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McMichael L, Mclean J, Taylor J, Martinez Y, Meers J. Cleft Palate Syndrome in the Endangered Spectacled Flying Fox ( Pteropus conspicillatus): Implications for Conservation and Comparative Research. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10010038. [PMID: 36669041 PMCID: PMC9865782 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate syndrome, first observed in the spectacled flying fox population in 1998, has produced sporadic neonatal mortality events over the past two decades, with an estimated incidence of up to 1/1000 births per year. This study presents a rudimentary characterisation of the syndrome, presenting gross pathology of syndromic signs upon visual inspection, a histological examination of palate malformations, and syndrome incidence data representing the past two decades. The syndrome presents with a range of signs, primarily congenital palate malformations ranging from a pinhole cleft to a complete hard and soft palate deficit, resulting in the death or abandonment of neonates shortly after birth. The congenital palate malformations are often associated with claw deformities, wiry facial hair, and in some instances, muscle weakness and neurological signs. The natural occurrence of the lethal congenital orofacial birth defects in the spectacled flying fox presents a unique opportunity for the investigation of putative aetiologies, drawing parallels between bat and other mammalian cleft palate risk factors. Further syndrome investigation has the potential to deliver both biodiversity conservation and comparative veterinary and biomedical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee McMichael
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Jennefer Mclean
- Tolga Bat Rescue and Research Inc., Carrington Road, Atherton, QLD 4883, Australia
| | - Jim Taylor
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Yissu Martinez
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Joanne Meers
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
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2
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Ibouroi MT, Arnal V, Cheha A, Dhurham SAO, Montgelard C, Besnard A. Noninvasive genetic sampling for flying foxes: a valuable method for monitoring demographic parameters. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Thani Ibouroi
- Centre for Functional and Evolutionary Ecology (CEFE UMR 5175) EPHE PSL Research University, CNRS University of Montpellier, SupAgro, IRD, INRA Montpellier F‐34293 France
- Sustainable Development Task Force (GIDD) Moroni Hamramba Comores
| | - Véronique Arnal
- Centre for Functional and Evolutionary Ecology (CEFE UMR 5175) EPHE PSL Research University, CNRS University of Montpellier, SupAgro, IRD, INRA Montpellier F‐34293 France
| | - Ali Cheha
- Sustainable Development Task Force (GIDD) Moroni Hamramba Comores
| | | | - Claudine Montgelard
- Centre for Functional and Evolutionary Ecology (CEFE UMR 5175) EPHE PSL Research University, CNRS University of Montpellier, SupAgro, IRD, INRA Montpellier F‐34293 France
| | - Aurélien Besnard
- Centre for Functional and Evolutionary Ecology (CEFE UMR 5175) EPHE PSL Research University, CNRS University of Montpellier, SupAgro, IRD, INRA Montpellier F‐34293 France
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3
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Lin KP, Chaw SM, Lo YH, Kinjo T, Tung CY, Cheng HC, Liu Q, Satta Y, Izawa M, Chen SF, Ko WY. Genetic Differentiation and Demographic Trajectory of the Insular Formosan and Orii's Flying Foxes. J Hered 2021; 112:192-203. [PMID: 33675222 PMCID: PMC8006818 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Insular flying foxes are keystone species in island ecosystems due to their critical roles in plant pollination and seed dispersal. These species are vulnerable to population decline because of their small populations and low reproductive rates. The Formosan flying fox (Pteropus dasymallus formosus) is one of the 5 subspecies of the Ryukyu flying fox. Pteropus dasymallus formosus has suffered from a severe decline and is currently recognized as a critically endangered population in Taiwan. On the contrary, the Orii's flying fox (Pteropus dasymallus inopinatus) is a relatively stable population inhabiting Okinawa Island. Here, we applied a genomic approach called double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing to study these 2 subspecies for a total of 7 individuals. We detected significant genetic structure between the 2 populations. Despite their contrasting contemporary population sizes, both populations harbor very low degrees of genetic diversity. We further inferred their demographic history based on the joint folded site frequency spectrum and revealed that both P. d. formosus and P. d. inopinatus had maintained small population sizes for a long period of time after their divergence. Recently, these populations experienced distinct trajectories of demographic changes. While P. d. formosus suffered from a drastic ~10-fold population decline not long ago, P. d. inopinatus underwent a ~4.5-fold population expansion. Our results suggest separate conservation management for the 2 populations-population recovery is urgently needed for P. d. formosus while long-term monitoring for adverse genetic effects should be considered for P. d. inopinatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kung-Ping Lin
