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Aging and “rejuvenation” of resident stem cells — a new way to active longevity? КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ПРАКТИКА 2022. [DOI: 10.17816/clinpract104999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents the current data on the methodology for assessing the biological and epigenetic age, describes the concept of the epigenetic clock, and characterizes the main types of resident stem cells and the specifics of their aging. It has been shown that age-related changes in organs and tissues, as well as age-related diseases, are largely due to the aging of resident stem cells. The latter represent an attractive target for cell rejuvenation, as they can be isolated, cultured ex vivo, modified, and re-introduced into the resident niches. Two main methodologies for the cellular rejuvenation are presented: genetic reprogramming with zeroing the age of a cell using transient expression of transcription factors, and various approaches to epigenetic rejuvenation. The close relationship between aging, regeneration, and oncogenesis, and between these factors and the functioning of resident stem cell niches requires further precision studies, which, we are sure, can result in the creation of an effective anti-aging strategy and prolongation of human active life.
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Samoilova EM, Belopasov VV, Ekusheva EV, Zhang C, Troitskiy AV, Baklaushev VP. Epigenetic Clock and Circadian Rhythms in Stem Cell Aging and Rejuvenation. J Pers Med 2021; 11:1050. [PMID: 34834402 PMCID: PMC8620936 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11111050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current understanding of the interaction between circadian rhythms of gene expression and epigenetic clocks characterized by the specific profile of DNA methylation in CpG-islands which mirror the senescence of all somatic cells and stem cells in particular. Basic mechanisms of regulation for circadian genes CLOCK-BMAL1 as well as downstream clock-controlled genes (ССG) are also discussed here. It has been shown that circadian rhythms operate by the finely tuned regulation of transcription and rely on various epigenetic mechanisms including the activation of enhancers/suppressors, acetylation/deacetylation of histones and other proteins as well as DNA methylation. Overall, up to 20% of all genes expressed by the cell are subject to expression oscillations associated with circadian rhythms. Additionally included in the review is a brief list of genes involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, along with genes important for cell aging, and oncogenesis. Eliminating some of them (for example, Sirt1) accelerates the aging process, while the overexpression of Sirt1, on the contrary, protects against age-related changes. Circadian regulators control a number of genes that activate the cell cycle (Wee1, c-Myc, p20, p21, and Cyclin D1) and regulate histone modification and DNA methylation. Approaches for determining the epigenetic age from methylation profiles across CpG islands in individual cells are described. DNA methylation, which characterizes the function of the epigenetic clock, appears to link together such key biological processes as regeneration and functioning of stem cells, aging and malignant transformation. Finally, the main features of adult stem cell aging in stem cell niches and current possibilities for modulating the epigenetic clock and stem cells rejuvenation as part of antiaging therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina M. Samoilova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, FMBA of Russia, 115682 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.T.); (V.P.B.)
| | | | - Evgenia V. Ekusheva
- Academy of Postgraduate Education of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies, FMBA of Russia, 125371 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Chao Zhang
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China;
| | - Alexander V. Troitskiy
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, FMBA of Russia, 115682 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.T.); (V.P.B.)
| | - Vladimir P. Baklaushev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, FMBA of Russia, 115682 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.T.); (V.P.B.)
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Porras-Gómez TJ, Moreno-Mendoza N. Interaction between oocytes, cortical germ cells and granulosa cells of the mouse and bat, following the dissociation-re-aggregation of adult ovaries. ZYGOTE 2020; 28:223-232. [PMID: 32122435 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199420000052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the oocyte plays a very active role in promoting the growth of the follicle by directing the differentiation of granulosa cells and secreting paracrine growth factors. In turn, granulosa cells regulate the development of the oocytes, establishing close bidirectional communication between germ and somatic cells. The presence of cortical cells with morphological characteristics, similar to primordial germ cells that express specific germline markers, stem cells and cell proliferation, known as adult cortical germ cells (ACGC) have been reported in phyllostomid bats. Using magnetic cell separation techniques, dissociation-cellular re-aggregation and organ culture, the behaviour of oocytes and ACGC was analyzed by interacting in vitro with mouse ovarian cells. Bat ACGC was mixed with disaggregated ovaries from a transgenic mouse that expressed green fluorescent protein. The in vitro reconstruction of the re-aggregates was evaluated. We examined the viability, integration, cellular interaction and ovarian morphogenesis by detecting the expression of Vasa, pH3, Cx43 and Laminin. Our results showed that the interaction between ovarian cells is carried out in the adult ovary of two species, without them losing their capacity to form follicular structures, even after having been enzymatically dissociated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Janeth Porras-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Biología Tisular y Reproductora, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
| | - Norma Moreno-Mendoza
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510México, DF, México
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[Neo-oogenesis in the adult ovary: What do we know?]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 47:478-483. [PMID: 30818039 DOI: 10.1016/j.gofs.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
For more than a decade, the existence of ovarian stem cells that can contribute to neo-oogenesis in the adult ovary is reported by some teams, challenging the dogma according to which mammalian females are born with a fixed and non-renewed germinal cell pool. The presence of germinal stem cells with mitotic activity suggests the possibility of potential postnatal oogenesis. These cells have both germ-line and stem cell markers in culture. They have been isolated using different strategies and their ability to differentiate into oocytes has been demonstrated since after reintroduction in an ovarian somatic environment, these cells generate follicles capable of producing healthy offspring in rodents. However, many scientists remain skeptical and question the reliability of the methods used. Despite that there is no consensus on the origin of these ovarian stem cells, private companies are now proposing to use their stem cell potential to treat human infertility.
