low numbers of spermatozoa. Similar ovarian synchronisation and insemination approaches have been used with wild felids, but frequently must be refined on a species-by-species basis. From a practical perspective, LO-AI in domestic cats now has adequate efficiency for applied use as a reproductive service in veterinary practices that possess basic laparoscopy expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Swanson
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA. Email
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9
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Fazio JM, Freeman EW, Bauer E, Rockwood L, Parsons ECM. Evaluation of management in North American zoos to enhance breeding success of the fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus) ex situ population. Zoo Biol 2018; 38:189-199. [PMID: 30556919 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ex situ population of fishing cats (Prionailurus viverrinus) face many challenges to its sustainability such as mate incompatibility, low founder numbers and disease prevalence. The North American population was monitored for a three-year period during institutional transfers and breeding introductions. In total, 26 fishing cats, including 15 different breeding pairs were monitored during 20 transfers. Most institutional transfers occurred in the fall months (September, October and November; 62%; n = 13) and males were transferred more often (62%; n = 13). Breeding success (observed copulations) was recorded in 33% (n = 5) of pairs but only 13% (n = 2 pairs) produced offspring during the study period. Institutions with successful breeding pairs had a greater number of indoor, off-exhibit enclosures (2.67 ± 0.29 enclosures; n = 5) compared to facilities with unsuccessful pairs (1.69 ± 0.25 exhibits; n = 6; p = 0.035). In addition, facilities housing successful pairs performed positive reinforcement training more frequently (14.77 ± 3.27 training days/month) than facilities with unsuccessful pairs (4.00 ± 2.73 days/month; p = 0.035). A binomial generalized linear model showed that friendly vocalizations (p = 0.000) during physical introductions of intended breeding pairs predicted copulation success. Introductions performed when a female was exhibiting estrous behavior (p = 0.020), was also predictive of copulation success. Results from this study are the first comprehensive analyses of captive management in the fishing cat. Environmental factors and management approaches are highlighted that could advance animal welfare and improve reproductive success in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilian M Fazio
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Animal Care Sciences, Washington, DC.,Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | | | - Erika Bauer
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Animal Care Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Larry Rockwood
- Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Edward C M Parsons
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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Characterization and cryopreservation of Amur leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) semen collected by urethral catheterization. Theriogenology 2018; 119:91-95. [PMID: 29982141 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Amur leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) is a globally endangered species, and there is thus an urgent need to increase its population. The objectives of this study were to: (1) confirm the utility of urethral catheterization (UC) for semen collection from Amur leopard cats; (2) investigate proper dilution media for fresh semen; and (3) investigate the effectiveness of sperm cryopreservation, including examining the effect of glycerol concentration. Six adult males in captivity (mean weight 5.03 ± 0.44 kg, aged 2-6 years) were included. All study procedures were performed during the breeding season (February to April) over two consecutive years. Semen samples (n = 28) were collected four or five times from each animal (four times for two animals and five times for four animals) by UC under general anaesthesia, and their characteristics (including sperm motility) were evaluated. First, the sperm motility in semen diluted in Ham's F-10 or phosphate buffer saline (PBS) was compared. Next, semen diluted with TEST-yolk buffer containing 2%, 4%, or 6% glycerol was frozen in a liquid nitrogen tank, and sperm motility and acrosome integrity were evaluated after thawing. No difference in motility was observed between sperm diluted in Ham's F-10 and PBS. The percentages of sperm motility and kinetic values in semen frozen in 2% or 4% glycerol were higher than those in semen stored in 6% glycerol. In conclusion, the UC method for semen collection is recommendable for Amur leopard cats and should be useful for artificial insemination. Although sperm motility decreased after thawing, samples thus preserved may be usable for advanced reproductive techniques, such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection or in-vitro fertilization.