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Miaw Chaw
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Hwa Lo
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chien-Yi Tung
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Quintin Liu
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Japan
| | - Yoko Satta
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Japan
| | - Masako Izawa
- Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History and Human History, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shiang-Fan Chen
- Center for General Education, National Taipei University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ya Ko
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Oedin M, Brescia F, Boissenin M, Vidal E, Cassan JJ, Hurlin JC, Millon A. Monitoring hunted species of cultural significance: Estimates of trends, population sizes and harvesting rates of flying-fox (Pteropus sp.) in New Caledonia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224466. [PMID: 31891573 PMCID: PMC6938311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing population trends and their underlying factors is critical to propose efficient conservation actions. This assessment can be particularly challenging when dealing with highly mobile, shy and nocturnal animals such as flying-foxes. Here we investigated the dynamics of hunted populations of Pteropus ornatus and P. tonganus in the Northern Province of New Caledonia. First, an ethno-ecological survey involving 219 local experts identified 494 flying-fox roosts. Current status was assessed for 379 of them, among which 125 were no longer occupied, representing a loss of 33% over ca. 40 years. Second, species-specific counts conducted at 35 roosts, and a sample of animals killed by hunters, revealed that the endemic species, P. ornatus, was dominant (68.5%). Between 2010 and 2016, 30 roosts were counted annually during the pre-parturition period. Roosts size averaged 1,425 ± 2,151 individuals (N = 180 counts) and showed high among-year variations (roost-specific CV = 37-162%). If we recorded significant inter-annual variation, we did not detect a significant decline over the 7-yr period, although one roost went possibly extinct. Population size of the two species combined was estimated at 338,000-859,000 individuals distributed over ca. 400 roosts in the Northern Province. Flying-foxes are popular game species and constitute traditional food for all communities of New Caledonia. Annual bags derived from a food survey allowed us to estimate harvesting rates at 5-14%. Such a level of harvesting for species with a 'slow' demography, the occurrence of poaching and illegal trade, suggest the current species use might not be sustainable and further investigations are critically needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Oedin
- Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien (IAC), Equipe ARBOREAL (AgricultuRe BiOdiveRsité Et vALorisation) BP, Païta, Nouvelle-Calédonie
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Centre IRD Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie
| | - Fabrice Brescia
- Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien (IAC), Equipe ARBOREAL (AgricultuRe BiOdiveRsité Et vALorisation) BP, Païta, Nouvelle-Calédonie
| | - Mélanie Boissenin
- Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien (IAC), Equipe ARBOREAL (AgricultuRe BiOdiveRsité Et vALorisation) BP, Païta, Nouvelle-Calédonie
| | - Eric Vidal
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Centre IRD Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie
- UMR Entropie (IRD, Université de La Réunion, CNRS), Labex-Corail, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Nouvelle-Calédonie
| | - Jean-Jérôme Cassan
- Province Nord, Direction du Développement Economique et de l’Environnement, Service impact environnemental et conservation (DDEE), Service impact environnemental & conservation, Koné, Nouvelle-Calédonie
| | - Jean-Claude Hurlin
- Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien (IAC), Equipe ARBOREAL (AgricultuRe BiOdiveRsité Et vALorisation) BP, Païta, Nouvelle-Calédonie
| | - Alexandre Millon
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Technopôle Arbois-Méditerranée, Aix-en-Provence, France
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Brook CE, Ranaivoson HC, Andriafidison D, Ralisata M, Razafimanahaka J, Héraud JM, Dobson AP, Metcalf CJ. Population trends for two Malagasy fruit bats. BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 2019; 234:165-171. [PMID: 31937976 PMCID: PMC6959543 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2019.