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Farias TO, Talamoni SA, Godinho HP. Reproductive Dynamics of the Nectarivorous Geoffroy's Tailless Bat Anoura geoffroyi (Glossophaginae) in a Highland Neotropical Area of Brazil, with Evidence of a Mating Period. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2018.20.1.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Talita O. Farias
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Vertebrados, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Avenida Dom José Gaspar, 500, 30535-610, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sonia A. Talamoni
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Vertebrados, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Avenida Dom José Gaspar, 500, 30535-610, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Hugo P. Godinho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Vertebrados, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Avenida Dom José Gaspar, 500, 30535-610, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Bueno LM, Caun DL, Comelis MT, Beguelini MR, Taboga SR, Morielle‐Versute E. Ovarian morphology and folliculogenesis and ovulation process in the flat‐faced fruit‐eating bat
Artibeus planirostris
and the Argentine brown bat
Eptesicus furinalis
: A comparative analysis. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Mayumi Bueno
- Department of Zoology and BotanyInstitute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (Ibilce)Campus São José do Rio PretoSão Paulo State University (UNESP) São Paulo Brazil
| | - Dianelli Lisboa Caun
- Department of Zoology and BotanyInstitute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (Ibilce)Campus São José do Rio PretoSão Paulo State University (UNESP) São Paulo Brazil
| | - Manuela Tosi Comelis
- Department of Zoology and BotanyInstitute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (Ibilce)Campus São José do Rio PretoSão Paulo State University (UNESP) São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mateus Rodrigues Beguelini
- Center of Biological and Health SciencesUFOB – Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia Bahia Barreiras Brazil
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (Ibilce)Campus São José do Rio PretoSão Paulo State University (UNESP) São Paulo Brazil
| | - Eliana Morielle‐Versute
- Department of Zoology and BotanyInstitute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (Ibilce)Campus São José do Rio PretoSão Paulo State University (UNESP) São Paulo Brazil
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Porras-Gómez TJ, Martínez-Juárez A, Moreno-Mendoza N. Gonadal morphogenesis and establishment of the germline in the phyllostomid bat Sturnira lilium. Acta Histochem 2017; 119:671-679. [PMID: 28823522 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates such as the mouse and the human, primordial germ cells (PGCs) arise at the base of the allantois and are carried to the epithelium of the posterior intestine, to later migrate to the primordial gonads. In the case of bats, almost nothing is known about this process. To clarify the dynamics of PGCs during gonadal morphogenesis in the phyllostomid bat Sturnira lilium, the proteins for the Ddx4, Sox9 and Mis genes were detected in the gonads of embryos at different stages of development. We identified 15 stages (St) of embryonic development in Sturnira lilium. We found that the formation of the genital ridge and the establishment of the undifferentiated gonad take place between stages 11 and 14. The onset of morphological differentiation in the gonad is first detected in the male gonads at St17. The first PGCs in meiosis are detected in the ovary at St19, whereas in the testicles, the PGCs were in mitotic arrest. Structural changes leading to testicular and ovarian development in Sturnira lilium are observed to be similar to those described for the mouse; however, differences will be established concerning the time taken for these processes to occur.