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Amstislavsky S, Brusentsev E, Kizilova E, Mokrousova V, Kozhevnikova V, Abramova T, Rozhkova I, Naidenko S. Sperm cryopreservation in the Far-Eastern wildcat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus). Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 53:1219-1226. [PMID: 29968363 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Far-Eastern wildcat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) is a rare and poorly investigated nondomestic felid species. An attempt of freezing and cryopreserving Far-Eastern wildcat spermatozoa in CaniPlus Freeze (CPF) medium is reported. Sperm was collected by electroejaculation from five adult Far-Eastern wildcat captive-born males. Epididymal spermatozoa from five adult randomly bred domestic cat males were used as a reference. The viability of frozen-thawed spermatozoa evaluated by double staining with SYBR Green I and PI followed by the subsequent confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was 38.2% ± 3.0% for the domestic cat and 38.0% ± 10.2% for the Far-Eastern wildcat. The motility of frozen-thawed spermatozoa was 30.8% ± 9.8% for the domestic cat and 33.7% ± 15.1% for the Far-Eastern wildcat. Sperm morphology was assessed by light microscopy. The total percentage of normal spermatozoa after freezing and thawing was 51.9 ± 5.9 for the domestic cat and 55.0% ± 6.4% for the Far-Eastern wildcat. Defects of flagella were the most frequently observed abnormalities in both species (32.2% ± 4.8% and 30.8% ± 4.4% of all reported anomalies for the domestic cat and Far-Eastern wildcat, respectively). Domestic cat epididymal and Far-Eastern ejaculatory spermatozoa fertilized in vitro-matured oocytes of the domestic cat (30.0% ± 5.5% and 35.5% ± 15.0%, respectively). Taken together, these results suggest that the freezing of Far-Eastern wildcat spermatozoa with CPF medium is a suitable method for Felidae cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Amstislavsky
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Eugeny Brusentsev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena Kizilova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentina Mokrousova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valeria Kozhevnikova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatyana Abramova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina Rozhkova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Naidenko
- A.N.Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Bateman HL, Swanson WF. Interaction of extender composition and freezing method for effective semen cryopreservation in the North American river otter ( Lontra canadensis ). Theriogenology 2017; 101:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Amstislavsky SY, Kozhevnikova VV, Muzika VV, Kizilova EA. Reproductive biology and a genome resource bank of Felidae. Russ J Dev Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360417020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Khonmee J, Vorawattanatham N, Pinyopummin A, Thitaram C, Somgird C, Punyapornwithaya V, Brown JL. Assessment of faecal glucocorticoid metabolite excretion in captive female fishing cats (Prionailurus viverinus) in Thailand. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow021. [PMID: 27293767 PMCID: PMC4892097 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is little information on the endocrinology of fishing cats (Prionailurus viverinus), an endangered species in Southeast Asia, especially that pertaining to adrenal function. This study characterized faecal glucocorticoid metabolites in female fishing cats housed at Chiang Mai Night Safari to investigate seasonal and age relationships in hormone patterns. Faecal samples were collected 3 days/week for 1 year from seven females ranging in age from 4.5 to 9.6 years. A corticosterone enzyme immunoassay was validated for fishing cats by showing increases (∼60%) in faecal glucocorticoid immunoactivity above pre-treatment baseline levels within 1-2 days after an adrenocorticotrophic hormone injection. Faecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations were not related to age (P > 0.05), but there was a seasonal effect, with concentrations being higher (P < 0.05) during the winter (1.54 ± 0.04 µg/g) and rainy season (1.43 ± 0.04 µg/g) compared with the summer (1.22 ± 0.05 µg/g). Significant relationships were found between faecal glucocorticoids and rainfall (positive) and day length (negative), but not a temperature-humidity index. This is the first study to assess adrenal steroidogenic activity in female fishing cats, and we found that glucocorticoid metabolite production was influenced by seasonal factors, but not by age. We conclude that weather patterns should be taken into consideration in future studies of glucocorticoid activity in this endangered species, especially those studies aimed at improving captive management to create self-sustaining and healthy populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaruwan Khonmee
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Narathip Vorawattanatham
- Veterinary, Conservation and Research Section, Animal Management Division, Chiang Mai Night Safari, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Anuchai Pinyopummin
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen 10900, Thailand
| | - Chatchote Thitaram