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Madagascar is home to three endemic species of Old World Fruit Bat, which are important pollinators and seed dispersers. We aimed to quantitatively assess population trajectories for the two largest of these species, the IUCN-listed 'Vulnerable' Eidolon dupreanum and Pteropus rufus. To this end, we conducted a longitudinal field study, in which we live-captured E. dupreanum and P. rufus, estimated species-specific fecundity rates, and generated age-frequency data via histological analysis of cementum annuli layering in tooth samples extracted from a subset of individuals. We fit exponential models to resulting data to estimate annual survival probabilities for adult bats (s A = .794 for E. dupreanum; s A = .511 for P. rufus), then applied Lefkovitch modeling techniques to infer the minimum required juvenile survival rate needed to permit longterm population persistence. Given estimated adult survival, population persistence was only possible for E. dupreanum when field-based fecundity estimates were replaced by higher values reported in the literature for related species. For P. rufus, tooth-derived estimates of adult survival were so low that even assumptions of perfect (100%) juvenile annual survival would not permit stable population trajectories. Age-based survival analyses were further supported by longitudinal exit counts carried out from 2013-2018 at three local P. rufus roost sites, which demonstrated a statistically significant, faintly negative time trend, indicative of subtle regional population declines. These results suggest that Malagasy fruit bat species face significant threats to population viability, with P. rufus particularly imperiled. Immediate conservation interventions, including habitat restoration and cessation of legally sanctioned bat hunting, are needed to protect Madagascar's fruit bats into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara E. Brook
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hafaliana C. Ranaivoson
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biodiversity, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew P. Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - C. Jessica Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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Westcott DA, Caley P, Heersink DK, McKeown A. A state-space modelling approach to wildlife monitoring with application to flying-fox abundance. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4038. [PMID: 29511249 PMCID: PMC5840426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22294-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring flying-foxes is challenging as their extreme mobility produces highly dynamic population processes, considerable logistic difficulty, and variability in estimated population size. We report on methods for inferring population trend for the population of the spectacled flying-fox (Pteropus conspicillatus) in Australia. Monthly monitoring is conducted at all known roost sites across the species’ range in the Wet Tropics Region. The proportion of animals in camps varies seasonally and stochastic environmental events appear to be influential. We develop a state-space model that incorporates these processes and enables inference on total population trends and uses early warning analysis to identify the causes of population dynamics. The model suggests that population growth rate is stable in the absence of cyclones, however, cyclones appear to impact on both survival and reproduction. The population recovered after two cyclones but declined after a third. The modelling estimates a population decline over 15 years of c. 75% (mean r = − 0.12yr−1 and belief of negative trend is c. 83%) suggesting that conservation action is warranted. Our work shows that a state-space modelling approach is a significant improvement on inference from raw counts from surveys and demonstrates that this approach is a workable alternative to other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Westcott
- CSIRO Land and Water, PO Box 780, Atherton, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Peter Caley
- CSIRO Data61, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | - Adam McKeown
- CSIRO Land and Water, PO Box 12139, Earlville BC, Qld, 4870, Australia
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7
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Mclean J, Johnson A, Woods D, Muller R, Blair D, Buettner PG. Growth rates of, and milk feeding schedules for, juvenile spectacled flying-foxes (Pteropus conspicillatus) reared for release at a rehabilitation centre in north Queensland, Australia. AUST J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/zo18076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In Australia, the spectacled flying-fox (Pteropus conspicillatus) (SFF), is listed as ‘Vulnerable’. Many juvenile SFFs come into care at the Tolga Bat Hospital, a privately funded community organisation. The aims of this study were (1) to estimate postnatal growth rates for length of forearm and body mass; (2) to describe the association between body mass and length of forearm; and (3) to develop a milk feeding chart for infant SFFs. Cross-sectional data were collected for 2680 SFFs from the 2006–07 to the 2016–17 seasons. Forearm length increased by 0.55mm and body mass increased by 1.5g per day. Longitudinal data were collected during the 2016–17 season for 128 SFFs. According to these data, forearm length increased by 0.71mm and body mass increased by 3.4g per day. Both analyses indicated exponential associations between forearm length and body mass (P<0.001). Reasons for the differences between the cross-sectional and longitudinal results might include the negative impact of tick paralysis in the cross-sectional study and the positive effect of human care in the longitudinal study. The proposed feeding chart is based on length of forearm. This study was established in a wildlife-care facility providing a model for similar work with other wildlife species.