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Abstract
Recently, the existence of a mechanism for neo-oogenesis in the ovaries of adult mammals has generated much controversy within reproductive biology. This mechanism, which proposes that the ovary has cells capable of renewing the follicular reserve, has been described for various species of mammals. The first evidence was found in prosimians and humans. However, these findings were not considered relevant because the predominant dogma for reproductive biology at the time was that of Zuckerman. This dogma states that female mammals are born with finite numbers of oocytes that decline throughout postnatal life. Currently, the concept of neo-oogenesis has gained momentum due to the discovery of cells with mitotic activity in adult ovaries of various mammalian species (mice, humans, rhesus monkeys, domestic animals such as pigs, and wild animals such as bats). Despite these reports, the concept of neo-oogenesis has not been widely accepted by the scientific community, generating much criticism and speculation about its accuracy because it has been impossible to reproduce some evidence. This controversy has led to the creation of two positions: one in favour of neo-oogenesis and the other against it. Various animal models have been used in support of both camps, including both classic laboratory animals and domestic and wild animals. The aim of this review is to critically present the current literature on the subject and to evaluate the arguments pro and contra neo-oogenesis in mammals.
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Schultz MB, Sinclair DA. When stem cells grow old: phenotypes and mechanisms of stem cell aging. Development 2016; 143:3-14. [PMID: 26732838 DOI: 10.1242/dev.130633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
All multicellular organisms undergo a decline in tissue and organ function as they age. An attractive theory is that a loss in stem cell number and/or activity over time causes this decline. In accordance with this theory, aging phenotypes have been described for stem cells of multiple tissues, including those of the hematopoietic system, intestine, muscle, brain, skin and germline. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of why adult stem cells age and how this aging impacts diseases and lifespan. With this increased understanding, it is feasible to design and test interventions that delay stem cell aging and improve both health and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Schultz
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David A Sinclair
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Grieve KM, McLaughlin M, Dunlop CE, Telfer EE, Anderson RA. The controversial existence and functional potential of oogonial stem cells. Maturitas 2015; 82:278-81. [PMID: 26278874 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The regenerative potential of the mammalian ovary has been a controversial area over the last decade. Isolation of cells, termed oogonial stem cells (OSCs), from adult rodent and human ovaries has been reported, with these cells exhibiting both germ and stem cell markers in culture. When re-introduced into an ovarian somatic environment these cells have generated follicles capable of producing healthy offspring in rodents, and there is some evidence of human OSCs being able to form oocyte-like structures in a xenotransplant model. Importantly, there are no data on their potential physiological role within the ovary, and specifically no evidence that they contribute to the primordial follicle pool and thus to later stages of follicle development. The cues required for oocyte differentiation from these cells are not well understood either in vivo or in vitro, and these will need to be further elucidated to maximise their potential for therapeutic intervention. OSCs may also be of value as a model to investigate normal human germ cell differentiation. It is likely that their interactions with ovarian somatic cells and/or extracellular signals will be important in these processes. This review summarises our current knowledge on the isolation and characterisation of mammalian oogonial stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M Grieve
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Institute of Cell Biology and Centre for Integrative Physiology, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Marie McLaughlin
- Institute of Cell Biology and Centre for Integrative Physiology, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Cheryl E Dunlop
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Evelyn E Telfer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Centre for Integrative Physiology, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Richard A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Abstract
It has long been established that germline stem cells (GSCs) are responsible for lifelong gametogenesis in males, and some female invertebrates (for example, Drosophila) and lower vertebrates (for example, teleost fish and some prosimians) also appear to rely on GSCs to replenish their oocyte reserve in adulthood. However, the presence of such cells in the majority of female mammals is controversial, and the idea of a fixed ovarian reserve determined at birth is the prevailing belief among reproductive biologists. However, accumulating evidence demonstrates the isolation and culture of putative GSCs from the ovaries of adult mice and humans. Live offspring have been reportedly produced from the culture of adult mouse GSCs, and human GSCs formed primordial follicles using a mouse xenograft model. If GSCs were present in adult female ovaries, it could be postulated that the occurrence of menopause is not due to the exhaustion of a fixed supply of oocytes but instead is a result of GSC and somatic cell aging. Alternatively, they may be benign under normal physiological conditions. If their existence were confirmed, female GSCs could have many potential applications in both basic science and clinical therapies. GSCs not only may provide a valuable model for germ cell development and maturation but may have a role in the field of fertility preservation, with women potentially being able to store GSCs or GSC-derived oocytes from their own ovaries prior to infertility-inducing treatments. Essential future work in this field will include further independent corroboration of the existence of GSCs in female mammals and the demonstration of the production of mature competent oocytes from GSCs cultured entirely in vitro.
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