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Chaleamchat Somgird
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Excellent Center for Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Janine L. Brown
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
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15
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Stewart RA, Crosier AE, Pelican KM, Pukazhenthi BS, Sitzmann BD, Porter TE, Wildt DE, Ottinger MA, Howard J. Progestin priming before gonadotrophin stimulation and AI improves embryo development and normalises luteal function in the cat. Reprod Fertil Dev 2015; 27:360-71. [PMID: 24300570 DOI: 10.1071/rd13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous gonadotrophins administered before AI can adversely alter endocrine dynamics and inhibit embryo development in felids. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that priming the domestic cat ovary with progestin mitigates the negative influence of gonadotrophin therapy by normalising early embryogenesis and luteal function. Queens were given either: (1) progestin pretreatment plus chorionic gonadotrophins (n=8; primed); or (2) gonadotrophins only (n=8; unprimed). Ovulatory response was assessed laparoscopically, and cats with fresh corpora lutea (CL) were inseminated in utero. Ovariohysterectomy was performed 3 days later to recover intra-oviductal embryos for in vitro culture; one ovary was prepared for histology, and CL from the remaining ovary were excised and assessed for progesterone content and targeted gene expression. Of the six primed and seven unprimed queens inseminated, embryo(s) were recovered from five individuals per group. Embryos from progestin-primed donors more closely simulated normal stage in vivo development (P<0.05). No 2- or 4-cell embryos from either group developed beyond 16-cells in vitro; however, 50% of unprimed and 66.7% of primed (P>0.05) 5-16-cell embryos progressed to morulae or blastocysts by Day 4 of culture. Although histological characteristics were unaffected by progestin priming (P>0.05), luteal progesterone was unusually high (P<0.05) in unprimed compared with primed cats (72.4±5.8 vs. 52.2±5.5 ng mg(-1), respectively). Two genes associated with progesterone biosynthesis (luteinising hormone receptor and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) were upregulated in unprimed versus primed individuals (P=0.05 and P<0.05, respectively), indicating potential mechanistic pathways for the protective influence of pre-emptive progestin treatment. Building on earlier findings that progestin priming prevents spontaneous ovulation, increases ovarian sensitivity to gonadotrophins and ensures a normative endocrine environment, the present study demonstrates that pretreatment with this steroid also benefits embryo development and normalisation of early luteal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary A Stewart
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Adrienne E Crosier
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Katharine M Pelican
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Budhan S Pukazhenthi
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Brandon D Sitzmann
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Tom E Porter
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - David E Wildt
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Mary Ann Ottinger
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - JoGayle Howard
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
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16
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Melville DF, Crichton EG, Johnston SD. Semen collection, ejaculate characteristics and in vitro manipulation of spermatozoa from six species of captive flying-fox (Pteropus spp.). Reprod Fertil Dev 2015; 27:1233-41. [DOI: 10.1071/rd13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Seminal characteristics are described in six Pteropus species including the critically endangered P. rodricensis. Spermic ejaculates (~40 μL) were collected using electro-ejaculation on 406 of 413 attempts. All flying-fox species had mean percentages of acrosome- and plasma-membrane (PM)-intact spermatozoa of >66% and >73%, respectively; the predominant sperm abnormalities found across all species were damaged, folded or missing acrosomes, bent midpieces and coiled tails. Seminal pH ranged from a low of 7.5 in P. giganteus to a high of 8.2 in P. alecto with the other species in between. Electro-ejaculates recovered in short succession from P. alecto revealed no differences in sperm quality, allowing spermatozoa to be utilised for multi-treatment experiments that evaluated the effects of transportation, incubation temperature and in vitro physico-chemical environments on acrosome and PM integrity. Pteropus alecto spermatozoa were successfully held at ~27°C and 37°C for up to 6 h before a reduction in PM integrity (P = 0.003) was observed. Acrosome and PM integrity decreased (P < 0.000) when P. alecto spermatozoa were incubated at 37°C for 30 min in a Tris–citrate buffer of pH 9.0 but remained stable at pH 5.0 to 8.0. Pteropus alecto mean (± s.e.m.) seminal osmolality was 307.0 ± 2.5 mOsm kg–1; nevertheless, spermatozoa were tolerant of media ranging from 160 to 1190 mOsm kg–1 but exposure to media of ≤160 mOsm kg–1 resulted in increased acrosome damage (P < 0.000).