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Luly J, Buettner P, Parsons J, Thiriet D, Gyuris E. Tooth wear, body mass index and management options for edentulous black flying-foxes (Pteropus alecto Gould) in the Townsville district, north Queensland, Australia. Aust Vet J 2015; 93:84-8. [PMID: 25708792 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the relationship between a body mass index and tooth wear in the black flying-fox (Pteropus alecto Gould) to provide guidance on management of edentulous individuals by wildlife carers and veterinarians. METHODS Flying-foxes brought into care because of injury were weighed, their forearms measured and the state of their teeth evaluated. Measurements were analysed by Chi-square, ANOVA, t-tests and regression to identify any relationship between the body mass index and the condition of canine and molar teeth, as well as in relation to sex and season. RESULTS There was no statistically significant relationship between a bat's dentition state and the body mass index being used. CONCLUSIONS In Townsville, the black flying-fox appears to experience a rapid decline in dental condition over time. Despite this, there is little indication that loss of teeth results in a decline in body condition. We attribute this to the dominance of floral foods in the bats' diet in Townsville and a lesser importance of hard fruit that requires intact dentition for consumption. Edentulousness on its own is not sufficient reason to euthanase black flying-foxes in either Townsville or similar relatively dry localities where blossom dominates the flying-fox diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Luly
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
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Woinarski JCZ, Flakus S, James DJ, Tiernan B, Dale GJ, Detto T. An Island-Wide Monitoring Program Demonstrates Decline in Reporting Rate for the Christmas Island Flying-FoxPteropus melanotus natalis. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2014. [DOI: 10.3161/150811014x683336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Buettner PG, Westcott DA, Maclean J, Brown L, McKeown A, Johnson A, Wilson K, Blair D, Luly J, Skerratt L, Muller R, Speare R. Tick paralysis in spectacled flying-foxes (Pteropus conspicillatus) in North Queensland, Australia: impact of a ground-dwelling ectoparasite finding an arboreal host. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73078. [PMID: 24066028 PMCID: PMC3774714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When a parasite finds a new wildlife host, impacts can be significant. In the late 1980s populations of Spectacled Flying-foxes (SFF) (Pteropus conspicillatus), a species confined, in Australia, to north Queensland became infected by paralysis tick (Ixodes holocyclus), resulting in mortality. This Pteropus-tick relationship was new to Australia. Curiously, the relationship was confined to several camps on the Atherton Tableland, north Queensland. It was hypothesised that an introduced plant, wild tobacco (Solanum mauritianum), had facilitated this new host-tick interaction. This study quantifies the impact of tick paralysis on SFF and investigates the relationship with climate. Retrospective analysis was carried out on records from the Tolga Bat Hospital for 1998–2010. Juvenile mortality rates were correlated to climate data using vector auto-regression. Mortality rates due to tick paralysis ranged between 11.6 per 10,000 bats in 2003 and 102.5 in 2009; more female than male adult bats were affected. Juvenile mortality rates were negatively correlated with the total rainfall in January to March and July to September of the same year while a positive correlation of these quarterly total rainfalls existed with the total population. All tick affected camps of SFF were located in the 80% core range of S. mauritianum. This initial analysis justifies further exploration of how an exotic plant might alter the relationship between a formerly ground-dwelling parasite and an arboreal host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra G. Buettner
- School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Tropical Health Solutions Pty Ltd, Idalia, Townsville, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - David A. Westcott
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Atherton, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | | | - Lawrence Brown
- School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Adam McKeown
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Atherton, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Karen Wilson
- School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - David Blair
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Jonathan Luly
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Lee Skerratt
- School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Reinhold Muller
- School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Tropical Health Solutions Pty Ltd, Idalia, Townsville, Australia
| | - Richard Speare
- School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Tropical Health Solutions Pty Ltd, Idalia, Townsville, Australia
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Linking the population growth rate and the age-at-death distribution. Theor Popul Biol 2012; 82:244-52. [PMID: 23103877 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The population growth rate is linked to the distribution of age at death. We demonstrate that this link arises because both the birth and death rates depend on the variance of age-at-death. This bears the prospect to separate the influences of the age patterns of fertility and mortality on population growth rate. Here, we show how the age pattern of death affects population growth. Using this insight we derive a new approximation of the population growth rate that uses the first and second moments of the age-at-death distribution. We apply our new approximation to 46 mammalian life tables (including humans) and show that it is on par with the most prominent other approximations.
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12
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Tidemann CR, Nelson JE. Life Expectancy, Causes of Death and Movements of the Grey-Headed Flying-Fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) Inferred from Banding. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2011. [DOI: 10.3161/150811011x624901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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