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17
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Vick M, Bateman H, Lambo C, Swanson W. Improved cryopreservation of domestic cat sperm in a chemically defined medium. Theriogenology 2012; 78:2120-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Terrell KA, Wildt DE, Anthony NM, Bavister BD, Leibo S, Penfold LM, Marker LL, Crosier AE. Different patterns of metabolic cryo-damage in domestic cat (Felis catus) and cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) spermatozoa. Cryobiology 2012; 64:110-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Santymire RM, Brown JL, Stewart RA, Santymire RC, Wildt DE, Howard J. Reproductive gonadal steroidogenic activity in the fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus) assessed by fecal steroid analyses. Anim Reprod Sci 2011; 128:60-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Gamete rescue in the African black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). Theriogenology 2011; 76:1258-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Thuwanut P, Chatdarong K, Bergqvist AS, Söderquist L, Thiangtum K, Tongthainan D, Axnér E. The effects of antioxidants on semen traits and in vitro fertilizing ability of sperm from the flat-headed cat (Prionailurus planiceps). Theriogenology 2011; 76:115-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Songsasen N, Woodruff TK, Wildt DE. In vitro growth and steroidogenesis of dog follicles are influenced by the physical and hormonal microenvironment. Reproduction 2011; 142:113-22. [PMID: 21502334 DOI: 10.1530/rep-10-0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the influences of the physical and hormonal microenvironment on in vitro growth and steroidogenesis of dog follicles. Follicles were enzymatically isolated and individually encapsulated in 0.5% (w/v; n=17) or 1.5% (n=10) alginate and cultured with 0.5 IU/ml equine chorionic gonadotropin for 192 h. In a separate experiment, follicles were encapsulated in 0.5% alginate and cultured with 0 (n=22), 1 (n=23), 10 (n=20) or 100 (n=21) μg/ml FSH for 240 h. Follicle diameter and steroid production were assessed every 48 h in both studies. Follicles encapsulated in the 0.5% alginate grew faster (P<0.05) than those cultured in the 1.5% concentration. Oestradiol (E(2)) and progesterone (P(4)) increased consistently (P<0.05) over time, and follicles in the 1.5% alginate produced more (P<0.05) P(4) than those in the 0.5% solution. Follicles cultured in the highest FSH concentration (100 μg/ml) increased 100% in size after 240 h compared with 50 to 70% in lower dosages. E(2) concentration remained unchanged over time (P>0.05) across FSH dosages. However, P(4) increased (P<0.05) as culture progressed and with increasing FSH concentration. Results demonstrate that dog follicles cultured in alginate retain structural integrity, grow in size and are hormonally active. Lower alginate and increasing FSH concentrations promote in vitro follicle growth. However, the absence of an E(2) rise in follicles cultured in FSH alone suggests the need for LH supplementation to support theca cell differentiation and granulosa cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Songsasen
- Department of Reproductive Sciences, Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia 22630, USA.
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23
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Herrick J, Campbell M, Levens G, Moore T, Benson K, D'Agostino J, West G, Okeson D, Coke R, Portacio S, Leiske K, Kreider C, Polumbo P, Swanson W. In Vitro Fertilization and Sperm Cryopreservation in the Black-Footed Cat (Felis nigripes) and Sand Cat (Felis margarita)1. Biol Reprod 2010; 82:552-62. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.081034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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24
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Herrick JR, Bond JB, Campbell M, Levens G, Moore T, Benson K, D'Agostino J, West G, Okeson DM, Coke R, Portacio SC, Leiske K, Kreider C, Polumbo PJ, Swanson WF. Fecal endocrine profiles and ejaculate traits in black-footed cats (Felis nigripes) and sand cats (Felis margarita). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 165:204-14. [PMID: 19576217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Information regarding the reproductive biology of black-footed cats (BFC) and sand cats (SC) is extremely limited. Our objectives were to: (1) validate fecal hormone analysis (estrogens, E; progestagens, P; androgens, T) for noninvasive monitoring of gonadal activity; (2) characterize estrous cyclicity, ovulatory mechanisms, gestation, and seasonality; and (3) evaluate male reproductive activity via fecal androgen metabolites and ejaculate traits. In both species, the estrous cycle averaged 11-12 days. In BFC (n=8), estrus lasted 2.2+/-0.2 days with peak concentrations of E (2962.8+/-166.3 ng/g feces) increasing 2.7-fold above basal concentrations. In SC (n=6), peak concentrations of E (1669.9+/-83.5 ng/g feces) during estrus (2.9+/-0.2 days) were 4.0-fold higher than basal concentrations. Nonpregnant luteal phases occurred in 26.5% (26 of 98) of BFC estrous cycles, but were not observed in SC (0 of 109 cycles). In both species, P concentrations during pregnancy were elevated (32.3+/-3.0 microg/g feces BFC; 8.5+/-0.7 microg/g feces SC) approximately 10-fold above basal concentrations. Fecal T concentrations in males averaged 3.1+/-0.1 microg/g feces in BFC and 2.3+/-0.0 microg/g feces in SC. Following electroejaculation, 200 to 250 microl of semen was collected containing 29.9 (BFC) to 36.5 (SC)x10(6) spermatozoa with 40.4 (SC) to 46.8 (BFC)% normal morphology. All females exhibited estrous cycles during the study and spermatozoa were recovered from all males on every collection attempt, suggesting poor reproductive success in these species may not be due to physiological infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Herrick
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL, USA.
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25
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Gañán N, Sestelo A, Garde JJ, Martínez F, Vargas A, Sánchez I, Pérez-Aspa MJ, López-Bao JV, Palomares F, Gomendio M, Roldan ERS. Reproductive traits in captive and free-ranging males of the critically endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). Reproduction 2010; 139:275-85. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-09-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) is the most endangered felid in the world. Adequate genetic management of in situ and ex situ populations, and linkage between both, require knowledge on male reproductive biology and factors influencing it. We examined the influence of age, free-ranging versus captive conditions and seasonality on phenotypic, endocrine and semen traits, and links between reproductive traits and male fertility. Males had relatively small testes, produced low sperm numbers, a low proportion of normal sperm, and a high proportion of motile sperm. Young (2-year-old) males had lower testosterone levels, fewer sperm, and a lower proportion of motile and normal sperm than ≥4-year-old males. No major differences were found in semen traits before and after the mating season or between free-ranging and captive males, although the latter had better sperm motility. Males with larger relative testes weight and more sperm copulated more frequently, whereas males that produced more sperm with higher motility produced more cubs per female. In conclusion, small relative testes size and low sperm quality could indicate either low levels of sperm competition or high levels of inbreeding. Young males are probably subfertile; there is a slight trend for males in the captive breeding programme to have better semen quality than wild males, and males with higher sperm production are sexually more active and more fertile. These findings have major implications for decisions regarding which males should breed, provide samples for the genetic resource bank, or participate in programmes involving the use of assisted reproductive techniques.
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26
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Choi EG, Lee YS, Cho SJ, Jeon JT, Cho KW, Kong IK. Semen characteristics of genetically identical male cats cloned via somatic cell nucleus transfer. Theriogenology 2009; 73:638-44. [PMID: 20005562 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the sperm characteristics of four cloned male cats (Felis catus) to assess their reproductive potential. Fresh and frozen-thawed sperm were assessed for motility, viability, and morphology, and their functional competence was evaluated by in vitro fertilization (IVF) of domestic cat oocytes. All fresh semen characteristics varied among cats and collection times. Sperm concentration (x 10(6)/mL) of Cat A (512+/-140, range 368 to 685) was significantly higher, whereas that of Cat C (335+/-92, range 274 to 469) was significantly lower than that of Cloned B (459+/-159, range 336 to 510) and control cats (680+/-452, range 360 to 479). After thawing, motility and progressive motility of sperm from Cat B were significantly lower than that of the other cloned and control cats. The curvilinear, straight line, and average path velocities of sperm from Cat B were significantly higher, whereas the straightness was lower, than that of the other cloned and control cats. Frozen sperm from Cats A, B, and C successfully fertilized oocytes (cleavage=74.4%, 71.4%, and 86.2%, respectively) and produced embryos that developed to the blastocyst stage after IVF/In vitro culture (IVC) (34.4%, 26.7%, and 48.0%) at frequencies similar to the cleavage rate (82.0%) and blastocyst rate (43.9%) obtained with sperm from the control male. In conclusion, seminal characteristics of cloned male cats did not differ markedly from those of our noncloned, control male cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Choi
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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27
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Cryopreservation of feline epididymal spermatozoa from dead and alive animals and its use in assisted reproduction. ZYGOTE 2009; 18:1-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s0967199409990256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SummaryCryopreservation of gametes is an important tool in assisted reproduction programmes; long-term storage of oocytes or spermatozoa is necessary when in vitro fertilization (IVF) or artificial insemination is to be performed at a future date. Cryopreservation of epididymal spermatozoa offers a potential tool for rescuing genetic material from males of endangered populations. The objectives of this work were to: (1) examine sperm motility, viability, abnormality and acrosome integrity of frozen–thawed domestic cat epididymal spermatozoa; and (2) evaluate the same cryopreservation method on wild feline spermatozoa, needed to preserve their genetic resources. Epididymides were collected from 20 domestic cats during routine neutering procedure and from two wild felines at autopsy. The sperm samples, diluted with 4% glycerol/Tris/egg yolk, were loaded into 0.25 ml mini-straws, exposed to nitrogen vapour and stored in liquid nitrogen. After 4 weeks, samples were thawed and re-evaluated. The quality of each fresh and frozen–thawed sperm sample was tested by determining the motility (54.7 ± 11.3% and 32 ± 13.1% respectively for cat spermatozoa; 38.3 ± 18.7% and 21.5 ± 16.8% respectively for tiger spermatozoa), viability (74.3 ± 8.6% and 45.2 ± 9.4% respectively for cat spermatozoa; 42.4 ± 14.5% and 33.5 ± 12.9% respectively for wild felid spermatozoa), morphology and acrosomal status. The present study showed that feline epididymal spermatozoa can be frozen in egg-yolk extender with 4.0% glycerol in 0.25 ml straws. The procedure used in the present study for epididymal cat sperm cryopreservation may be applied to bank the genetic resources of wild felid species.
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28
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Gañán N, González R, Sestelo A, Garde J, Sánchez I, Aguilar J, Gomendio M, Roldan E. Male reproductive traits, semen cryopreservation, and heterologous in vitro fertilization in the bobcat (Lynx rufus). Theriogenology 2009; 72:341-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2008] [Revised: 03/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Gañán N, González R, Garde JJ, Martínez F, Vargas A, Gomendio M, Roldan ERS. Assessment of semen quality, sperm cryopreservation and heterologous IVF in the critically endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). Reprod Fertil Dev 2009; 21:848-59. [DOI: 10.1071/rd08226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Semen traits and factors affecting sperm cryopreservation were assessed in the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus), a species regarded as the most endangered felid in the world. For cryopreservation, semen was washed, resuspended in a Tes–Tris-based diluent (TEST) or a Tris-based diluent (Biladyl), both with 20% egg yolk and 4% glycerol, loaded into straws, cooled to 5°C using an automated programmable system and frozen on nitrogen vapour. Heterologous IVF of in vitro-matured domestic cat oocytes was used to test the fertilising ability of cryopreserved spermatozoa. Electroejaculates from five males were obtained. Characterisation of the electroejaculates revealed mean (± s.e.m.) values of 3.3 ± 0.6 × 106 total spermatozoa, 73.6 ± 4.6% motile spermatozoa, 23.7 ± 4.0% morphologically normal spermatozoa and 40.7 ± 2.3% spermatozoa with intact acrosomes. After thawing a higher percentage of motile spermatozoa was seen in TEST than in Biladyl (34.0 ± 6.2% v. 7.5 ± 4.8%, respectively; P < 0.05); however, there were no differences in the percentage of intact acrosomes between the two diluents. Iberian lynx spermatozoa fertilised domestic cat oocytes in vitro, with higher fertilisation rates observed for spermatozoa cryopreserved in TEST than in Biladyl, although the difference did not reach statistical significance (20.5 ± 4.5% v. 11.5 ± 6.8%, respectively). There were positive significant relations between the fertilisation rates and both the percentage of normal spermatozoa and the percentage of spermatozoa with an intact acrosome before cryopreservation (P = 0.04). This first report of the collection and cryopreservation of Iberian lynx semen and analysis of fertilising ability is an important step in the development of assisted reproductive techniques for this critically endangered felid species.
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30
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Hermansson U, Axnér E. Epididymal and ejaculated cat spermatozoa are resistant to cold shock but egg yolk promotes sperm longevity during cold storage at 4°C. Theriogenology 2007; 67:1239-48. [PMID: 17349687 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2006] [Revised: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aims were to evaluate the susceptibility of feline ejaculated and epididymal spermatozoa to cold shock and to evaluate the effect of egg yolk in the preservation extender. Ejaculated and epididymal spermatozoa from eight males were subjected to a slow (0.5 degrees C/min) or a fast (3 degrees C/min) cooling rate with controls kept in room temperature. Ejaculated and epididymal spermatozoa from another eight males were cooled in a plain Tris buffer (Tris) or in Tris with 20% egg yolk (EYT) and evaluated for 96 h. Subjective motility (MOT), plasma membrane integrity (PMI), and acrosome integrity (ACRI) were evaluated. Cooling did not induce sperm damage regarding PMI (P=0.6) or ACRI (P=0.19) and chilled spermatozoa had better overall MOT (P=0.046) than controls. EYT was better for MOT (P>0.05) from 48 h of cold storage than Tris. EYT was also better for overall ACRI (P<0.0001) while Tris was better for overall PMI (P=0.0004). There were no interactions between time and treatment (P>0.05) for PMI or ACRI. Ejaculated spermatozoa had better overall MOT (P<0.05) and PMI (P<0.05) than epididymal spermatozoa, and higher ACRI in experiment 1 (P=0.0003) but not in experiment 2 (P=0.117). Source of spermatozoa did not affect the susceptibility to cooling or the effect of egg yolk as there were no interactions (P>0.05) between source of spermatozoa and treatment (cooling or control) or between time, source and extender (P>0.05). In conclusion cat spermatozoa were tolerant to cold shock and egg yolk was beneficial for preservation of MOT and ACRI but not PMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Hermansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Reproduction, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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31
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Fickel J, Wagener A, Ludwig A. Semen cryopreservation and the conservation of endangered species. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-007-0089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Stoops MA, Bond JB, Bateman HL, Campbell MK, Levens GP, Bowsher TR, Ferrell ST, Swanson WF. Comparison of different sperm cryopreservation procedures on post-thaw quality and heterologous in vitro fertilisation success in the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis). Reprod Fertil Dev 2007; 19:685-94. [PMID: 17601417 DOI: 10.1071/rd06078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation of spermatozoa from free-living ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) could benefit their conservation by facilitating gene flow between in situ and ex situ populations without requiring removal of additional cats from the wild. The objective of this study was to investigate three different methods of ocelot sperm cryopreservation to identify the most appropriate technique for use in a field environment. Male ocelots (n = 10), housed in North American zoos, were anaesthetised with tiletamine–zolazepam (7mg kg–1 bodyweight; i.m.) and subjected to a regimented electroejaculation procedure. Recovered semen was evaluated for sperm concentration, motility and morphology and processed for cryopreservation by three methods: (1) pelleting on dry ice, (2) freezing in straws over liquid nitrogen vapour; and (3) freezing in straws in a dry shipper. Frozen samples were thawed and assessed for post-thaw acrosome status, viability, motility over time and ability to fertilise viable domestic cat oocytes. Although several post-thaw sperm parameters varied (P < 0.05) among freezing methods, frozen–thawed ocelot spermatozoa from all treatments showed a similar (P > 0.05) capacity to bind, penetrate and fertilise viable domestic cat oocytes. These findings suggest that spermatozoa collected from male ocelots under field conditions may be frozen in straws either using liquid nitrogen alone or in a charged dry shipper to retain adequate functional competence after thawing for use with assisted reproductive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A Stoops
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
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